Chapter I

Introduction

(The Introduction must be composed of 4–5 paragraphs, and each paragraph must contain only
3–5 sentences.)
Required Sequence:
 Background of the Study
Begin by presenting a general discussion of the research topic. If information is taken from
existing literature, ensure proper citation. If the idea is expressed using your own words,
citation is not required.
 Legal Basis
Present relevant laws, Republic Acts, memoranda, circulars, or policy issuances that support
or relate to your research topic.
 Review of Related Literature (RRL)
Provide 3–5 RRL sources specifically aligned with the topic of your study, arranged from
international, national, regional, to local literature.
 Empirical Data
Include factual or statistical data (percentages, surveys, journal statistics, or research findings)
relevant to your study. (Example: Based on the study by Enet, 74.31% of the respondents…)
 Gap of the Study
Clearly explain the existing gap in current literature or practice cited previously. This is where
you justify the need to conduct the present study.

Review of Related Literature

From the independent variable and its indicators, down to the dependent variable and its
indicators, each section must contain at least one paragraph of Review of Related Literature
(RRL). Ensure that there is a smooth and logical transition from one paragraph to the next. Avoid
beginning a paragraph by stating the variable or indicator outright. Instead, you may paraphrase
or creatively introduce the concept to avoid redundancy and improve flow. Each paragraph must
contain at least three to five RRL sources.
For example, if the study includes two variables, each with four indicators, then a minimum of
ten (10) paragraphs of RRL must be written in total: one introductory paragraph for the
independent variable, four paragraphs for its indicators, one introductory paragraph for
the dependent variable, and four paragraphs for its indicators. In addition to this, you must
also provide at least one to two (1–2) paragraphs for the Review of Related Studies section.

Theoretical Framework
This section must consist of at least two (2) pages. In writing the Theoretical Framework, begin
your paragraph with the statement: “The study is anchored on the (theory) by (author) in
(year published).” After introducing the main theory, provide a thorough explanation of its
concepts, principles, and how it relates to and supports the variables in your study. Clearly
discuss its application to your research and its role in establishing the study’s foundation.
If a supporting theory is included, present a brief explanation of its background and origin. Then,
describe how this additional theory strengthens and reinforces the main theory and why it is
relevant to the current investigation. The discussion should show a logical connection between
the theories and the overall purpose of the study, ensuring coherence and depth throughout the
section.

Conceptual Framework
This entire section must discuss the schematic diagram of the study. It should be written in two
(2) paragraphs only, and each paragraph must contain 3–5 sentences.
Begin the first paragraph with the statement:
“Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between (write your independent variable/s) and (write your
dependent variable/s).” Then describe only the first box of the schematic diagram, which
contains the independent variable(s) and their indicators. Your discussion should explain what
indicators are included and how they are positioned or represented in the diagram.
The second paragraph must discuss the second box and any other boxes in the schematic
diagram. This includes the dependent variable(s) and their indicators, as well as any intervening
variable, moderating variable, output, or intervention box if applicable. You must explain their
order, how arrows or flow connect them from the first box, and their purpose in the visual layout
of the diagram.
 Process Flow (Qualitative Study)
The Process Flow section should clearly describe the step-by-step procedures of the study. It
must be written in paragraph form or represented in a diagram/flowchart, showing the logical
sequence from start to finish.
1. Start with the initial step: Explain how the study begins, such as data collection preparation,
selection of participants, or obtaining permissions.
2. Sequential steps: Describe each step of the research process in order, using words like first,
next, then, and finally to maintain a logical flow. Include steps like interviewing, observation,
transcription, coding, or thematic analysis.
3. Explain methods and tools used: For each step, briefly mention the techniques, instruments,
or approaches employed.
4. End with the final step: Conclude the flow with data interpretation, reporting, or validation
of findings.
The goal is to allow readers to visualize how the research is conducted from beginning to end,
highlighting the qualitative approach and ensuring clarity of the research process.

Schematic Diagram of the Study/ Process flow

The schematic diagram must occupy one (1) whole page and should have no visible page
number.
After inserting the figure, write the caption as follows:
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study or Process Flow of the Study (if Qualitative, use
Swimlane flowchart)
Ensure that the diagram clearly shows the independent variable(s), dependent variable(s), and
any intervening, moderating, or output/intervention boxes, along with arrows/lines indicating the
relationships between them.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine (your study’s title). Specifically, it seeks to answer the following
questions:
1. What is the level of (the independent variable) among (specific respondents) in/at (the locale
of the study) in terms of:
 1.1 (indicator),
1.2 (indicator),
1.3 (indicator), and
1.4 (indicator)?
2. What is the level of (the dependent variable) among (specific respondents) in/at (the locale of
the study) in terms of:
2.1 (indicator),
2.2 (indicator),
2.3 (indicator), and
2.4 (indicator)?
3. Is there a significant relationship between (write your independent variable) and (write your
independent variable) among (your specific respondent) at/in (complete specific locale)?
4. Based on the findings of the study, what intervention program can be proposed to
enhance…..?

******if your study is a correlation*******

“For a qualitative study, a questionnaire guide should be developed.”

Hypothesis

All hypotheses will be tested using a significance level of 0.05.

H₀: There is no significant relationship between (independent variable) and (dependent variable)
among (specific respondents) in/at (the locale of the study).

H₁: There is a significant relationship between (independent variable) and (dependent variable)
among (specific respondents) in/at (the locale of the study).

FOR YOUR INFORMATION:

H₀ – Null Hypothesis
 Means there is NO significant relationship, difference, or effect between variables. It is
the default assumption that nothing changes or nothing is related.
H₁ – Alternative Hypothesis
Means there IS a significant relationship, difference, or effect between variables. This is
what you expect or predict based on theory or previous studies.

Scope and Limitation

This section must consist of at least two (2) paragraphs, with 3–5 sentences per paragraph.
1. First Paragraph – Scope of the Study:
o Discuss the extent, coverage, and boundaries of the study.
o Include details such as the subject, respondents, location, time frame, and
variables being examined.
2. Second Paragraph – Limitation of the Study:
o Explain the constraints or limitations that may affect the research.
o These can include methodological, logistical, or data-related limitations, as
well as factors beyond the researcher’s control.

Significance of the Study

Introductory sentence:
“This study benefits from the involvement of the following individuals, who are expected to gain
from and contribute to the findings of the research.”
“The following individuals are expected to benefit from and contribute to the findings of this
study.”

Example:
Students. The findings of this study will help students understand how digital
recruitment affects employee work performance, enabling them to develop better strategies in
future HR practices.
Human Resource Personnel. HR personnel can use the results to improve recruitment
processes, enhance productivity, and adopt digital tools effectively in their workplace.
 School/Organization Administration. Administrators can utilize the study’s findings to
implement policies or interventions that support digital recruitment and overall employee
performance.
Researchers. Future researchers can use this study as a reference or basis for further
research related to digital recruitment and work performance.
***Use only will, can, could, and would. X shall, should X***
Definition of Terms

The following key terms are operationally (conceptually, with citation) defined based on how
they are used, measured, and interpreted in this study.
Example:
Digital Recruitment. This term refers to the use of digital platforms, online tools, and
technology-based methods to attract, screen, and hire employees, as measured by perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude towards using, behavioral intention to use, and actual
system use.
Employee Work Performance. This term refers to the effectiveness and efficiency of
employees in accomplishing their tasks and responsibilities, as measured by individual input,
education, outcomes, social input, productivity, citizenship, earnings, and social efficacy.

 Instead of always using “refers to,” you may also use phrases such as “pertains to,”
“denotes,” “defines,” or other similar expressions.
 Definitions must be written in alphabetical order for clarity and easy reference.
 You should choose either the operational or conceptual in defining the terms, but not
both.
Next page
Chapter II
Methodology
(Provide 1–2 sentences introducing the methodology of the study, briefly describing the research
design, approach, and overall process used to conduct the research.)

Research Design
Begin the section with the sentence:
“This study will employ a descriptive-correlational research design.”
Then, explain why the study is descriptive, focusing on how it seeks to observe, describe, and
document the characteristics, behaviors, or conditions of the variables without manipulating
them.
Next, explain why the study is correlational, emphasizing how it aims to examine the
relationship or association between the independent and dependent variables based on the
data collected in your study.
You only need 1 paragraph in this section.

Research Locale
Begin the section with the sentence:
“The study will be conducted at (the location of your study).”
Then, in one paragraph, explain why this location was selected, highlighting its relevance to the
study. Discuss what is available or present in that location that makes it suitable, such as the
target respondents, facilities, resources, or specific context related to your research topic.
Ensure the paragraph provides a clear rationale for choosing the site.

Map of the Study

The Map of the Study must occupy one (1) whole page and should have no visible page number.
After inserting the figure, write the caption as follows:
 Figure 2. Map of the Study

Research Respondents
Begin the section with the sentence:
“The study will include/consist (who are your respondents).”
Then, in one or two paragraph/s, discuss why these respondents were selected, explaining their
relevance to the study. Include details about their roles, characteristics, or experience that
make them suitable for providing the necessary information or insights for your research. Ensure
the paragraph clearly justifies its selection.

You can also put a table here

Table 1. Percentage and Distribution of Respondents

Research Sampling
Begin the section with the sentence:
“The study will use (state the sampling technique used).”
Then, in one paragraph, discuss why this sampling technique was chosen, explaining its
suitability for your study. Include details such as how it ensures representation, accessibility,
or relevance of the respondents, and why it is appropriate for achieving the objectives of your
research.

Research Instrument
Begin the section with the sentence:
The researcher will employ a researcher-made survey questionnaire or an adapted/modified
survey questionnaire. (choose one)
In one paragraph, explain how the validity of the instrument will be ensured (e.g., through
expert validation, pilot testing, or review by professionals), and how the reliability will be
determined (e.g., using test-retest, Cronbach’s alpha, or internal consistency measures). Discuss
why these steps are necessary to confirm that the instrument accurately and consistently
measures the variables of the study.
Table 2. Scoring and Quantification of Data

Score Range Verbal Description Verbal Interpretation

4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree Very High

3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree High

2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree Low

1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree Very Low

(*** This is a four-point Likert scale sample***)

Explain:
This study will use a 4-point Likert scale to quantify respondents’ answers, where each response
corresponds to a numerical score. The scores will be interpreted according to the range and
verbal description shown in the table below. This scale is adapted from [Author, Year] and is
widely used to measure perceptions, attitudes, and opinions in social science research.

Data Gathering Procedures

This section should clearly describe the step-by-step process of collecting data for the study. The
steps should be presented in a logical sequence, starting from preparation to data analysis.
1. Drafting of Letter: The researcher will first prepare a formal letter requesting permission
to conduct the study.
2. Approval: The researcher will submit the letter to the concerned authorities and wait for
approval before proceeding.
3. Survey Questionnaire Formulation: The researcher will develop or adapt the survey
questionnaire based on the study’s variables and indicators.
 4. Consent of Respondents and Their Rights: Before distributing the survey, respondents
will be informed about the purpose of the study, their rights, and ethical considerations,
and their consent will be obtained.
5. Collection of Answered Questionnaires: The completed questionnaires will be collected
personally or through official channels.
6. Tallying of Data for Statistics: The collected data will be organized, tallied, and
prepared for statistical analysis according to the research design.

Each step in the Data Gathering Procedures should consist of 2–3 sentences only, clearly
explaining what is done in that step. Make sure the description is concise, precise, and written
in sequence from start to finish. Use transition words like first, next, then, and finally to make
the procedure flow smoothly.

Ethical Considerations
Begin the section with the sentence:
“This study will adhere to the ethical standards in conducting research to ensure the rights,
privacy, and welfare of all respondents are protected.”
(In one paragraph, explain how the study will comply with Republic Act 10173, also known
as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, by ensuring that respondents’ personal information is kept
confidential, used only for research purposes, and protected from unauthorized access. You
may also mention obtaining informed consent, respecting respondents’ right to withdraw, and
guaranteeing that participation is voluntary and anonymous.)

Statistical Treatment
The researcher will employ the following statistical tools to analyze the collected data:
Frequency and Percentage Distribution. (Use 2–3 sentences to explain that this tool will
be used to describe the demographic profile of the respondents, such as age, gender, years of
experience, or other relevant characteristics.)
Weighted Mean. (Use 2–3 sentences to explain that this tool will be applied to analyze the
responses for Problem 1 and Problem 2, providing an overall measure of the level of the
independent and dependent variables based on their indicators.)
 Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r). (Use 2–3 sentences to explain that
this tool will be employed to determine the strength and direction of the relationship between
the independent and dependent variables in Problem 3)
Next Page
Reference
Example:
Abdelwahed, N. A. A., & Al Doghan, M. A. A. (2023). Developing employee productivity and
performance through work engagement and organizational factors in an educational
society. Societies, 13(3), 65

 All references must be listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
 No reference entry shall be split across pages; if it does not fit on the current page, move
the entire reference to the next page.
 All references must follow the APA 7th edition format, including proper use of italics,
capitalization, and punctuation.
Next Page
Appedices
Appendix A
Intent Letter

You are required to write an intent letter addressed to your respondents or the
management/establishment. The letter should clearly state:
1. Who you are – briefly introduce yourself and your role as a researcher.
2. About your study – provide a short description of your research topic, purpose, and
objectives.
3. Why you chose the respondents – explain the relevance of the participants or organization
to your study.
4. Request for participation – politely ask for their consent and cooperation in participating
in your research.
The tone should be formal, respectful, and concise, ensuring that the purpose and importance of
the study are clearly communicated.
Next page
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
(Title of your study)

Dear respondents,

Then, in a few sentences:

1. Introduce yourself – state who you are and your role as a researcher.
2. Explain their participation – describe what is expected of them and how they will be
involved in the study (e.g., answering a questionnaire, taking part in interviews).
3. Highlight the importance of their participation – explain how their responses will
contribute to the success of the research and the potential benefits of the study.
The tone should be formal, respectful, and concise, ensuring respondents understand their role
and the significance of their cooperation.

Researchers

Instructions
1. Part I – Demographic Profile (Optional):
o Collect basic information about the respondents, such as age, gender, position,
years of experience, or other relevant characteristics.
2. Part II – Main Questionnaire:
o Begin with a general instruction about the rating scale:
“Please answer the following statements using the scale provided, where 4 =
Strongly Agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, and 1 = Strongly Disagree.”
 o Independent Variables:
 List each independent variable and its indicators as statements.
Respondents will rate each statement using the 4–1 Likert scale.
o Dependent Variables:
 List each dependent variable and its indicators as statements. Respondents
will rate each statement using the same 4–1 Likert scale.
3. Closing:
o End the questionnaire with a short “Thank you” note for the respondents’ time
and cooperation.

Times New Roman 12, Double Spacing except in references to appendices.

All chapter pages and Figure pages must have a non-visible page number.

Prepared by:

DILMAR M. BEDRA, LPT

Instructor