Course: MA17003+MAI502 (Functional Analysis)

ODD (Autumn) semester 2026-2027

Problem sheet-1
Date: 31-Jul-2026

1. Recall the sequence spaces c00 , c0 , c and `p (N) for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. (These are all defined in class!). Show the
following:

(i) For 1 < p < ∞, c00 ⊂ `p (N) ⊂ c0 ⊂ c ⊂ `∞ (N).

(ii) All the inclusions in (i) are strict.

2. Let (X, k · k) be a normed linear space. Prove or disprove the following:

(i) The map x 7→ kxk from X → R is a continuous function.

(ii) Let X0 be a subspace of X. Then X 0 is also a subspace.
[Note: Here X 0 is the closure of X0 with respect to the metric induced by the norm.]

3. Let (X, k · k) be a normed linear space and d be the metric on X induced by the norm (i.e., d(x, y) =
kx − yk, ∀ x, y ∈ X). Show that:

(i) d(x + u, y + u) = d(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X and u ∈ X.

(ii) d(αx, αy) = |α|d(x, y) for all x, y ∈ X and for all scalars α ∈ K.

4. Let X be a normed linear space and X0 be a subspace of X. Let d be the metric on X induced by the norm
on X. Recall that dist(x, X0 ) = inf{d(x, y) : y ∈ X0 }. Show that:

(i) dist(αx, X0 ) = |α| dist(x, X0 ) ∀ x ∈ X and α ∈ K.

(ii) dist(x + u, X0 ) = dist(x, X0 ) ∀ u ∈ X0 and x ∈ X.

5. Let (X1 , k · k1 ), . . . , (Xm , k · km ) be normed linear spaces over the scalar K. Recall that the product space
X = X1 × . . . × Xm is a vector space over K (as discussed in the class!). For v = (v1 , . . . , vm ) ∈ X, define
 !1/p
 m
p
 P
kvj kj , 1 ≤ p < ∞,

kvkp := j=1


max{kv k , . . . , kv k }, p = ∞.
1 1 m m

Show that k · kp defines a norm on X for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.

6. Let X be a normed linear space and X0 be a non-zero subspace of X. Show that X0 is a unbounded subset
of X.

7. Recall the definition of C 1 [a, b] as discussed in the class.

(i) For x ∈ C 1 [a, b], define kxk∗ := max |x0 (t)|. Show that k · k∗ is not a norm on C 1 [a, b].
a≤t≤b
(ii) Let t0 ∈ [a, b] be fixed. For x ∈ C 1 [a, b], define kxk0 := |x(t0 )| + max |x0 (t)|. Show that k · k0 is a norm
a≤t≤b
on C 1 [a, b].

8. For x ∈ C[a, b] and 0 < p ≤ ∞, define

 R 1/p
 b |x(t)|p dt , 1 ≤ p < ∞,
a
(0.1) kxkp :=
 max |x(t)|, p = ∞.
a≤t≤b

Recall that in class we have shown that k · kp is a norm on C[a, b] for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.

Show that k · kp is not a norm on C[a, b] for 0 < p < 1.

P 1/p
n
9. (i) Let 0 < p < 1. For x = (x(1), . . . , x(n)) ∈ Kn , define kxkp := j=1 |x(j)|p . Show that k · kp is not
a norm on Kn .
1
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P∞
(ii) For p > 0, recall `p (N) := {x = (x(1), x(2), . . .) : p p
j=1 |x(j)| < ∞}. For x ∈ ` , define kxkp =
P 1/p
∞ p
j=1 |x(j)| . Show that if 0 < p < 1, then k · kp is not a norm on `p (N).

10. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞. Define

Xp := {x ∈ C[a, b] : kxkp < ∞ and Xq := {x ∈ C[a, b] : kxkq < ∞},
where k · kp is as defined in (0.1). Use Hölder’s inequality to show that Xq ⊆ Xp .

11. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ ∞. Recall the normed linear space `p (N). Show that `p (N) ⊆ `q (N).

12. Let (X, k · k) be a normed linear space. Recall that kxk + kyk defines a product norm on X × X (product
norm is defined in the class!) and |α| + kxk defines a product norm on K × X. Consider these product norms
on X × X and K × X. Define Φ1 : X → X by
Φ1 (x) = −x, x ∈ X,
Φ2 : X × X → X by
Φ2 (x, y) = x + y, x, y ∈ X,
and Φ3 : K × X → X by
Φ3 (α, x) = αx, α ∈ K, x ∈ X.
Show that Φ1 , Φ2 and Φ3 are all continuous functions with respect to the corresponding product norms.

13. Let X be a normed linear space and X0 be a closed subspace of X. Let ν : X → R be defined by
ν(x) := dist(x, X0 ), x ∈ X.

(i) Show that ν is a semi-norm on X.

(ii) Consider the quotient space X/X0 (this was defined in the class!). For [x] ∈ X/X0 , define k[x]k∗ := ν(x).
Show that k · k∗ is a norm on X/X0 .

14. Let X = R[a, b], the set of all real valued Riemann integrable functions defined on [a, b]. Show that the map
Rb
ν : X → R defined by ν(x) := a |x(t)| dt, x ∈ X, is a semi-norm on X and not a norm. [Recall: R[a, b] is a
vector space with the usual addition and multiplication!]

15. Let (X, k · kX ) and (Y, k · kY ) be normed linear spaces, and A : X → Y be a linear operator. Show that the
map νA : X → R defined by νA (x) := kAxkY , is a semi-norm on X, and it is a norm if and only if A is injective.

16. A normed linear space X is said to be strictly convex if for x, y ∈ X, we have

x+y
kxk = 1 = kyk, x 6= y =⇒ k k < 1.
2
Show that every inner-product space is strictly convex.

17. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. Recall the definition of k · kp norm on Kn , `p (N) and C[a, b] as defined in the class.

(i) If p 6= 2, then show that the norm k · kp is not induced by any inner-product on Kn .
(ii) If p 6= 2, then show that the norm k · kp is not induced by any inner-product on `p (N).
(iii) If p =6 2, then show that the norm k · kp is not induced by any inner-product on C[a, b].

18. Recall that c00 is a subspace of `∞ (N). Consider the normed linear space (c00 , k · k∞ ). For n ∈ N, define
xn = (1, 21 , . . . , n1 , 0, 0 . . .). Clearly (xn )n∈N is a sequence of vectors in c00 . Show that there exists no x ∈ c00
such that kxn − xk∞ → 0 as n → ∞.

NOTE: [1] V yr IntMSc students should submit the solution of Qns: 18, 17(iii), 16, 13, 12, 10, 9, 8, 5, 4 within
6 days from the date of receiving this problem sheet.

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Date: 31-Jul-2026