* STUnit * Measurement of force - Spring balance Forcemeter * Effects of fore ! — Position Shape Size Speed * Types of force Contact, — mechanical = fiction Non contact! i = _ electrostatic su2-000 BE = amagnetic — gravitational — weight + Distinguish between weight: a4 mass + Moments of force Principle of moments © Resultant force — Inline forces = Balanced and unbalanced + Momentum + Inertia * Newton's laws of motion Force * [tis a push ora pull. + The SI unit for force is newton (IN). Measurement of force + Force can be measured using : « Forcemeter * Spring balance Force meter * It consists of a spring which ts attached toa hooks. + The spring stretches when a [orce is applied. © Level Combined Science t * The larger the force applied. the longer the spring stretches ant the greater the reading on the forcemeter. Spring balance + Ithasa spring, + It measures how much the spring stretches when an abject is hung: + The mass of the object Is measured in grams or kilograms and then converted to Newtons. 1 10NFig. 23.1: A forcemeter and. ‘Spring balance of force Change in size + Fore applied to an object can cause. A force can cause an object to move the object to: from position A to position B. a Change speed. Exatiple by) Change direction ) Change position 4) Change shape Befure being puslted A change in speed + Aforce can cause an object to change | spring! speed ‘After being pulled ‘fumple Fig, 23.3: A pulled springy ‘Change in shape + A force can change the shape of an object. Example Tere 4 A ol gy Mi bal whit changes speed when Se ia 201 Topic 10: Fore a |Change direction + Aforce can cause an object torchange direction. Fig. 22.5: A ballwivelt hus bean bounced back ‘Types of forces * The two main: iypes of forees are contact and non contact. Contact forces * Two objects are in direct interaction with each other such that they exerta force on each other by touching. + Contact’ forces include mechanical force and friction. : Measuring friction Apparatus : 1, Foreemeter 2, Wooten block Mechanical force © his aopush or a pull exerted o, ay object. TA meaty paalliryy ex Car + The man in Fig 23:6 1s applying , pulling force on the cart so that itmoree forward and can apply @ pushing fore by moving it backwards. Friction + Lisa force which opposes movement, + The force of friction Is always on the opposite direction: to movement, + Frietion causes a moving object to slov down or to stop: + It occurs between two objects in coritact, woorlen block forcemeter Fig, 23.7; Frictional force © Level Combined Science Revisionyr yee ge woren block on a smooth ’ fee and attach a forcemeter as sie in FI 28-7 and pull gently. “Te corcemeter Will show the force D quired to just move the wooden plock- pepeat (1) bul placing the wooden * jock on 2 rough surface, © yote the foreemeler reading gests ing is noted se Ferma on the forcemeter Conclusion + Theindicated force on the forcemeter 's (he friction force acting on the wooden block. + Frietional force on smooth surlaces Is Jess than on rough surfaces. Practical questions al The wooden block is easy to move on which surface? {) The wooden block is difficult to move on which surface? Application of frictional force Road surface : Friction is needed to move vehicles. Road surfaces must be rough such that friction between the road and “heels is increased so that vehicles Will not skid. Soles of shoes + Friction between our shoes and the {round stops us from slippins- Tyre treads + ‘Tyre treads offer'a rough surface to the tyre. + Frigtion between the tyres and the road stops ears from skidding. + Tyres with used up treads must be replaced to avoid the car from. skidding because the tyre would be smooth without treads. Car braking system + Friction betwee the brakes and wheel helps the vehicles to slow down, or to stop. Hindrance of frictional force + Friction can be a hindrance or not useful for example friction between moving parts of machines causes energy to be transferred lo the surrounding resulting in heating. + The machine parts will tear causing the machine to become noisy and difficult to operate. Non- contact forces + ‘Two objects exert a force on each other without being in contact. Gravitational force © It is the force that attracts any two ‘objects with mass. + {Us a universal force therefore every object on the universe experiences this force due to other objects. 203 Tope 10:Force eeExample + When you throw a tennis ball upwards from earth, it falls down to the earth due to the gravitational force of the earth, all is. up. ‘ball mowing dowe de 1 1 xravitntional force Fig, 23.8: Grewitaztonat force aieting on a ball Electrostatic + [bis the attractive: or repulsive force between two electrically chargect objects, + The electric charges can be: = positive [4] and positive (+) or negative (-) and negative (-] resulting In repulsive forces, Distinguish mass and weight is the force of gravity acting on the object * measured In newtons(N} * {snot constant bul depends on acceleration due to gravity at the Jocaition * is a vector quantity (have both magnitude and direction) + measured using a-spring balance = Charges can also be positive rr negative (+ resillln in atch - forces. + The charges are separated by a gy distance making this type Of fare. cortact force. Me Magnetic force * ft is a foree exerted between ty magnetic objects. + Magnets have tsvo poles that ig 9, north pole (N} arid south pote + Like poles that Is the South and souy or north and north repel each oth, when brought close to each other: + Unlike poles that is. the ‘south’ ay north atueaet each other when brojh close to cach other. ‘Weight + TIS the force acting an the bodys mags due lo the gravitational forced attraction of the earth. Weight = miass. » acceleration due & gravity is the amount of matter in an object measured in kilograms (kg) is constant at any location fs a Scalar quantity (have magnitude only) measured using a beam balance O Lovel Combined Smence faavisian a_nte of fore H ips the turaingeflest of force, nent oF FOIE ACPEAAS ON The size * (pune force and: the perpeniicutar fiat from the pivot, syoment of a force wee x petpendietiar distance from he re gsample coteutatethe moment of force of an abject ahh exerts forte af 6N, 2m away from wwe pivot: Principles of moments + MW stares that at equitisiam sum of Gockwise moment Is equal to the sum of canticloctewise moment about the Same poiril Example A GON object ts placed 2m away from one rot énd ofa pivat. Where nmust 4 40N object be placed to balative the soe-saw? Its the total force acting on a body slong with their directions : « resultant force can cause @ ‘ ilapary object to move. fan cause a moving object fo wortent of a force = foree x perpendicular distanée from the pivot 2 6Nx2m = 12Nm Fg, 23.9 Principle of moments At equilibrium Clockwise moments. = Anticlockwise moments Force x distance from pivot = Force » distance from pivot 6ON x 2m. = 40N « X 120Nm = 40x 1Z0Nm 2 x gm = x The 40N object: must be placed 3m away slowdown, move faster, change ‘hom the other end af the pivot in order to direction or stop. hat ? ‘ance the GON object, Balanced force Resultant force + Equal and oppusite forces balance (at equilibrium). Balanced forces cause an object. to stay at rest of to continue moving with uniform velocity, Balanced forces have zero resultant, Topic 10: Force:a + The resultant foree 18 19 the ding of the forces. ly, JON wk, AN Resultant force = ION 5 Fy = WN, Opposite direction + When forees act in the Same lin. in opposite direction, the forte . sow 50N subtracted to give a resultant foro + The resultant force is tn the direy of the larger force. SS Fig, 23.13: Chifdren on a balanced se 12N 2N Unbalanced forces Resultant force = TRN = y + Unequal forces have a resultant force = = —10N and the forces are unbalanced. + ‘There is movement in the direction of Momentum the resultant, It is the mass of @ body multiplied by. velocity, (CY Momentum is useful when braies at | involved in a collision or explosion, Fig. 23.1: Childran on art unbalariceed See-sent In line forces Same direction + When forces act in the same line and same direction: the forces are added to give a resultant force. © Lovel Gombihied Sciende Revision 206rer enti amass x velocity on fw rome is measured in kilogram gets er second (kgny/3), wert jpg the Feluetance of an object to ange wither US stale of fest or Af vonwing in a straght line, Ns reluctance 10 SOP) nowton’s bows of motion gevton’s first law of motion + an object at rest will remain at rest, or if moving will continue to move at constant motion in a straight line [Link] upon by an external force. Application + A stone restlag on the ground will remain “stationary uniess moved by some external foree. forever ‘Newton's second law * The resultant force acting upen an objsct Is equal to tht product of the mass and the acceleration of the object, * The force Is in the same direction as that of the object's acceleration. fore = mass % aceelcrattion F m xa Find the forer of anvotyject with a mass of 1Okgand an acceleration of Q.2m/s* P= oma Oks x O.2m/5* = ON Application of Newton's second law tts easy to push an empiy wheelbarrow than the one fill of bricks inside beeause it has more mass than an empty wheelbarrow, Newton's third law: For every ation there ts an equal and opposite reaction. on Iabject A exerts a [Link] object B, then object B will exert an equal but opposite force on A, Application of Newton's third law ig, 28.16: Braking Joree 207 Fople 10 Foe.INSTRUCTIONS Section A Multiple choice For cach question, there are four possible answers, A, B, Cand D, Choose the you consider correct, Each correct answer will score on fe e mark, Section B Structured questions Answer ali the questions. ‘The ‘number of marks is given in brackets| | ai the end of each question. Multiple choice questions 1. Identify the SI unit for force 5. Newton's second law of motion ean A. watt summarised as . B. pascal A. Force = mass/acctlération C. newton B. Force = momentum x acceleration Bi, hedon . Force = momentum /acceleration 2. Which instrument is used to measure seis D. Force = mass x acceleration A. voltmeter 8. What is the resultant force of balaneet B. forcemeter forces? €. ammeter A. 2N D. stop watch B. zero 8. Which one is not a type of force? c. sn A. magnetic D. 8N 5. slectrostatie 7. Calculate the resultant force of 10! C. gravitational force and 15N force moving down! D, heat 4. Moment of foree is 48 line, A, the turning effect of a force A, 25N B. type of force B. 25N C. resultant force ©. 5N D. force acting on the body's mass D. 5N POM NAEYT GIRLS HIGH Matt uses - - - - © Level Cemnpitivel Solange Revion 208 TEL: 059-2775,caleulate the moment of force of an object which exerts a force of 10N, 3m away from the pivot. a. 13Nm. B, 3.3Nm c. 7m p. 30Nm | Momentumis |A, mass x velocity B. force x velocity ©. mass x acceleration D. velocily x acceleration 10, Astone resting on ground will remain in that position forever unless acted upon. by an external force, is an application of . A. Newton's first law B. Newton's second law C. Newton's third law D. Momentum, Sao eee eo 1, Distinguish between mass and weight. [4] State Newton's three laws of motion and their applications. [6] , Explain the following terms: a} Weight b) Momentum ¢) Inertia [3] . 8) Define moment of a foree. [1] bj State the principle of moments. [1] a) Define friction. [1] ) Deseribe applications of frictional force. (31 Topic 10 force