THEORY OF
STRUCTURES
DEFLECTION
ENGR. JIREH SHALOM C. PAGULAYAN
DEFLECTION
By Double Integration Method
OBJECTIVES
• Understand the concept of beam deflection using the double
integration method.
• Derive slope and deflection equations from the moment
equation.
• Apply boundary conditions in solving integration constants.
• Determine the slope and deflection of beams under different
loading conditions.
• Analyze and interpret beam deflection results in engineering
problems.
General Power Rule
In the double integration method for determination of
slope and deflection of beam, the integration rule that
is commonly used is the general power rule. This rule
is expressed mathematically as:
This rule is applicable for all values of n except n = -1.
EXAMPLES
Evaluate the following
1. y=∫5𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 3x + 5 dx
2. y=∫6𝑥 4 + 3(𝑥 − 3)2 − 7(x+5) − 8 dx
3. y=∫9𝑥 3 −4x + 6 dx when x=5; y=0
Elastic Beam Theory
When the beam is subjected to lateral loading, and
assume that the beam behaves elastically (it means
that the beam will go back to its undeformed shape
after the load is removed), then the equation for
elastic beam theory is:
Where:
ρ = radius of curvature at any point of the elastic curve
M = internal moment at any point of the beam (kN-m)
E = modulus of elasticity of the beam (𝑴𝑷𝑨 = 𝑵/𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
I = moment of inertia of the cross section (𝒎𝟒 , 𝒎𝒎𝟒 )
EI = flexural rigidity (N - 𝒎𝒎𝟐 )
Differential Equation for Elastic Curve
Take the integral of the moment function in order to obtain the
slope function 𝑦 ′ or 𝜃
𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′ or 𝐸𝐼𝜃 = න𝑀 𝑑𝑥
Take the integral of the slope function in order to obtain the
function of elastic curve 𝑦 or 𝛿
𝐸𝐼𝑦 or 𝐸𝐼𝛿 = න𝑀 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
This method is called “Double Integration Method” simply
because the process is just integrating the moment function
twice.
Sign Convention
The slope 𝑦 ′ or 𝜃 of the elastic curve is positive if the
elastic curve rotates counter-clockwise from the
undeformed shape of the beam; likewise, it is negative if the
elastic curve rotates clockwise from the undeformed shape
of the beam.
The deflection (y or 𝛿) is positive if the elastic curve moves
upward from the undeformed shape of the beam; likewise, it
is negative if the elastic curve moves downward from the
elastic curve.
Boundary Conditions
In differential equations, boundary conditions are set
of points that used to determine the values of
arbitrary constants "C" that appeared in the process
of integration. In the double integration method, two
arbitrary constants will appear in the process, C1 in
the first integration, and C2 in the second integration.
In order to get their values, establish the boundary
conditions of the beam in their supports.
Boundary Conditions
The slope and deflection of the beam at the location
of the fixed support are equal to zero.
y' = θ =0
y=𝜹=0
The deflection of the beam at the location of simple
support (hinge and roller) is zero.
y=𝜹=0
Procedure for Analysis
1. Establish the moment function of the last segment of the
beam.
2. Integrate for the first time in order to get the slope function. Do
not forget to place the arbitrary constant C1.
3. Integrate for the second time in order to get the equation of
elastic curve. Do not forget to place the arbitrary constant C2.
4. Determine the boundary conditions of the beam (usually, it is
in the support). The beam must have two pairs of boundary
conditions because there are two arbitrary constants to be
solved.
5. Solve for the values of arbitrary constants. Then substitute
them in the slope and elastic curve equation.
Procedure for Analysis
6. To obtain the value of slope and deflection at any point of the
beam, just substitute the corresponding value of "x" of the point
(its distance from the left end of the beam) to the slope and
elastic curve functions.
7. For simply-supported beams, the maximum deflection is
located at the point where the slope is zero. For cantilever
beams, if the applied loads are downward, then the maximum
deflection happens at the free end of the beam. For simple beam
with overhang, determine the maximum deflection between the
supports by equating the slope function equal to zero. Determine
the deflection at each end of the overhang. Compare the results
then the deflection with higher absolute value is the maximum
deflection of the beam.
EXAMPLE:
The steel beam is loaded as shown below. The cross section of the beam is 200
mm x 300 mm. Take note that the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200 GPa.
a. What is the slope at B?
b. What is the deflection at B?
c. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
d. Determine the location of the maximum deflection from the left support.
EXAMPLE:
The steel beam is loaded as shown below. The cross section of the beam is 200
mm x 300 mm. Take note that the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200 GPa.
a. What is the slope at B?
b. What is the deflection at B?
c. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
d. Determine the location of the maximum deflection from the left support.
SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAM DEFLECTION FORMULAS
Maximum beam deflection equation
Beam and load cases
(𝛿max )
SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAM DEFLECTION FORMULAS
CANTILEVER BEAM DEFLECTION
FORMULAS