1
1 Look at the diagram below which shows a power station.
electricity
turbine
steam generator
water
boiler
ash
(a) (i) State the source of the energy in this power station at A.
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(ii) Using the diagram and your own knowledge, explain how electricity is generated in this
power station.
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[Total: 4]
2
2 (a) Coal is a fossil fuel.
Explain how coal was formed.
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(b) The table below and bar graph opposite show the reserves of shale gas and other natural
gases in 10 countries.
country shale gas other natural gases
/ arbitrary units / arbitrary units
China 1115 120
Argentina 800 12
Algeria 707 160
United States 665 320
Indonesia 580 150
Canada 573 68
Mexico 545 17
Australia 437 40
Russia 285 1680
Brazil 240 14
3
1800
Key
1600
shale gas
1400 other natural gases
1200
gas volume 1000
/ arbitrary units
800
600
400
200
0
China Argentina Algeria United Indonesia Canada Mexico Australia Russia Brazil
States
country
(i) Complete the bar graph for Russia and Brazil using information from the table and the
key. [1]
(ii) Some countries are starting to extract shale gas.
Which country would have the largest percentage increase in its available gas when it
starts to extract shale gas? Circle your choice. [1]
Argentina Australia Brazil Mexico Russia
(iii) Explain your answer to (b)(ii).
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(c) Fossil fuels will eventually be used up.
Explain how fossil fuels can be made to last longer.
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4
(b) Transport is one of the biggest contributors to poor air quality. Electric cars are thought to
offer a solution. The photograph shows a charging point for an electric car.
A website states that:
‘Electric cars are 100% emission free so if you drive one you are helping to provide better air
quality for you, your family, and your community.’
To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 12]
5
3 The diagram shows some of the processes used to generate electricity in a nuclear power station.
containment structure
nuclear
generator
reactor
turbine
condenser
(a) Use the diagram to describe how electricity is generated within a nuclear power station.
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(b) Describe three reasons why using nuclear power to generate electricity is better for the
environment than using coal.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
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3 ................................................................................................................................................
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[3]
6
(c) Describe ways a country can reduce its energy demand without damaging its economy.
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(d) Building a nuclear power station is expensive. The table shows the percentage costs for
building a new nuclear power station.
costs percentage costs
steam supply system 12
generating equipment 12
equipment costs
mechanical equipment 16
instrumentation and control system 8
building materials 12
labour
other costs ...............
design 10
fuel 3
total 100
(i) Complete the table by calculating the percentage cost for labour. [1]
(ii) The power station is predicted to cost 14 billion USD to build.
Calculate the total equipment costs for building the power station.
.................................................. USD [2]
(iii) A nuclear power station creates radioactive waste. The management of this waste is
expensive and difficult.
The most dangerous waste costs 93 000 USD per m3 to manage. It is estimated that the
power station will produce 12 m3 of the most dangerous waste each year.
Calculate the estimated cost of managing this waste per year.
.................................................. USD [1]
7
(e) A student says:
Building more nuclear power stations is the best way of
reducing the world’s carbon dioxide emissions.
To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
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[Total: 20]
8
4 The photograph shows a boom being used to deal with an oil spill.
(a) Use the photograph to describe how the boom is used to deal with the oil spill.
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(b) State two other methods of dealing with oil spills.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) State three impact of oil spills on living organisms
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[3]
[Total: 7]
9
5 (a) Some energy resources are listed.
biofuels tidal
geothermal wave
nuclear wind
solar
(i) Complete the diagram to classify the energy resources in the list.
One has been completed for you.
renewable no CO2 produced
after construction
tidal
[3]
(ii) State the name of one other renewable energy resource.
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10
(b) Fracking is a method of extracting oil and gas from the ground.
Suggest reasons why some people disagree with using fracking to extract oil and gas.
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(c) Describe methods to reduce the amount of oil used to fuel motor vehicles.
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[Total: 10]
11
6 The graph shows the global average electricity use per person from 1985 to 2015.
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
global average 1.8
electricity use
1.6
/ thousand kWh
per person 1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
year
(a) (i) Complete the graph by including the information in the table.
global average electricity use
year
/ thousand kWh per person
1989 1900
1990 2100
[2]
12
(ii) Describe the trend in global average electricity use per person from 1985 to 2015.
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(iii) Suggest reasons why average electricity use per person varies between countries.
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(b) Describe ways to reduce domestic energy use.
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[Total: 12]