Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

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Magneto-bioconvection flow of Casson nanofluid configured by a

rotating disk in the presence of gyrotatic microorganisms and
Joule heating
Jawad Ahmed a, *, Faisal Nazir a, Bandar M. Fadhl b, Basim M. Makhdoum b,
Z. Mahmoud c, Abdullah Mohamed d, Ilyas Khan e, **
a
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, 47050, Pakistan
b
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, P. O. Box 5555, Makkah, 21955,
Saudi Arabia
c
Departement of Physics, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
d
Research Centre, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
e
Department of Mathematics, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this article, we investigate the bioconvection flow of Casson nanofluid by a rotating disk under
Casson nanofluid the impacts of Joule heating, convective conditions, heat source/sink and gyrotactic microor­
Bioconvection flow ganisms. When Brownian diffusion and thermophoretic effects exist, the Casson fluid is examined.
Rotating disk
The existing physical problem of Casson nanofluid flow with energy transports is demonstrated
Gyrotactic microorganisms
Numerical solution
under the above considerations in the form of partial differential equations (PDEs). Using the
appropriate transformations, the PDEs are converted into non-linear ordinary differential equa­
tions (ODEs). The mathematical results are calculated through MATLAB by using the function
bvp4c. The problem’s results are rigorously examined graphically and described with physical
justifications. Velocity fields decrease as the bioconvection Rayleigh parameter rises. The thermal
profile and soluteal field of species also magnify with an upsurge in thermophoresis number
estimations. The microorganism’s fields are decayed by larger microbes Biot number.

1. Introduction

As a non-Newtonian models [1–3], the Casson fluid is able to exactly predict the effects of shear thinning. When yield stress is
significantly greater than the shear force, the Casson fluid model predicts properties of the solid. The typical classification of Casson
materials include blood, ink, and molten chocolate. The Casson fluid offers various advantages over other fluid models and is
frequently employed in the displaying of ordinary life suspension and blood flow. The majority of investigators have used the Casson
fluid model to evaluate the features of blood movement in arteries. Copley and Blair [4,5] showed the fundamental shear properties of
blood in arteries using the Casson fluid model. In their tests on the behaviour of blood flow, Casson [6] studied the accuracy of the
Casson fluid model and discovered that yield stress for blood remains nonnegative by small shear speeds. On an isothermal

* Corresponding author.
** Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [Link]@[Link] (J. Ahmed), [Link]@[Link] (I. Khan).

[Link]
Received 12 February 2023; Received in revised form 4 July 2023; Accepted 5 July 2023
Available online 6 July 2023
2405-8440/© 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
([Link]
J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Nomenclature

u, v, w Velocity components [m.s-1]

r, φ, z Polar coordinates [m]
Bo Strength of magnetic field
(ρc)p Fluid heat capacity
(ρc)f Nanoparticle heat capacity
β Casson parameter
J Current density
V Velocity field
Nr Buoyancy-ratio parameter
Nc Bio convection Rayleigh number
Lb Bio convection Lewis parameter
M Magnetic number
Λ Mixed convection number
Le Lewis parameter
T Fluid temperature
Pe Peclet number
C Fluid concentration
T∞ Ambient temperature
C∞ Ambient concentration
n Microorganisms
n∞ Ambient microorganisms
Ec Eckert parameter
δ Heat source/sink parameter
δ1 Microorganism difference parameter
ν Kinematic viscosity
σ Electric conductivity of the fluid
Q˳ Heat source/sink coefficient
τ Heat capacity ratio
Tw Wall temperature
Cw Wall concentration
nw Wall microorganisms
αm Thermal diffusivity
Wc Speed of cell swimming
ρ Density of fluid
DT Thermophoresis diffusivity
Nb Brownian motion number
Nt Parameter of thermophoresis

perpendicular cone, Siddiqa et al. [7] considered the rough flow of boundary layer Casson liquid with thermal radiation influences.
According to their findings, the radiation parameter increases the amount of heat transport. Khan et al. [8] examined the acceptance of
homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical impacts in Casson liquid flow. The findings for Casson liquid flow in stretched cylinder
were presented by Tamoor et al. [9]. Khan and coresearchers [10] have studied the Casson liquid’s stagnation point while evaluating
the magnetic force. The maragoni transport of Casson nanofluid for an axisymmetric flow was established by the theoretical
continuation developed in the research by Shafiq et al. [11]. Bhatti et al. [12] examined the convective flow of Casson liquid flow with
Ion slip and Hall effects using the differential transformation technique. Kumar et al. [13] analyzed of MHD radiative Casson nanofluid
flow with activation energy and Hall current.
In a porous medium with sliding and ramping wall heating, a unique multifractional comparative investigation of the second law of
Casson nanofluid flow was conducted by Khan et al. [14].
In fluid dynamic research, the study of fluid flow caused by rotating disk has grown in popularity. Given its numerous uses in the
domains of the current design, geophysics, geothermal energy, and mechanics, the stream across a rotating disk is essential. Due to its
wide-ranging of applications in numerous modern and mechanical designing procedures, flow examination through rotating disk has
recently attracted a lot of attention. Laminar unsteady motion through rotating disk with decreasing acceleration were studied by Fang
and Tao [15]. Mastafa [16] analyzed the configuration of a rotating disk with MHD nanofluid flow and partial slip effects. Aziz et al.
[17] repoted the numerical investigation for a flow caused by rotating disk configuration with heat generation/absorption. Rehman
et al. [18] developed a Casson fluid stream yield by spinning a disk. Asma et al. [19] focused on the MHD viscous nanofluid 3D stream

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

(flow) through revolving disk with heat, the binary chemical reaction and activating Arrhenius energy. A rigorous study of MHD
rotating flow of hybrid nanofluids above a horizontally rotating diask was examined by Khan et al. [20]. Hafeez et al. [21] made the
assumptions of MHD and chemical reaction in rotating Oldroyd-B fluid with modified Fourier’s law. The MHD fluid flow of Maxwell
model across a rotating and vertically upward moving disk with numerical technique was examined by Khan et al. [22]. Khan et al.
[23] studied how MHD and radiations influenced the Oldroyd-B fluid swirling over a rotating disk. In order to examine how the coaxial
rotation of a moving disk moving through a permeable media affects the energy transport and fluid flow of MHD Casson ferrofluid,
Noranuar et al. [24] employed computational methods. The impact of non-coaxial movement on the distribution of mass in a first order
biological reaction was examined by Jabbar et al. [25]. Sharma et al. [26] found that a rotating disk with a static cone could achieve
the best condensation of the disk-cone components while the external heat remained constant.
The bacteria exhibit the bio-convection flow pattern most frequently, and at the fluid’s boundary, it has a greater density than
water. Gyrotactic microorganisms and oxytoctic microorganisms are the two main categories. As a result, the researchers focused their
research on improving the concentration species and mass transfer rate due to its industrial applications, polymer sheets, surface
charge technology, the characteristics of stretching/shrinking conveyor belt processes, chemical processing, including the extrusion
process, and biotechnological application. Kuznetsov [27] developed a computational model for bioconvection that took porous
material into account and discovered that the cell deposition had an impact on how the bioconvection evolved. Raju and Sandeep [28,
29] have investigated the unsteady bio-convection flow across a rotating cone or plate filled with spinning fluid in the presence of cross
diffusion. Magnetohydrodynamics is used by Waqas et al. [30] to analyse Williamson nanofluid flow in the presence of a motile
gyrostatic microbe. Recently, numerous researchers [31–43] have made contributions in this direction.
The current work is primarily focused on analyzing the impacts of bioconvection in Casson nanofluid flow over a rotating disk using
gyrotatic microorganisms. It is motivated by the above-mentioned investigations. It is also described how heat source/sink, magnetic
field and Joule heating affects the bioconvective transport. By using similarity transformations, the boundary layer movement cal­
culations through boundary restrictions are there transformed into a classification’s ODEs. The expert bvp4c algorithm in the computer
program MATLAB is used to mathematically solve the system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The characteristic’s important
parameters are examined via numerical computing.

2. Problem formulation

We use cylindrical coordinates (r, α, z) so that the object was oriented in an axisymmetric way, i.e. z = 0. The axial symmetry of the
flow will cause derivatives with the tangential component α to vanish as the rotational fluid is formed at constant angular velocity Ω far
from the surface of the disk, where it behaves like a rigid body. The V vector, which depicts the tangential, axial and radial velocity
components as (u, v, w), correspondingly, provides the velocity of the fluid flow field. The flow is exposed towards a constant magnetic
field and the electric field is absent. The non-Newtonian electrically conducting, incompressible Casson nanofluid is considered. The
liquid temperature is symbolized via T and temperature Tw remains constant at the disk surface. A constant temperature of T∞ is
maintained in the rotational stream that is furthest from the wall. The geometry of the physical model is depicted in Fig. 1.
The rheological equation of state for incompressible and isotropic flow of a Casson nanofluid is given by:
⎧ ( ) ⎫
⎪
⎪ py ⎪
⎪ 2 μB + √̅̅̅̅̅ eij , π > πc ⎪
⎨ ⎪
⎬
2π
τ ij = ( ) (1)
⎪
⎪ py ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ 2 μB + √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ eij , π < π c ⎪
⎭
2π c

Fig. 1. Flow configuration.

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Where τ ij is the shear stress, π illustrate the product of component of deformation, eij being deformation rate component (i, j)th and πc is
the critical value of π = eij eij . py and μB represents the yields stress and plastic dynamics velocity of Casson nanofluid, respectively. The
basic transport equations for steady fluid flow, thermal, solutal energy and bio-convection transports are found by conservation laws as
∇.V = 0 (2)

ρf (V.∇)V = − ∇p + ∇.τ ij + J × B, (3)

( )
1 ( ( )) D
V.∇T = ( ) ∇. kf ∇T + τ DB ∇C.∇T + T ∇T.∇T , (4)
ρcp f T∞

DT
V.∇C = DB ∇2 C + (∇T.∇T) (5)
T∞

bWc
V.∇n + ∇(n.∇C) = Dm ∇2 n, (6)
Cw − C∞
Making use of Eq. (1) in Eq. (3) and substituting the velocity field V = [u(r, z), v(r, z), w(r, z)], temperature distribution T = T(r,z),
the magnetic field B = [0, 0, B0 ], nanoparticle volume fraction C = C (r, z) and the microorganism n = n(r, z) in Eqs. (2)–(6), the
boundary layer equations are [9–11]:
∂u ∂w u
+ + =0 (7)
∂r ∂z r
( )( )
∂u ∂u v2 1 ∂p 1 ∂2 u 1 ∂u ∂2 u u σ B0 2 u
u +w − =− +ν 1+ + + − −
∂r ∂z r ρf ∂r β ∂r2 r ∂r ∂z2 r2 ρf
1[ ( ) ( )]
+ (1 − C∞ )ρf β* g(T − T∞ ) − g ρp − ρf (C − C∞ ) − (n − n∞ )gγ ρm − ρf , (8)
ρf
( )( )
∂v ∂v uv 1 ∂2 v 1 ∂v ∂2 v v σ B0 2 v
u +w + =v 1+ + + 2− 2 − , (9)
∂r ∂z r β ∂r r ∂r ∂z r
2 ρf
( )( )
∂w ∂w 1 ∂p 1 ∂2 w 1 ∂w ∂2 w
u +w = − +v 1+ + + , (10)
∂r ∂z ρf ∂z β ∂r2 r ∂r ∂z2

( ) [ ( ) (( )2 ( )2 )]
∂T ∂T ∂2 T 1 ∂T ∂2 T ∂C ∂T ∂C ∂T DT ∂T ∂C σ B0 2 ( 2 ) Q
u + w = αm + + + τ DB + + + +( ) u + v2 + ( 0) (T − T∞ )
∂r ∂z ∂r2 r ∂r ∂z2 ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂z T∞ ∂z ∂r ρc p f ρc p f
(11)
( ) ( )
∂C ∂C ∂2 C 1 ∂C ∂2 C DT ∂2 T 1 ∂T ∂2 T
u + w = DB + + 2 + + + , (12)
∂r ∂z ∂r 2 r ∂r ∂z T∞ ∂r2 r ∂r ∂z2
[ ( ) ( )] ( )
∂n ∂n bWc ∂ ∂C ∂ ∂C ∂2 n 1 ∂n ∂2 n
u +w + n + n = Dm + + . (13)
∂r ∂z Cw − C∞ ∂z ∂z ∂r ∂r ∂r2 r ∂r ∂z2

Here, σ shows electric conductivity of the liquid, kf illustrates the thermal conductivity, μ represents the dynamic viscosity, ρf is the
k
liquid density, β represents the Casson parameter, v = ρf represents the kinematic viscosity, αm = (ρcpf ) for thermal diffusivity, T is the
μ
f f

fluid of temperature, C is the fluid concentration, DB illustrate the Brownian diffusion coefficient, DT symbolizes the quantity of the
thermophoresis diffusion, Wc shows the extreme speed of cell swimming, Q˳ is the coefficient of heat sink /source and Dm is micro­
organism diffusion constant. The boundary conditions are:
∂T ∂C
u = 0, v = rΩ, w = 0, − k = h1 (Tw − T), − k = h2 (Cw − C), n = nw at z = 0 (14)
∂z ∂z

u = 0, v = 0, T = T∞ , C = C∞ , n = n∞ as z→∞ (15)

where h1 and h2 are the convective heat and mass transfer coefficients, respectively. Likewise, Tw , T∞ , Cw , C∞ , nw , n∞ show by the fluid
temperature, the concentration of nanoparticles, and microorganisms, respectively at and outlying away from the surface. Introducing
transformation group:

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

√̅̅̅̅̅̅
2Ω √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
ξ= z, u = rΩf′(ξ), v = rΩg(ξ), w = − 2Ωvf (ξ) (16)
v

T − T∞ C − C∞ n − n∞ p∞ − p
θ(ξ) = , ϕ(ξ) = , χ (ξ) = , P(ξ) = (17)
Tw − T∞ Cw − C∞ nw − n∞ Ωμ
Using Eqs. 16 and 17, Eq. (7) is identically satisfied while Eqs. 8–15 take the forms
( )
1
2 1 + f ‴ + 2ff ″ − f ′2 + g2 − Mf ′ + Λ(θ − Nrϕ − Ncχ) = 0, (18)
β
( )
1
2 1 + g″ − 2f ′g + 2fg′ − Mg = 0, (19)
β

( ) 1 ( ) 1
θ″ + Pr Nbθ′ϕ′ + Ntθ′2 + Prf θ′ + PrMEc f ′2 + g2 + δ Pr ϕ = 0, (20)
2 2

Nt ″
ϕ″ + PrLef ϕ′ + θ = 0, (21)
Nb

χ + Lbf χ′ − Pe[ϕ″(χ + δ1 ) + χ′ϕ′] = 0, (22)

with boundary condition (BCs)

f ′(0) = 0, g(0) = 1, f (0) = 0, θ′(0) = − γ 1 (1 + θ(0)), φ′(0) = − γ2 (1 + φ(0)), χ (0) = 1 at ξ = 0 (23)

f ′(∞)→0, g(∞)→0, θ(∞)→0, ϕ(∞)→0, χ (∞)→0 as ξ→∞

σB˳2 (ρ − ρf )(Cw − C∞ ) γ(ρ − ρf )(nw − n∞ )

In the above equations, M = Ωρf is the magnetic number, Nr = β* ρ m(1− C∞ )(Tw − T∞ )
for the buoyancy ratio parameter, Nc = β* ρ (1−
p
C∞ )(Tw − T∞ )
f f
*
g(1− C∞ )(Tw − T∞ )
for bio-convection Rayleigh number, Λ = β Ω2 r
for mixed convection number, Nb = τDB (Cwν − C∞ )
is the Brownian motion
parameter, Pr = αvm is the Prandtl number, Nt = τDT (TνTw∞− T∞ ) is the thermophoresis parameter, Le = DB is the Lewis parameter, Lb = Dvm for
αm

Q0
bio-convection Lewis number, Pe = bW
2
v
Dm is the Peclet, Ec = Cp ΔT is the Eckert number due to rotation, δ = ρf cpΩ is the absorption/heat
c

√ ̅̅̅̅
̅
generation parameter, δ1 = nwn− ∞n∞ microorganisms difference parameter, γ 1 = hk1 2Ω v
represents Biot number due to temperature and
h2
√̅̅̅̅
v
̅
γ2 = k 2Ω Biot number due to concentration.
The non-dimensional skin frictions (Cf , Cg ), Nusselt number (Nu), Sherwood number (Sh), and the local density number of motile
microorganisms (Nn) are defined as follows
( ) ( )
1 1
(24)
1 1 1 1 1
Re2 Cf = 1 + f ″(0), Re2 Cg = 1 + g′(0), Re− 2 Nu = − θ′(0), Re− 2 Sh = − ϕ′(0), Re− 2 Nn = − χ′(0),
β β

in Eq. (24), Re is the local Reynolds number.

3. Numerical solution

The resultant system of Eqs. 18–22 subject to condition (23) constitutes a boundary value problem of two points. A finite difference
method based bvp4c technique, which makes use of the three-stage Lobatto III formula, is implemented for numerical integration. This
formula uses collocation, and the collocation polynomial offers a C1 -continuous solution with fourth-order precision for the specified
interval. For the convergent and stable solution of the problem defined through Eqs. 18–23, we first need to predict the optimal error as
associated to the step selection h. An approximate value of h as close to zero will guarantee the consistency as well as declining of the
truncation error. However, the entire method is based on the finite difference approximation, where for minimum absolute error, the
solution will be declared stable and convergent.
The governing ODEs (18–22) with condition (23) are transformed into the following system of the first-order ODEs in Eqs. ((26),
(28), (30), (32) and (34) with condition (35) in order to implement the bvp4c scheme by using the transformed variables in Eqs. ((25),
(27), (29) and (31) given as
f = y1 , fx = y2 , fxx = y3 , fxxx = yy1 (25)
( )
1 β ( 2 )
yy1 = y2 − 2y1 y3 − y24 + My2 − Λ(y6 − Nry8 − Ncy10 ) , (26)
2 1+β

g = y4 , gx = y5 , gxx = yy2 (27)

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

( )
1 β
yy2 = (2y2 y4 − 2y1 y5 + My4 ), (28)
2 1+β

θ = y6 , θx = y7 , θxx = yy3 (29)

( )
1 1 ( )
yy3 = − PrNby7 y9 − PrNty27 − Pr y1 y7 + δy8 + MEc y22 + y24 , (30)
2 2

ϕ = y8 , ϕx = y9 , ϕxx = yy4 , (31)

Nt
yy4 = − PrLey1 y9 − yy3 , (32)
Nb

χ = y10 , χ x = y11 , χ xx = yy5 , (33)

yy5 = − Lby1 y11 + Pe[yy4 (y10 + δ1 ) + y11 y9 ], (34)

The (BCs) are
y1 (0) = 0, y2 (0) = 0, y4 (0) = 1, y7 (0) = − γ 1 (1 + y6 (0)), y9 (0) = − γ 2 (1 + y8 (0)), y10 = 1

at ξ→0

y2 (∞) → 0, y4 (∞) → 0, y6 (∞) → 0, y8 (∞) → 0, y10 (∞) → 0, as ξ→∞ (35)

4. Discussion of results

The features of the physical parameters that appear in expressions (17–22) are pictured in this section, including the heat gen­
eration/absorption parameter, mixed convection parameter, magnetic parameter, Prandtl number, Casson fluid parameter, Brownian
motion parameter, bio-convection Rayleigh number, Lewis number, bio-convection Lewis number, thermophoresis parameter, Peclet
number, Eckert number, Biot number due to temperature, Biot number caused by concentration on radial velocity, temperature
distribution, tangential velocity, volumetric concentration and motile microorganisms distribution. The following range of parameters
are kept constant throughout graphical analysis

0.2 ≤ M ≤ 1.8, 0.5 ≤ β ≤ 2.0, 0.2 ≤ Λ ≤ 2.2, 0.1 ≤ Nr ≤ 0.8, 0.2 ≤ Nc ≤ 0.9, 1.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 3, 0.3 ≤ Nt ≤ 1.5, 0.5 ≤ Nb ≤ 1.4, 0.4 ≤ Ec
≤ 1.6, 0.2 ≤ δ ≤ 1.1, 2.3 ≤ Pe ≤ 2.6, 3.5 ≤ Lb ≤ 4.4, 0.2 ≤ δ1 ≤ 2.0, 0.3 ≤ γ1 ≤ 1.2, 1.5 ≤ γ2 ≤ 3

Fig. 2(a)-2(c) show the magnetic number M versus radial velocity field f ′(ξ), tangential velocity distribution g(ξ) and temperature
profile θ(ξ). On a rotating disk, it is known that changing the value of the M causes the velocity distribution to decrease. Lorentz forces
or resistivity start to appear as the magnetic parameter M varies more, which sources the liquid flow to deceleration. When magnetic
parameter M is increased, it may be assumed that the tangential velocity g(ξ) flowing on the disk decreases. It is seen that raising the
magnetic number M causes the temperature profile to rise on the disk. Physically, when M upsurges, the Lorentz forces become
stronger, increasing the interaction between the fluid particles.
Fig. 3(a)-3(b) describes the performance of β concerning the Casson parameter on the radial velocity profile f ′(ξ) and tangential
velocity distribution g(ξ). The velocity profile f ′(ξ) decreases as parameter variation β increases. The Casson parameter is plotted
against the tangential velocity distribution g(ξ), for various values of β in Fig. 3(b). A fascinating feature is a reduction in the tangential
velocity distribution for the preferred value of the Casson number β.
In Fig. 4(a)-4(b), the mixed convection number Λ against radial velocity field f ′(ξ) and tangential velocity distribution g(ξ) are
shown. The mixed convection number Λ is a process of combinations of forced convection and natural convection. The consequence of
mixed convective number Λ for velocity profiles f ′(ξ) is shown in Fig. 4(a). The outcomes are beneficial in deciding that greater values
of Λ are answerable for the improvement of the radial velocity distribution. In general, the mix convection number Λ takes a unique
result on the disk that upsurges the radial velocity as it increases itself. The result of the liquid as it travels with the tangential velocity
g(ξ) represents a different behaviour against the mixed convection Λ on the disk. It is observed that the tangential velocity profile g(ξ)
of the liquid flowing on the disk decreases while we increase Λ as shown in Fig. 4(b). Here, it is presumed that buoyancy forces and
pressure forces would interact.
Fig. 5(a)-5(b) shows the buoyancy ratio parameter Nr against the radial velocity field f ′(ξ) and tangential velocity distribution g(ξ).
The graphical representation can be expected to show how the buoyancy ratio parameter affects velocity distribution f ′(ξ). When Nr
increases, it is seen to tend to lower the velocity profile of the liquid. The buoyancy ratio parameter (Nr) represents the relationship
between thermal buoyancy force and species buoyancy force When Nr > 1, species buoyancy dominates. Fig. 5(b) illustrates how the
buoyancy ratio parameter stimulates the liquid tangential velocity. It is observed that as Nr is raised, the fluid flow on the disk rises.
Fig. 6(a)-6(b) show the bio convection Rayleigh number Nc against velocity field f ′(ξ) and tangential velocity distribution g(ξ). It
depicts that the velocity field f ′(ξ) represents retardation upshots by growing the values of Nc. The tangential velocity has distinctive

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 2. (a–c) Effect of M over (a) f ′(ξ), (b) g(ξ) and (c) θ(ξ).

Fig. 3. (ab): Effect of β over (a) f ′(ξ) and (b) g(ξ).

characteristics when the influence of Nc varies. According to the depiction, the tangential velocity g(ξ) increases when we raise bio
convection Rayleigh parameter as sketched in Fig. 6(b). Rayleigh bio convection parameter Nc is just like acting forces that serve as a
pressure gradient’s catalyst.
In Fig. 7(a)-7(b), the charateristics of Pr against thermal profile θ(ξ) and concentration field ϕ(ξ) is depicted. The Prandtl number
Pr, which represents the rate of heat transfer between a flowing fluid and a solid body, is well known thermal and slotual influential

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 4. (ab): Effect of Λ over (a) f ′(ξ) and (b) g(ξ).

Fig. 5. (ab): Effect of Nr over (a) f ′(ξ) and (b) g(ξ).

Fig. 6. (ab) Effect of Nc over (a) f ′(ξ) and (b) g(ξ).

parameter. When Pr is increased, the curves in Fig. 7(a) shows the temperature profile is lowering. When we plot higher tendency of
the Prandtl number Pr, it is learned that the concentration distribution through Fig. 7(b) shows a declining trends. Physically, Pr is the
relation of thermal conductivity to thermal diffusivity. Therefore, reduced thermal diffusivity are produced by higher Prandtl values.
Fig. 8(a)-8(b) shows the characteristics of Brownian motion Nb against thermal field θ(ξ) and concentration profile ϕ(ξ). It is well
known that Nb has the tendency to raise the temperature of the fluid moving across the disk. The Brownian motion refers to particle

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 7. (ab): Effect of Pr over (a) θ(ξ) and (b) ϕ(ξ).

Fig. 8. (ab): Effect of Nb over (a) θ(ξ) and (b) ϕ(ξ).

movements caused by continual bombardment from nearby particles. Due to the existence of Brownian motion, particles travel from
hot to cold regions. When the value of the Nb increases, the value of the concentration field decreases as portrayed in Fig. 8(b). In
general, the fluid concentrates less due to the random motion of liquid particles.
Fig. 9(a)-9(b) show the value of the thermophoresis parameter Nt against temperature distribution θ(ξ) and concentration profile
ϕ(ξ). It is obvious that as the value of the thermophoresis number Nt increases, the temperature field in Fig. 9(a) is observed as in an
increasing fashion. To reveal the properties of Nt against ϕ(ξ), Fig. 9(b) is plotted. The concentration distribution remains boosted by
the persuaded difference of the thermophoresis number.
The value of the Eckert number Ec measured versus thermal energy is shown in Fig. 10. Due to an increase in Ec, it has been shown
that there is greater thermal distributions. Physically Ec tells us the relationship between enthalpy difference and liquid’s kinetic
energy, and is utilized to depict heat transfer dissipation. For an intensification in Eckert number, the liquid mechanical energy is
converted into thermal energy due to molecules internal friction. Hence the temperature of the liquid increases. Fig. 11 shows the
absorption parameter/the heat generation δ against temperature profile θ(ξ). It is informed that when the value of δ increases, thermal
energy also raises.
The value of the Biot number γ 1 (due to temperature) measured versus thermal energy θ(ξ) is shown in Fig. 12. The temperature
field is shown to be enhanced by the Biot number γ 1 . Physically, the Biot parameter causes an increase in the temperature gradient at
the disk surface due to a fall in the resistance to the flow of energy from the body. Because of this physical justification, the temperature
distribution increases. Fig. 13 displays the measured Lewis parameter Le along with the concentration distribution ϕ(ξ). This should be
observed that as Le is increased, the concentration distribution exhibits a downward trend.
Fig. 14 displays the value of the Biot parameter γ2 (due to concentration) measured against concentration profile ϕ(ξ). The con­
centration profile is shown to be boosted by the Biot number γ2 . Physically, the Biot parameter sources an upsurge in the concentration
gradient at the disk surface due to a fall in the resistance to the flow of energy from the body. This physical explanation leads to a rise in

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 9(A. b): Effect of Nt over (a) θ(ξ) and (b) ϕ(ξ).

Fig. 10. Effect of Ec over θ(ξ).

Fig. 11. Effect of δ over θ(ξ).

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 12. Effect of γ1 over θ(ξ).

Fig. 13. Effect of Le over ϕ(ξ).

Fig. 14. Effect of γ2 over ϕ(ξ).

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 15. Effect of Lb over χ (ξ).

Fig. 16. Effect of Pe over χ (ξ).

ϕ(ξ). An increasing values of the bio convection Lewis parameter Lb measured against motile microorganisms field χ (ξ), Fig. 15 is
displayed. It should be noted that growing the bio convection Lewis number Lb decreases the fluid motility. Motility behavior is
typically caused by motile particles that continuously move through a fluid while it is conducting heat transfer. The motile particles in
this case of Lb are nanoparticles that migrate to execute the heat transfer.
Fig. 16 illustrates how the Peclet parameter Pe affects the profile of a motile microorganism field χ (ξ). According to the graphical
conclusion, the fluid motile property gets less motile when the Peclet number is raised. The Peclet number measures how much heat is
transferred through a fluid thermal conductivity. Physically, the Peclet number describes the relationship between the speed and
direction of microorganisms. Therefore, a higher Peclet number indicates a more directional microbe, which results in a decreased
motile microorganism field. The consequences of the microorganisms difference number δ1 versus motile microorganism density
profile χ (ξ) is reported in Fig. 17. It should be noted that microorganism parameters δ1 illustrates falling behaviour for motile
microorganism density distribution.
The field for motile microorganism’s density was decayed with developing the estimations of bioconvection Lewis number and
Peclet parameter.
Table 1 shows the comparison of obtained numerical values with the literature [16,43]. It is observed that our results match in an
excellent way.

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Fig. 17. Effect of δ1 over χ (ξ).

Table 1
Comparison of the results from Refs. [16,43] and the current solutions in the absence of microorganism and velocity slip when β→
∞.
M f″(0) -g′(0)

Ref. [16] 0.5 0.218678 0.755935

Current 0.5 0.21867851 0.75593573
Deviation percentage 0.0002 0.00009
Ref. [43] 0.0 0.5102 0.6159
Current 0.0 0.51027654 0.61598721
Deviation percentage 0.0150 0.0141

5. Conclusions

The goal of the investigation was to demonstrate the consequences of Casson nanofluid flow past a rotating disk under the impact of
magnetic field, Joule heating, and gyrotactic microorganisms. The numerical algorithm bvp4c was used to mathematically solve
boundary value problems. The resultant PDEs representing the physical model were modified into ODEs via similarity transformations.
The achieve results demonstrated that there was an upsurge in the redial velocity distribution for the mixed convection number. The
profile of temperature were having increasing trends with respect to increment in Eckert number. The increasing values of heat ab­
sorption/generation parameter resulted in the growing trends for temperature profile. The field for motile microorganism’s density
was decayed with developing the estimations of bioconvection Lewis parameter and Peclet number.

Author contribution statement

Jawad Ahmed, Faisal Nazir: Analyzed and interpreted the data; Wrote the paper.
Bandar M. Fadhl: Conceived and designed the experiments; Wrote the paper.
Basim M. Makhdoum, Z. Mahmoud: Performed the experiments; Wrote the paper.
Abdullah Mohamed: Contributed reagents, materials, analysis tools or data.
Ilyas Khan: Conceived and designed the experiments.

Data availability statement

Data will be made available on request.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.

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J. Ahmed et al. Heliyon 9 (2023) e18028

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding
this work through Large Research Groups Program under grant number R.G.P2/274/44.

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