ID: 60fbd7fe

Many insects are iridescent, or have colors that appear to shimmer and change when seen from different angles. Scientists
have assumed that this feature helps to attract mates but could also attract predators. But biologist Karin Kjernsmo and a
team had the idea that the shifting appearance of colors might actually make it harder for other animals to see iridescent
insects. To test this idea, the team put beetle forewings on leaves along a forest path and then asked human participants to
look for them. Some of the wings were naturally iridescent. Others were painted with a nonchanging color from the
iridescent spectrum, such as purple or blue.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s idea?

A. On average, participants found most of the purple wings and blue wings and far fewer of the iridescent wings.

B. On average, participants found the iridescent wings faster than they found the purple wings or blue wings.

C. Some participants reported that the purple wings were easier to see than the blue wings.

D. Some participants successfully found all of the wings on the leaves.

 ID: 14348c71

Few animals are known to spit: among them are humans, cobras, and camels. But in January 2022 at a nature preserve in
southern England, bird-watcher Clare Jacobs observed a gray seal spitting a jet of water at a white-tailed eagle flying
overhead. Seals had never been seen spitting before. Biologist Sean Twiss, who studies gray seals, believes that the seal
may have been attempting to scare the eagle away from a food source or that the seal may have just been playing.

Which choice best states the main topic of the text?

A. Bird-watching in southern England

B. A previously unseen behavior of gray seals

C. How white-tailed eagles defend their territory against other predators

D. Differences between gray seals and white-tailed eagles

 ID: 040a02c5

A contraction of “you all,” the pronoun “y’all” has long been used as a plural version of “you” in the South and in Black
communities around the US. In recent decades, most other English-speaking communities in the US have begun to use
“y’all.” What explains its rise in popularity? Many varieties of English have no pronoun that specifically addresses more than
one person and instead must use “you” to address both one person and more than one. But “y’all” always refers to two or
more people. As a result, it conveys the speaker’s meaning more precisely than “you” can.

Which question does the text most directly attempt to answer?

A. How many other plural versions of the pronoun “you” are there in English, besides “y’all”?

B. Why has the pronoun “y’all” become more widely used in the US?

C. When was the first recorded use of the pronoun “y’all” in the English language?

D. Is “y’all” commonly used in English-speaking regions of the world besides the US?
 ID: aa4d97d3

Many scientists have believed that giraffes are solitary creatures, preferring to spend their time alone instead of with others.
But observations of giraffes and their behavior in recent years has suggested that these animals may be more social than we
once thought. For example, scientists Zoe Muller and Stephen Harris claim that giraffes may even help each other care for
one another’s newborns.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Muller and Harris’s conclusion?

A. Female giraffes have been observed feeding young giraffes that aren’t their direct offspring.

B. Confrontations between a younger and an older male giraffe are frequently observed.

C. Some female giraffes have been observed sniffing and licking their newborn offspring.

D. Giraffes are able to make sounds but are rarely observed communicating with others.
 ID: 396cc35d

Utah is home to Pando, a colony of about 47,000 quaking aspen trees that all share a single root system. Pando is one of the
largest single organisms by mass on Earth, but ecologists are worried that its growth is declining in part because of grazing
by animals. The ecologists say that strong fences could prevent deer from eating young trees and help Pando start thriving
again.

According to the text, why are ecologists worried about Pando?

A. It isn’t growing at the same rate it used to.

B. It isn’t producing young trees anymore.

C. It can’t grow into new areas because it is blocked by fences.

D. Its root system can’t support many more new trees.

 ID: 2b419893

Given that stars and planets initially form from the same gas and dust in space, some astronomers have posited that host
stars (such as the Sun) and their planets (such as those in our solar system) are composed of the same materials, with the
planets containing equal or smaller quantities of the materials that make up the host star. This idea is also supported by
evidence that rocky planets in our solar system are composed of some of the same materials as the Sun.

Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the astronomers’ claim?

A. Most stars are made of hydrogen and helium, but when cooled they are revealed to contain small amounts of iron and
silicate.

B. A nearby host star is observed to contain the same proportion of hydrogen and helium as that of the Sun.

C. Evidence emerges that the amount of iron in some rocky planets is considerably higher than the amount in their host
star.

D. The method for determining the composition of rocky planets is discovered to be less effective when used to analyze
other kinds of planets.
 ID: c43d9d91

Estimated Impacts of Invasive Predator Species on Threatened Birds, Mammals, and Reptiles
Invasive predator Estimated impact on Estimated impact on threatened Estimated impact on threatened
species threatened birds mammals reptiles

Mongooses 0.66 0.75 0.44

Dogs 0.67 0.57 0.44

Cats 0.74 0.61 0.52

How harmful are invasive predators to threatened species? To find out, researchers assigned values from 0.25 to 1.00 to
various harms caused by invasive predators. The researchers then used these values to estimate the extent to which several
invasive predator species have harmfully impacted threatened birds, mammals, and reptiles. In the table, higher numbers
represent greater impacts. The estimated impact of invasive mongooses on threatened mammals is ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A. 0.35.

B. 0.61.

C. 0.75.

D. 0.52.
 ID: 358eef09

It’s common for jazz musicians and fans to refer to certain songs as having “swing,” indicating that the songs provoke a
strong feeling, like the impulse to tap one’s foot or dance. The exact acoustic properties that give a song swing, however,
have long been thought to be undefinable. To investigate swing, a team led by physicist Corentin Nelias delayed the
downbeats and synchronized the offbeats in jazz piano solos and asked jazz musicians to compare the intensity of swing in
each modified piece with the intensity of swing in the original piece. They found that participants were more than seven
times likelier to characterize the modified songs as having swing than to characterize the original versions as having swing,
suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. synchronized offbeats tend to give a song swing regardless of whether downbeats are delayed.

B. the acoustic properties that give a song swing are not easy for jazz musicians to manipulate.

C. jazz songs that feature the piano are more likely to have swing than are jazz songs that do not feature the piano.

D. the timing of downbeats and offbeats may play a crucial role in giving a song swing.
 ID: c7b268c2

Hip-hop pedagogy is a form of teaching that’s gaining popularity across school subjects. It involves incorporating hip-hop
and rap music into lessons as well as using hip-hop elements when teaching other subject matters. For example, Quan
Neloms’s students look for college-level vocabulary and historical events in rap songs. Researchers claim that in addition to
developing students’ social justice awareness, hip-hop pedagogy encourages student success by raising students’ interest
and engagement.

Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim?

A. Students tend to be more enthusiastic about rap music than they are about hip-hop music.

B. Students who are highly interested in social justice issues typically don’t sign up for courses that incorporate hip-hop and
rap music.

C. Educators report that they enjoy teaching courses that involve hip-hop and rap music more than teaching courses that
don’t.

D. Courses that incorporate hip-hop and rap music are among the courses with the highest enrollment and attendance
rates.
 ID: b97fa5dd

Ratio of Manganese to Calcium in Samples

from Alboran Sea and Mauritanian Coast

100
Manganese to calcium ratio

90
(micromoles per mole)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Approximate years before present
(in thousands)

Alboran Sea
Mauritanian coast

The population of the coral Lophelia pertusa declined significantly around 9,000 years ago in the Alboran Sea and around
11,000 years ago near the Mauritanian coast. Using the ratio of manganese to calcium, which inversely correlates with
ocean oxygenation levels, marine scientist Rodrigo da Costa Portilho-Ramos and colleagues evaluated whether oxygenation
played a role in the declines of L. pertusa. The researchers concluded that oxygenation may have been important in the
Alboran Sea but not near the Mauritanian coast, since ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the statement?

A. a substantial increase in oxygenation in the Alboran Sea corresponded with the local decline in L. pertusa, but the
opposite relationship between oxygenation and L. pertusa was found near the Mauritanian coast.

B. L. pertusa declined in the Alboran Sea during a period of substantial local decline in oxygenation, but L. pertusa declined
near the Mauritanian coast during a period of little local change in oxygenation.

C. oxygenation in the Alboran Sea was higher before the decline in L. pertusa than after the decline, whereas oxygenation
near the Mauritanian coast was relatively low both before and after the decline in L. pertusa.

D. oxygenation in the Alboran Sea tended to be substantially higher than oxygenation near the Mauritanian coast during the
period studied.
 ID: 1726d646

“The Poet Walt Whitman” is an 1887 essay by José Martí, a Cuban author and political activist, originally written in Spanish.
In the essay, Martí explores the value of literature, arguing that a society’s spiritual well-being depends on the character of its
literary culture: ______

Which quotation from a translation of “The Poet Walt Whitman” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “Poetry, which brings together or separates, which fortifies or brings anguish, which shores up or demolishes souls,
which gives or robs men of faith and vigor, is more necessary to a people than industry itself, for industry provides them
with a means of subsistence, while literature gives them the desire and strength for life.”

B. “Every society brings to literature its own form of expression, and the history of the nations can be told with greater truth
by the stages of literature than by chronicles and decades.”

C. “Where will a race of men go when they have lost the habit of thinking with faith about the scope and meaning of their
actions? The best among them, those who consecrate Nature with their sacred desire for the future, will lose, in a sordid
and painful annihilation, all stimulus to alleviate the ugliness of humanity.”

D. “Listen to the song of this hardworking and satisfied nation; listen to Walt Whitman. The exercise of himself exalts him to
majesty, tolerance exalts him to justice, and order to joy.”
 ID: 2f16288f

The following text is adapted from Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1883 novel Treasure Island. Bill is a sailor staying at the Admiral
Benbow, an inn run by the narrator’s parents.
Every day when [Bill] came back from his stroll he would ask if any seafaring men had gone by along the road. At first we
thought it was the want of company of his own kind that made him ask this question, but at last we began to see he was
desirous to avoid them. When a seaman did [stay] at the Admiral Benbow (as now and then some did) he would look in at
him through the curtained door before he entered the parlour; and he was always sure to be as silent as a mouse when any
such was present.

According to the text, why does Bill regularly ask about “seafaring men”?

A. He’s hoping to find an old friend and fellow sailor.

B. He’s trying to secure a job as part of the crew on a new ship.

C. He isn’t sure that other guests at the inn will be welcoming of sailors.

D. He doesn’t want to encounter any other sailor unexpectedly.

 ID: fc5871e0

Total Electoral College Votes and Popular Votes in the 15th US

Presidential Election
Candidate Total electoral college votes Total popular votes

James K. Polk 170 1,339,494

Henry Clay 105 1,300,004

James Gillespie Birney 0 62,103

A student is writing a paper on the history of the 15th presidential election in the United States, which was held in 1844. The
student needs to determine how many electoral college votes were cast for the winning candidate, James K. Polk. According
to the table, James K. Polk received ______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

A. 170 electoral college votes.

B. 103 electoral college votes.

C. 62 electoral college votes.

D. 44 electoral college votes.

 ID: 6e2f1377

Biologists have predicted that birds’ feather structures vary with habitat temperature, but this hadn’t been tested in mountain
environments. Ornithologist Sahas Barve studied feathers from 249 songbird species inhabiting different elevations—and
thus experiencing different temperatures—in the Himalaya Mountains. He found that feathers of high-elevation species not
only have a greater proportion of warming downy sections to flat and smooth sections than do feathers of low-elevation
species, but high-elevation species’ feathers also tend to be longer, providing a thicker layer of insulation.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Barve’s investigation shows that some species of Himalayan songbirds have evolved feathers that better regulate body
temperature than do the feathers of other species, contradicting previous predictions.

B. Barve found an association between habitat temperature and feather structure among Himalayan songbirds, lending new
support to a general prediction.

C. Barve discovered that songbirds have adapted to their environment by growing feathers without flat and smooth
sections, complicating an earlier hypothesis.

D. The results of Barve’s study suggest that the ability of birds to withstand cold temperatures is determined more strongly
by feather length than feather structure, challenging an established belief.
 ID: 5c37d685

To investigate the history of plate subduction—when one of Earth’s tectonic plates slides beneath another—Sarah M. Aarons
and colleagues compared ancient rocks from the Acasta Gneiss Complex in Canada to modern rocks. Using isotope
analysis, the researchers found that Acasta rocks dating to about 4.02 billion years ago (bya) most strongly resemble
modern rocks formed in a plume setting (an area in which hot rocks from Earth’s mantle flow upward into the crust). By
contrast, they found that Acasta rocks dating to about 3.75 bya and 3.6 bya have an isotope composition that is similar to
that of modern rocks formed in a subduction setting. Aarons’s team therefore concluded that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. subduction-like processes began occurring in some locations no later than 3.75 bya.

B. subduction replaced mantle plume formation as the most common geological process by about 4.02 bya.

C. the majority of the rocks in the Acasta Gneiss Complex formed through subduction.

D. the rocks in the Acasta Gneiss Complex are of a more recent origin than scientists previously thought.
 ID: 4dbbf00a

The following text is from Ezra Pound’s 1909 poem “Hymn III,” based on the work of Marcantonio Flaminio.
As a fragile and lovely flower unfolds its gleaming
foliage on the breast of the fostering earth, if
the dew and the rain draw it forth;
So doth my tender mind flourish, if it be fed with the
sweet dew of the fostering spirit,
Lacking this, it beginneth straightway to languish,
even as a floweret born upon dry earth, if the
dew and the rain tend it not.

Based on the text, in what way is the human mind like a flower?

A. It becomes increasingly vigorous with the passage of time.

B. It draws strength from changes in the weather.

C. It requires proper nourishment in order to thrive.

D. It perseveres despite challenging circumstances.

 ID: 3b1e4cc1

In Diné (Navajo) culture, ikaah (sandpaintings) are created and then erased as part of sacred healing ceremonies lasting no
more than a few days, but Diné hataałii (chanter, healer, cultural guide) Fred Stevens developed fixatives to preserve
desacralized sandpaintings. While on a US-sponsored cultural ambassadorial trip in Europe and the Americas in the 1960s,
Stevens produced several such sandpaintings and gave them to cultural institutions. This may seem in tension with the role
of cultural ambassador—how could static objects authentically represent an inherently ephemeral and dynamic practice?—
but such a view is itself overly object-focused and neglects how Stevens strove to convey exactly those characteristics of
ikaah as a cultural practice.

Which quotation from an art historian would most directly support the claim made in the text?

A. “While Stevens’s ambassadorial sandpaintings are undoubtedly educative for audiences that have little exposure to Diné
culture, they should not be confused with authentic ikaah, which cannot be extricated from a practice that is intentionally
and necessarily transitory nor condensed into a single persistent object.”

B. “The most compelling way to reconcile the apparent tension between the temporary and performative nature of ikaah
and the persistent and static nature of Stevens’s ambassadorial sandpaintings is to recognize that Stevens was an
ambassador not only of Diné culture but of a US art culture that tended to value permanent works over ephemeral ones.”

C. “Stevens’s ambassadorial sandpaintings are best understood not as self-contained objects but as reminders of the
public creations of the sandpaintings, during which Stevens conducted appropriate ikaah rituals and encouraged viewers
to closely track his movements and subtle shifts in the sand throughout the process.”

D. “It is important to recall Stevens’s own actions as a gift-giver—a temporary and performative role—of the sandpaintings,
for by taking those actions, Stevens publicly enacted the transmission of knowledge of both traditional ikaah practices
and cutting-edge chemistry (in the form of the preservative additives), a hybrid that reflects the dynamism of Diné
culture.”
 ID: d18c204c

Even with the widespread adoption of personal computers, many authors still choose to write and revise their novels by hand
and only then transcribe the final version on a computer. It may be tempting to speculate about how a novel written this way
would be affected if it had been exclusively typed instead, but each novel is a unique entity resulting from a specific set of
circumstances. Therefore, ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. in order to increase their efficiency, authors who currently write their novels largely by hand should instead work only on a
computer.

B. authors who do most of their drafting and revising by hand likely have more success than those who work entirely on a
computer.

C. novels written by hand take less time to produce, on average, than novels written on a computer do.

D. there is no way to reasonably evaluate how a work would be different if it had been written by other means.
 ID: 880bf7d5

The following text is from Beatrice Harraden’s 1894 novel Ships that Pass in the Night.

In an old second-hand bookshop in London, an old man sat reading Gibbon’s History of Rome. He did not put down his
book when the postman brought him a letter. He just glanced indifferently at the letter, and impatiently at the postman.
Zerviah Holme did not like to be interrupted when he was reading Gibbon; and as he was always reading Gibbon, an
interruption was always regarded by him as an insult.

Based on the text, how did Zerviah Holme most likely feel when the letter was delivered?

A. He felt relieved because he had been expecting an important letter.

B. He felt excited because the letter was from a good friend.

C. He felt sad because the postman did not stop to talk with him before leaving.

D. He felt annoyed because he was interrupted while reading his favorite author.
 ID: f176ef9e

“Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker” is a 1900 short story by Paul Laurence Dunbar. In the story, the narrator describes Mr.
Cornelius Johnson’s appearance as conveying his exaggerated sense of his importance: ______

Which quotation from “Mr. Cornelius Johnson, Office-Seeker” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “He carried himself always as if he were passing under his own triumphal arch.”

B. “The grey Prince Albert was scrupulously buttoned about his form, and a shiny top hat replaced the felt of the afternoon.”

C. “It was a beautiful day in balmy May and the sun shone pleasantly on Mr. Cornelius Johnson’s very spruce Prince Albert
suit of grey as he alighted from the train in Washington.”

D. “Mr. Cornelius Johnson always spoke in a large and important tone.”

 ID: ed043939

Boldly mixing elements of poetry, fiction, drama, philosophy, and manifesto, Puerto Rican writer Giannina Braschi creates
cross-genre literature that explores themes such as immigration and independence. Her works have inspired responses from
individuals across different fields and in a wide range of formats, from musical compositions and a comic book to
architecture and furniture design. In an essay, a student asserts that the production of these diverse creations by others is
reflective of Braschi’s own approach to crafting literature.

Which quotation from a scholarly review of Braschi’s work best supports the student’s claim?

A. “Braschi is the focus of a 2020 collection of essays in which fifteen scholars from seven different countries delved into
the linguistic and structural patterns of her writings.”

B. “Braschi’s eagerness to push boundaries and blend genres within literature invites us to consider how other art forms
might also engage with literature.”

C. “Before settling in New York City, where she would go on to become a college professor, Braschi studied both literature
and philosophy in several cities around the world.”

D. “In addition to her creative literary works, Braschi has produced academic pieces analyzing writings by Miguel de
Cervantes, Federico García Lorca, and other authors.”
 ID: 3acc2d54

“When Dawn Comes to the City” is a 1922 poem by Claude McKay, who immigrated to the United States from the island
nation of Jamaica as an adult. The poem conveys McKay’s contrasting feelings about New York City—his adopted home in
the US—and his home country: ______

Which quotation from “When Dawn Comes to the City” most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “A lonely newsboy hurries by, / Humming a recent ditty; / Red streaks strike through the gray of the sky, / The dawn
comes to the city [New York City].”

B. “Dark figures start for work; / I watch them sadly shuffle on, / ’Tis dawn, dawn in New York. / But I would be on the island
of the sea, / In the heart of the island of the sea.”

C. “And the shaggy Nannie goat is calling, calling, calling / From her little trampled corner of the long wide lea / That
stretches to the waters of the hill-stream falling / Sheer upon the flat rocks joyously!”

D. “The tired cars go grumbling by, / The moaning, groaning cars, / And the old milk carts go rumbling by / Under the same
dull stars.”
 ID: 66a1353f

Happy House is a 1920 novel by Jane Abbott. The narrator presents a young woman as being unimpressed with the house
she is visiting: ______

Which quotation from Happy House most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “Her first feeling was of disappointment; in the square lines of the house there was little claim to beauty.”

B. “Someone had opened one of the blinds so here there was more light.”

C. “The door, built squarely in the middle of the house, opened almost directly upon a stone-flagged path that led in a
straight line to the road.”

D. “She tip-toed through the hall and opened the door on the right.”
 ID: 6bef385a

The following text is from Mark Haber’s 2022 novel Saint Sebastian’s Abyss. The narrator and Schmidt are both art critics.

When my first wife admitted to Schmidt over dinner that she didn’t find art, painting in particular, especially compelling,
Schmidt winced, set down his fork, and sighed dramatically; he then excused himself, explaining an appointment he’d
forgotten about had suddenly and inexplicably been remembered, while making it abundantly clear there was no
appointment at all.
©2022 by Mark Haber

Based on the text, what is notable about Schmidt’s behavior?

A. Schmidt is only given to theatrical behavior when in the company of the narrator and his first wife.

B. Schmidt’s absentmindedness regarding his schedule is uncharacteristic of him.

C. Schmidt’s departure is occasioned by the resumption of a previous disagreement with the narrator’s first wife about a
particular painting.

D. Schmidt conveys his feelings about one of his dining companions without explicitly stating them.
 ID: d1dbfd19

Many trees produce growth rings as they age, with each ring in a tree’s trunk representing one year in the tree’s life. This
often makes it fairly easy to determine how old a tree was when it was cut down. To do so, you look at the tree stump and
count the dark rings you see. But a researcher claims that this method often can’t be used to identify the age of olive trees.

Which detail, if true, would most directly support the researcher’s claim?

A. The oldest olive tree in the world is likely over 1,100 years old.

B. Narrow growth rings can suggest that an olive tree experienced harsh conditions.

C. Many olive trees have growth rings that are difficult to see.

D. Olive trees thrive in areas with hot, dry summers.

 ID: a380e0c7

Bicycles were first mass-produced in the late nineteenth century throughout Europe and North America, allowing individuals
remarkable freedom to travel longer distances quickly and comfortably. This freedom, coupled with the affordability of the
vehicle, made the bicycle immensely popular. Individuals were able to live farther from their workplaces, easily visit
neighboring towns, and participate in new leisure and sport activities. Bicycling quickly became a popular social endeavor,
with enthusiasts forming local cycling clubs to enjoy these newfound activities with others.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. The widespread adoption of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century provided new opportunities for people.

B. The affordability of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century made it the preferred way to travel.

C. The popularity of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century gave rise to the first cycling clubs.

D. The mass production of the bicycle in the late nineteenth century made it safer for people to use.
 ID: 26267909

One aspect of in-person shopping that online shopping can’t replicate is the opportunity to touch a product before buying it.
Does this difference matter? In an experiment, researchers asked one group of participants to touch a mug and a toy, while
another group was prohibited from touching the two items. The participants were then asked how much money they’d pay
for the items. People who got to touch the items were willing to pay much more money for them than were people who
weren’t allowed to touch the items. This finding suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. people who mainly shop online probably spend more money every month than people who mainly shop in person do.

B. in-person shopping may make products seem more valuable than they seem if only viewed online.

C. retailers with in-person and online stores should charge the same price for a given product in both places.

D. online retailers may be able to raise the prices they charge for products that are only available online.
 ID: b7c5b4e4

Shimmering is a collective defense behavior that researchers have observed in giant honeybee colonies. When shimmering,
different groups of bees flip their bodies up and down in what looks like waves. This defense is initiated when hornets hover
near a colony, serving to deter the hornets from approaching the bees. Researchers hypothesize that this behavior is a
specialized defense response to hornets, as it is not observed when other, larger predators approach the colony.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Researchers are unsure how giant honeybees defend against predators larger than hornets.

B. Researchers think that shimmering in giant honeybees is a specific defense against hornets.

C. Hornets are known to be the main predator of giant honeybees.

D. Several different species of insects use shimmering to defend against hornets.

 ID: e3b5bb66

The most recent iteration of the immersive theater experience Sleep No More, which premiered in New York City in 2011,
transforms its performance space—a five-story warehouse—into a 1930s-era hotel. Audience members, who wander through
the labyrinthine venue at their own pace and follow the actors as they play out simultaneous, interweaving narrative loops,
confront the impossibility of experiencing the production in its entirety. The play’s refusal of narrative coherence thus hinges
on the sense of spatial fragmentation that the venue’s immense and intricate layout generates.

What does the text most strongly suggest about Sleep No More’s use of its performance space?

A. The choice of a New York City venue likely enabled the play’s creators to experiment with the use of theatrical space in a
way that venues from earlier productions could not.

B. Audience members likely find the experience of the play disappointing because they generally cannot make their way
through the entire venue.

C. The production’s dependence on a particular performance environment would likely make it difficult to reproduce exactly
in a different theatrical space.

D. Audience members who navigate the space according to a recommended itinerary will likely have a better grasp of the
play’s narrative than audience members who depart from that itinerary.
 ID: bbd93b0f

Water flowing around an obstruction creates vortices (patterns of swirls) of varying size; by detecting the vortices, fish can
determine the size and position of the obstruction. Testing by Yuzo R. Yanagisuru, Otar Akanyeti, and James C. Liao using
models of three head shapes—narrow (low ratio of width to length), intermediate, and wide (high ratio of width to length)—
showed that for medium-sized vortices, fish with wide heads would be least able to distinguish between vortices and general
turbulence in the water. A second research team has therefore hypothesized that in low-visibility conditions, wider-headed
fish will be less likely than narrower-headed fish to detect obstructions.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the second research team’s hypothesis?

A. A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the bristlemouth
(Chaetostoma yurubiense), which has a relatively wide head, bumped into more than half of the obstructions.

B. A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that some specimens of
dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis), which has a relatively narrow head, bumped into the obstructions more often than
other specimens of the same fish did.

C. A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the wider-headed
bristlemouth (Chaetostoma yurubiense) bumped into obstructions more often than the narrower-headed dusky smooth-
hound (Mustelus canis) did.

D. A study using obstructions that created medium-sized vortices in low-visibility conditions found that the narrower-
headed dusky smooth-hound (Mustelus canis) bumped into the obstructions just as often as the wider-headed
bristlemouth (Chaetostoma yurubiense) did.
 ID: 1dc74ae7

Although most songbirds build open, cupped nests, some species build domed nests with roofs that provide much more
protection. Many ecologists have assumed that domed nests would provide protection from weather conditions and thus
would allow species that build them to have larger geographic ranges than species that build open nests do. To evaluate this
assumption, a research team led by evolutionary biologist Iliana Medina analyzed data for over 3,000 species of songbirds.

Which finding from Medina and her colleagues’ study, if true, would most directly challenge the assumption in the underlined
sentence?

A. Species that build open nests tend to have higher extinction rates than species that build domed nests.

B. Species that build open nests tend to be smaller in size than species that build domed nests.

C. Species that build open nests tend to use fewer materials to build their nests than species that build domed nests do.

D. Species that build open nests tend to have larger ranges than species that build domed nests.
 ID: a901c1d5

Choctaw/Cherokee artist Jeffrey Gibson turns punching bags used by boxers into art by decorating them with beadwork and
elements of Native dressmaking. These elements include leather fringe and jingles, the metal cones that cover the dresses
worn in the jingle dance, a women’s dance of the Ojibwe people. Thus, Gibson combines an object commonly associated
with masculinity (a punching bag) with art forms traditionally practiced by women in most Native communities (beadwork
and dressmaking). In this way, he rejects the division of male and female gender roles.

Which choice best describes Gibson’s approach to art, as presented in the text?

A. He draws from traditional Native art forms to create his original works.

B. He has been influenced by Native and non-Native artists equally.

C. He finds inspiration from boxing in designing the dresses he makes.

D. He rejects expectations about color and pattern when incorporating beadwork.

 ID: d23f1a15

Many mosquito repellents contain natural components that work by activating multiple odor receptors on mosquitoes’
antennae. As the insects develop resistance, new repellents are needed. Ke Dong and her team found that EBF, a molecular
component of a chrysanthemum-flower extract, can repel mosquitoes by activating just one odor receptor—and this receptor,
Or31, is present in all mosquito species known to carry diseases. Therefore, the researchers suggest that in developing new
repellents, it would be most useful to ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. identify molecular components similar to EBF that target the activation of Or31 receptors.

B. investigate alternative methods for extracting EBF molecules from chrysanthemums.

C. verify the precise locations of Or31 and other odor receptors on mosquitoes’ antennae.

D. determine the maximum number of different odor receptors that can be activated by a single molecule.
 ID: 84b290f2

In vertical inheritance, parents pass genes to their offspring, but in horizontal transfer (HT), one species, often bacteria,
passes genetic material to an unrelated species. In a 2022 study, herpetologist Atsushi Kurabayashi and his team
investigated HT in multicellular organisms—namely, snakes and frogs in Madagascar. The team detected BovB—a gene
transmitted vertically in snakes—in many frog species. The apparent direction of gene transfer seems counterintuitive
because frogs usually don’t survive encounters with snakes and so wouldn’t be able to transmit the newly acquired gene to
offspring, but the team concluded that BovB is indeed transmitted from snakes to frogs, either directly or indirectly, via HT.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the team’s conclusion?

A. BovB can be transmitted across frog species through HT.

B. Parasites known to feed on species of snakes and frogs in which the BovB gene occurs also carry BovB.

C. BovB cannot be reliably transmitted from a snake species to bacteria that are usually encountered by frog species.

D. Frog species with BovB show few discernible advantages as compared with frog species that do not carry BovB.
 ID: 66b10ad8

A team of biologists led by Jae-Hoon Jung, Antonio D. Barbosa, and Stephanie Hutin investigated the mechanism that allows
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) plants to accelerate flowering at high temperatures. They replaced the protein ELF3 in the
plants with a similar protein found in another species (stiff brome) that, unlike A. thaliana, displays no acceleration in
flowering with increased temperature. A comparison of unmodified A. thaliana plants with the altered plants showed no
difference in flowering at 22° Celsius, but at 27° Celsius, the unmodified plants exhibited accelerated flowering while the
altered ones did not, which suggests that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. temperature-sensitive accelerated flowering is unique to A. thaliana.

B. A. thaliana increases ELF3 production as temperatures rise.

C. ELF3 enables A. thaliana to respond to increased temperatures.

D. temperatures of at least 22° Celsius are required for A. thaliana to flower.

 ID: ae533b64

There Is Confusion is a 1924 novel by Jessie Redmon Fauset. In the novel, the narrator portrays the character Joanna as
someone who admires ambition in other people to the exclusion of all other qualities: ______

Which quotation from There Is Confusion most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “Joanna was mightily interested in people who had a ‘purpose’ in life. Otherwise not at all.”

B. “Indeed from the very beginning Joanna showed her preference for her father.”

C. “Joanna was like her father not only so far as ambition was concerned but also in her willingness to work.”

D. “She had a good sense of logic, a strong power of concentration, and a remarkably retentive and visualizing memory.”
 ID: f318b9c5

Just Patty is a 1911 novel by Jean Webster. Patty and her friends have just been informed that they will no longer be
roommates while at school. Patty talks to Mrs. Trent, the head of the school, about the situation. The narrator presents Patty
as trying hard to convince Mrs. Trent to allow the group to continue sharing a room: ______

Which quotation from Just Patty most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “[Mrs. Trent’s] lips twitched. It was a fact, deplored by her assistants, that her sense of humour frequently ran away with
her sense of justice.”

B. “[Mrs. Trent] nodded dismissal, and the three of them found themselves in the hall again. They looked at one another for
a moment of blank silence.”

C. “Patty’s eyes suddenly brightened. She seized [her friends] by [the] elbow and shoved them into the empty schoolroom.”

D. “Patty did use all the diplomacy at her command. Having dwelt touchingly upon their long friendship, and their sorrow at
being separated, she passed lightly to the matter of their new roommates.”
 ID: d54126ab

Tadpole Body Mass and Toxin Production after Three Weeks in Ponds
Average tadpole Average number of Average amount of Average bufadienolide
Population body mass distinct bufadienolide bufadienolide per tadpole concentration (nanograms per
density (milligrams) toxins per tadpole (nanograms) milligram of tadpole body mass)

High 193.87 22.69 5,815.51 374.22

Medium 254.56 21.65 5,525.72 230.10

Low 258.97 22.08 4,664.99 171.43

Ecologist Veronika Bókony and colleagues investigated within-species competition among common toads (Bufo bufo), a
species that secretes various unpleasant-tasting toxins called bufadienolides in response to threats. The researchers tested
B. bufo tadpoles’ responses to different levels of competition by creating ponds with different tadpole population densities
but a fixed amount of food. Based on analysis of the tadpoles after three weeks, the researchers concluded that increased
competition drove bufadienolide production at the expense of growth.

Which choice uses data from the table to most effectively support the researchers’ conclusion?

A. The difference in average tadpole body mass was small between the low and medium population density conditions and
substantially larger between the low and high population density conditions.

B. Tadpoles in the low and medium population density conditions had substantially lower average bufadienolide
concentrations but had greater average body masses than those in the high population density condition.

C. Tadpoles in the high population density condition displayed a relatively modest increase in the average amount of
bufadienolide but roughly double the average bufadienolide concentration compared to those in the low population
density condition.

D. Tadpoles produced approximately the same number of different bufadienolide toxins per individual across the population
density conditions, but average tadpole body mass decreased as population density increased.
 ID: 050d4a12

Initially observed in 2017, the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua is the first object of its kind to be seen in our solar system.
Researchers have been puzzled because its acceleration cannot be entirely explained by the gravitational pull of nearby
bodies: there must be a nongravitational influence on its velocity and trajectory. Some previously suggested explanations for
this nongravitational acceleration involve mechanisms that are unlikely or unrealistic, such as geometric effects from
‘Oumuamua being potentially composed of several spatially separated bodies. Now, Jennifer Bergner and colleagues
propose that the nongravitational acceleration is due to the gaseous expulsion of entrapped hydrogen from ‘Oumuamua’s
water-rich icy body.

Which statement, if true, would most strongly support the claim made by Bergner and colleagues about the cause of
‘Oumuamua’s acceleration?

A. Existing proposed models of outgassing from ‘Oumuamua include the direct conversion of nitrogen or carbon monoxide
from a solid to a gaseous state without becoming liquid, but these models have theoretical or observational
inconsistencies.

B. ‘Oumuamua’s trajectory is inconsistent with a nongravitational acceleration that would be caused by the release of
hydrogen gas resulting from the processing of water ice (H2O), but the interstellar object’s observable properties can be
explained if it has a significant component of molecular hydrogen ice (H2).

C. Since nongravitational accelerations of interstellar objects are several orders of magnitude weaker than gravitational
accelerations, deviation from behavior that could be fully attributed to gravitational pull has been detected on a limited
number of objects similar to ‘Oumuamua.

D. Exposure to interstellar cosmic radiation can result in the formation of embedded pockets of hydrogen gas in water ice;
moreover, when traveling through the solar system, ‘Oumuamua experienced warming sufficient to alter its icy structure
and allow for outgassing.
 ID: ce9b3b84

Rotor Diameters of Newly Installed Wind

Turbines in the United States, 2011–2021
90
Percent of newly installed

80
70
60
turbines

50
40
30
20
10
0
0 11 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Year

>130 meters
<100 meters
100–115 meters
115–130 meters

All other things being equal, the larger a wind turbine’s rotor diameter (the diameter of the imaginary circle swept by the
turbine’s rotating blades), the greater amount of energy the turbine can generate. In a research paper on wind power, a
student claims that in the United States, the amount of energy generated per newly installed turbine increased substantially
between 2011 and 2021.

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support the student’s claim?

A. The percentage of newly installed turbines with rotor diameters greater than 130 meters increased every year between
2011 and 2021.

B. In 2011, nearly 80% of turbines installed had rotor diameters of less than 100 meters, whereas only a little more than 20%
of turbines installed that year had rotor diameters of 100–115 meters.

C. No turbines installed in 2011 had rotor diameters greater than 115 meters, whereas the majority of turbines installed in
2021 had rotor diameters greater than 130 meters.

D. Most turbines installed in 2011 had rotor diameters of less than 100 meters, whereas most turbines installed in 2021 had
rotor diameters of at least 115 meters.
 ID: c25d4e29

The following text is from William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest, first performed in 1611. Miranda has lived on an island
with her father, Prospero, since she was three years old. Prospero has stated that Miranda likely does not remember anything
other than her life on the island.

MIRANDA: ’Tis far off,

And rather like a dream than an assurance
That my remembrance warrants. Had I not
Four or five women once that tended me?

PROSPERO: Thou hadst, and more, Miranda. But how is it

That this lives in thy mind? What seest thou else
In the dark backward and abysm of time?
If thou remember’st ought ere thou camest here,
How thou camest here thou mayst.

In the text, which point does Prospero most directly make about Miranda and her memories?

A. Miranda’s reminiscences about her early childhood have a melancholy quality that betrays her discontented view of her
current circumstances.

B. Miranda’s doubts about the accuracy of one recollection of a place other than the island are clouding her judgment and
seem to be making her reluctant to explore her recollection of traveling to the island.

C. Miranda’s ability to summon details of an experience she had before arriving on the island suggests that she may also be
able to summon details of her arrival on the island.

D. Miranda’s impression of a scene is vague because she is remembering a scenario she had daydreamed about as a child
rather than a scenario that had occurred in reality.
 ID: 349fa4d2

Tatiana R. Feuerborn and colleagues analyzed the genomes of more than a hundred domesticated dogs from sites in Siberia
dating from 11,000 years ago to the present. They found that the dogs constituted a genetically isolated population of Arctic
breeds until approximately 2,000 years ago, at which point there was substantial interbreeding with Near Eastern dog breeds.
Furthermore, beginning around 2,000 years ago, some sites contain artifacts consistent with a Near East origin, like glass
beads, but the people show no evidence of having traveled extensively outside Siberia. From this, Feuerborn and colleagues
concluded that around 2,000 years ago ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. dogs and artifacts like glass beads began to be transported from the Near East to Siberia.

B. people from Siberia began to reach the Near East, where they acquired dogs and artifacts such as glass beads.

C. glass beads and other artifacts from the Near East began to be exchanged for dogs from Siberia.

D. dogs from the Near East began to be exchanged for glass beads and other artifacts from Siberia.
 ID: 12b370c2

Disco remains one of the most ridiculed popular music genres of the late twentieth century. But as scholars have argued, the
genre is far less superficial than many people believe. Take the case of disco icon Donna Summer: she may have been
associated with popular songs about love and heartbreak (subjects hardly unique to disco, by the way), but like many Black
women singers before her, much of her music also reflects concerns about community and identity. These concerns are
present in many of the genre’s greatest songs, and they generally don’t require much digging to reveal.

What does the text most strongly suggest about the disco genre?

A. It has been unjustly ignored by most scholars despite the importance of the themes addressed by many of the genre’s
songs.

B. It evolved over time from a superficial genre focused on romance to a genre focused on more serious concerns.

C. It has been unfairly dismissed for the inclusion of subject matter that is also found in other musical genres.

D. It gave rise to a Black women’s musical tradition that has endured even though the genre itself faded in the late twentieth
century.
 ID: 798a9aa8

Businesses selling clothing and other fashion items face obstacles in trying to forecast how much product to order: tastes
and styles change quickly, while manufacturing clothing takes a significant amount of time. Researchers Youran Fu and
Marshall Fisher have found that combining sellers’ own data with information gathered from social media can dramatically
improve the accuracy of such forecasts—by 24 to 57 percent in the cases they directly studied. Better predictions mean
demand is easier to meet without retailers becoming overstocked.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Using multiple data sources can enhance the ability of sellers in the fashion industry to anticipate demand.

B. Social media is revolutionizing how both sellers and researchers view the fashion industry.

C. Becoming overstocked is the main preoccupation of sellers trying to forecast demand for fashion items.

D. Retailers can use their own data to accurately predict how tastes and styles are evolving.
 ID: 6d871dd5

Many music streaming services also function as social media platforms: by giving users the option to follow friends and
share curated playlists or information about their listening history, these platforms allow people to convey their music
preferences and listening activities directly to their social networks. In a 2023 study, researcher Michael James Walsh
interviewed frequent users of a popular music streaming platform to investigate how its social media dimensions shape
their listening habits. Walsh found that these dimensions tended to make study participants feel more mindful of how their
listening activities may be perceived, which in turn influenced how they managed those activities.

Which quotation from a music streaming platform user would best illustrate Walsh’s finding?

A. “When I create playlists or choose songs to listen to, I often pick songs that I think the friends who are following me
might be interested in listening to, rather than what I might actually prefer listening to in that moment.”

B. “Because the predictions the platform makes about what new songs I might like depend on my past listening habits, at
times its recommendations can feel overly repetitive and unvarying.”

C. “The social aspects of music streaming make it really easy to create a sense of a shared listening experience with my
friends, even if we aren’t in the same room.”

D. “Listening to music through a streaming platform feels a lot more passive, since I don’t need to make any deliberate
choices about what music I’m going to consume, like I do when buying digital downloads or records and CDs.”
 ID: 1f246569

Using the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), a team of astronomers mapped out the magnetic field
of G47, one of the Milky Way’s galactic bones (dense clouds of gas and dust that run through the middle of the arm of a
spiral galaxy). Surprisingly, the map revealed a magnetic field with no clear pattern or direction. The researchers had
expected the magnetic field to be similar to the more uniform fields seen in galactic bones in other arms of the Milky Way.

According to the text, what was surprising about the researchers’ mapping of the magnetic field of galactic bone G47?

A. It showed a weaker magnetic field than expected.

B. It implied that previous mappings of the magnetic field were inaccurate.

C. It produced magnetic field measurements similar to those for other galactic bones.

D. It revealed a magnetic field that wasn’t uniform.

 ID: 93fe6af0

The widespread use of social media enables linguists to study changes in language usage in real time. A notable recent
example is the proliferation of the affix meng- among speakers of Bahasa Indonesia, the official language of Indonesia.
Linguists observed meng- originate as an onomatopoetic tag that social-media users applied to images of cats they posted;
over time, users increasingly applied it as a prefix to existing words (e.g., mengsedih affixes meng- to the word for sad) in text
that they posted. From there, it has begun to move into spoken Bahasa Indonesia. Linguists have noted many similar
examples of this phenomenon occurring in other languages, suggesting that social media ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. is more useful for studying informal language than for studying formal or official language.

B. appears to be exerting an exceptionally strong influence on the evolution of Bahasa Indonesia.

C. may give linguists a somewhat misleading sense of how languages are changing.

D. does not merely register changes in language usage but can facilitate such changes.
 ID: ba427654

Like many other genera of wild bees, bumblebees have in recent decades experienced population collapse caused by, among
other factors, habitat destruction and climate variation. Bumblebees are also one of the most researched bee genera,
second only to honeybees. As a result, ecologists have gained much of their insight about wild-bee declines from
bumblebees. In a 2021 paper, zoologist Guillaume Ghisbain notes that bumblebees are among the relatively few wild-bee
genera that display social behaviors and dietary generalism (ability to obtain nectar and pollen from a diversity of plant
species), two traits that are associated with increased resilience to some specific environmental changes. Ghisbain
therefore contends that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. although bumblebees and many other wild bees have experienced similar population declines in the past, compared with
other wild bees, bumblebees are likely at greater risk of being harmed by climate variation than by habitat destruction.

B. although bumblebees have been more extensively studied than most wild bees, researchers should not use bumblebees
to draw conclusions about the decline of other wild bees, even ones with feeding patterns and levels of sociability that
are similar to those of bumblebees.

C. because bumblebees and other bees with generalist diets are less negatively affected by environmental stress than bees
with specialized diets are, they are less likely to experience major population changes in the future than bees with
specialized diets are.

D. because the responses of bumblebees and other wild bees to environmental threats are not always comparable,
researchers need to exercise caution when extrapolating information about wild-bee population declines from
bumblebees.
 ID: b1068f41

The Indus River valley civilization flourished in South Asia from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Many examples of the civilization’s
writing system exist, but researchers haven’t yet deciphered it or identified which ancient language it represents.
Nevertheless, archaeologists have found historical artifacts, such as clay figures and jewelry, that provide information about
the civilization’s customs and how its communities were organized. The archaeologists’ findings therefore suggest that
______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. investigating an ancient civilization is easier without knowledge of the civilization’s language.

B. knowing an ancient civilization’s language isn’t necessary in order to learn details about the civilization.

C. archaeological research should focus on finding additional artifacts rather than deciphering ancient languages.

D. examining the civilization’s historical artifacts has resolved the debate about this civilization’s language.
 ID: a450897e

O Pioneers! is a 1913 novel by Willa Cather. In the novel, Cather portrays Alexandra Bergson as having a deep emotional
connection to her natural surroundings: ______

Which quotation from O Pioneers! most effectively illustrates the claim?

A. “She had never known before how much the country meant to her. The chirping of the insects down in the long grass had
been like the sweetest music. She had felt as if her heart were hiding down there, somewhere, with the quail and the
plover and all the little wild things that crooned or buzzed in the sun. Under the long shaggy ridges, she felt the future
stirring.”

B. “Alexandra talked to the men about their crops and to the women about their poultry. She spent a whole day with one
young farmer who had been away at school, and who was experimenting with a new kind of clover hay. She learned a
great deal.”

C. “Alexandra drove off alone. The rattle of her wagon was lost in the howling of the wind, but her lantern, held firmly
between her feet, made a moving point of light along the highway, going deeper and deeper into the dark country.”

D. “It was Alexandra who read the papers and followed the markets, and who learned by the mistakes of their neighbors. It
was Alexandra who could always tell about what it had cost to fatten each steer, and who could guess the weight of a
hog before it went on the scales closer than John Bergson [her father] himself.”