Appendix AVOIDING DANGER ON THE ROADPerception of hazard/risk 1 learning objectives for this chapter are to-provide a framiework through which you ean analyze the risk you face on the road, We will seek to define, understand, calculate and avoid risk. Where does the way we perceive hazard and risk come from? Our perceptions of hazard and risk are based on: Personal experience of the adverse event Soctal/eultural background and beliels our ability 10 exercise control over a particular risk EiThe extent to which information is gained from different sources, e.g. from the media In your opinion why do drivers erash? inadequate training Dcarelessness Licensing test needs improvement Daag oad design [Poor understanding of the dangers involved in driving Bother How can we improve driving on the road? IMore police enforcement ‘Gi Botter signage on the road [Better education and training Improved licensing standards jOther When traveling by car do you wear your seat belt? Batways Biever El sometimes Some questions about driving Is driving 15 km/h above the speed limit risky? yes Ne Running a yellow light is: Risky ox Not sure {if you need 10 stop suddenly from 60 km/h, how much distance do you need? 45 meters 8.25 meters 215 meters 55 meters 65 meters None of the above imagine you crash your car at 60 km/h. The impact on your body would be equivalent to: Daling trom 2 meters (own height) Falling fram 8 meters (2nd Flaor) EiFaliing from 12 meters (3rd Float) B Falling from 16 meters (4th Floor) AVOIDING [Link] THE ROAD | 177Perceiving a hazard can Hazard perception is a survival skill. Learn to: mean the difference between life and death. It + Sean {is the hazards you don't + Process ‘58 oF cannot avoid that + Prioritize cause the most deaths + Take action and injuries. The hazard challenge Count the number of potential hazards you see during each slide, ie, from zero to five hazards. How many hazards can you see?How many hazards ean you see?How many hazards can you see? 180 | AVOIDING DANGER ON THE ROADAppendix ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNSWarning signs Warning signs are usually in the form of aved triangle pointing upwards, with a black symbol or words on a white background (sometime a yellow background). ‘They are normally positioned 150 to 250 meters before the hazard of which they give warning, In built-up areas, inside city limits, this distance may be shorter. 1. Right hand bend 2. Lefthand bend Be prepared for oncoming traffic. Adapt your speed to local visibility, the sharpness of the bend and whether the road is banked. Do nat stop at places where visibility is restricted, 8. Double bend, first to the Right 44. Double bend, first to the Left Hf there are more than two dangerous bends ahead, the length of the danger zone is indicated on a supplementary sign in meters. 5. Steep downhill ‘Your braking distance may be longer and your speed ster than you think, The gradient will be indicated as a percentage, 6. Steep bill uphill “Your avertaking distance may be longer and your engine power will be weaker, The gradient will be indicated as a percentage. PPP Pe PR Bb ROAD TRAFFIC SIONS. vas7. Road narrows on both sides, 8. Road narrows from right 9. Road narrows from left 10. Right carriageway closed [Link] carriageway ends 12. Diversion Be prepared for oncoming traffic. Finish overtaking well before the eign. Adapt your speed and position to that of vehicles traveling in the same direction as yours, 13. Opening or swing bridge ahead There may be a traffic light. Be prepared to stop. 186 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS BD || |) Bt] | |] |14, Quayside or riverbank End of your road ahead, 18, Tunnel ahead No stopping and tum on your headlights. 16, Maximum height 17. Uneven road Poor road-grip could cause skids. Expect braking distance to be longer than normal. Slow down, 18. Road works ahead Men at work. Drive carefully. The road could be narrow and in poor surface condition, Watch out for gravel or loose stones and workers on the road, 19. Bridge ahead 20. Ford ahead In the rainy season, this road is likely to be flooded, > PP Pe Pe Be ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS. Ww21. Dip ahead Finish overtaking well before the sign. De not overtake too elose to the dip. Slow down, 22. Hump ahead ‘Slow down so that you do not lose control and damage the vehicle. 23. Slippery roads Carriageway may be slippery, even in good weather, 24, Falling rocks (or fallen rocks) Be ready to encounter boulders on the road. 25. Loose gravel or chippings Slow down for oncoming traffic. Keep your distance from vehicles ahead. Do not overtake. 26, Junction ahead 27, F-Junetion ahead How well can you see the junction? Give way to Vehicles approaching from the left. 168 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS > > b& PP BP Pe28, Give way ‘Signal your intentions clearly and give way when required, The sign willbe erected as clove to the junction as possible 29. FJunctian ahead, main road turning left 30. Minor road on right 31. Minor road on left 32, Staggered junction 33, Junction left 34, Junction right BE] eee ie] ROAD TRAPRIC SIONS. ie35. Traffie merging from left 36. Traffic merging from right 37. Roundabout Give way to traffic approaching from the left. Wateh out for road signs and note the position of entrances and exits. 38. Traffic lights ahead Be ready to obey the traffic tight signals. 39. Level crossing with barrier or gate ahead ‘40. Level crossing without barrier ahead ‘At level crossings the big danger is trains; so safety first is the rule here. Visibility and the state of the road are extra important, Not in use in the UAE. 41. Low flying aircraft Expect sudden aircraft neise also. There may also be a ‘raffic light. 190 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS || > | | > & B42, Strong cross winds The windsock symbol shows the direction of the prevailing wind. Keep alert to the state of the road and be prepared to encounter sudden guste of wind. 43. Electric cable 144, Accompanied horses oF ponies crossing the road ahead 48, Animal grid 46. Wild animals (camel) Several different animal symbols are used. Slow down ‘and watch out for animals at the side of the road. Dawn, ‘and dusk are the most dangerous times, 47. Cyelists on carriageway 48, Pedestrian crossing You are approaching a pedestrian crossing. Be ready to stop. PP Pe Pe b > ROAD TRAFIC SIGNS.49. Children, Children are difficult to see and are unaccustomed to traffic. They are unpredictable in their movements and may suddeniy change their minds. 50. Two-way traffic straight ahead ‘A one-way lane oF carriageway becomes two-way up. ahead. Get ready to meet oncoming traffic on the road ahead 51. Two-way trafic crosses one-way road 52. Vatu Warning for vehicle making U-tums from the left lane. 153. Hazard ahead (or other danger) ‘The exact hazard may be specified on a supplementary sigh ‘5d. Crossroad ahead 192 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIONS B> || B || & || > || |)Prohibitive signs Prohibitive signs are round and have a red border on a white background with a black symbol (usually, but sometime a yellow background). ‘They apply from the moment you pass the sign until you reach the next crossroads, unless otherwise indicated by local circumstances or by the sign itself. This family af signs indicates that certain manoeuvres and vehicle wes are forbidden. 1100. No motor vehicles ‘Applies to all vehicles traveling in elther direction. Itis often qualified by a supplementary sign, e.g. no ‘through road. Cyclists must be led. Pedestrians may use the carriageway even ifthere is a pavement or shoulder, 101. No Entry ‘Applies to ali vehicles that face the sign 102. No motor vehicles Does not apply to scheduled buses, unless indicated by ‘supplementary sign. ® 0 O 103, No motor vehicles with more than two wheels, nother words, two wheeled motorcycles ore permitted here but matoreyetes with a sidecar are prohibited. 104, No vehicles (buses) of more than 12 seats Except regular scheduled buses, school buses and ‘work buses. 105. No motorcycles ORD TRAFFIC SIONS 9106. No moter vehicles pulling a trailer. ‘This prohibition may be restricted to a specified total weight 107. No goods vehicles ‘A supplementary sign wil indicate whether the prohibition applies only to vehicles exceeding a ‘Specified total weight. 108, No tractors, construction vehieles, ete. Except as shown an a supplementary sign. These signs ‘are not very common. 109. No cycling Cyelists must dismount, 110. No horse-drawn vehicles 111, No horse-riding 112. No pedestrians, 194 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS. ® © @) © @® ®113. No vehicles over width shown 114, No vehicles over height shown Used when headroom is less than § meters. 115. No vehicles over gross woight shown ‘The gross weight is the weight of the overall load bbome by the wheels at any one time, ie tho vehiele plus contents. 116. Axle weight limit in tons 117. No vehicles or vehicle trains over gross weight shown/or maximum load rating of road, 118. Bogie weight limit in tons A bogie comprises twa axles spaced tess than 2 meters apart 119, No vehicles or vehicle trains over the length shown, ® © © ® © ® OAD TRAFFIC SIONS 198120. No vehiele carrying explosives Vehicles carrying explosives arenot permitted on this road, 121. Minimum distances between heavy goods vehicles ‘May be set up at bridges or on temporary roads. 122. 123. No parking (and iting) ‘This instruction normally applies until the next crossroads ‘of junction, but may be qualified by a supplementary sign, Parking and waiting is probibited on the side of the [Link] eet the sign is erected.A supplementary sign may specify tes, 124. No stopping (and no parking ar waiting) ‘Applies to the side of the road on which the sign is erected. If several signs and supplementary signs appear on one post, each supplementary sign applies. tothe sign or signs immediately above it 125. STOP and give way at a crossroads All vehicles must stop and give vay at this sign. Stop atthe line or in the absence of a line, immediately before the light or sign. 126. Stop for eustoms clearance May be qualified by supplementary signs or notices, eg. Does not apply to vehicles catrying duty-free ‘goods only’ 1127. Give priority to oncoming traffic Does not apply to two-wheeled vehicles or small vehicles narrow encugh to pass without danger. 196 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIONS fe) © ® © ® 6 @ @128, No right turn 129. No left tum 130. No Usurn ‘Applies until the next junction or, if erected at @ crossing, at the crossing itself, @o® ® 131. No overtaking Prohibits overtaking of all motor vehicles except two- wheeled mopeds and motorcycles without a sidecar. Overtaking is prohibited until you reach the end-of- restriction sign ® 12. End of overtaking restriction ) 133. Overtaking by lorries prohibited ‘Applies to heavy goods vehicles. A supplementary sign may specify the weight at which the prohibition takes effect. ® 134, End of overtaking by lorries restriction ‘Applies to heavy goods vehicles. A supplementary sign may specify the weight at which the prohibition takes effect, Sign number 131 oF 133 prohibit you from overtaking motor vehicles other than two-wheeled mopeds and motoreycles without a sidecar. Overtaking is, prohibited until you reach the end-of-restriction sign, number 132 or 134, ROAD TRAFIC SIGNS, 197135. Maximum speed Applies until another sign imposes a different speed limit. Be on your guard against speec-blindness - cheek your speedometer 1136. End of maximum speed restriction 137. No Horn Nohoms to be sounded. This sign may be found outside a ‘school or hospital 138, End of restriction Applies to and eancels any prohibitive sign. 139. Taxi zone ‘The prohibition applies to vehicles or activities other than those indicated on the sign, In this case, the zone is restricted to taxi use. 140. Loading zone ‘The prohibition applies to vehicles or activities other than those indicated on the sign In this case, the zone Is restricted to vehicles loading, vee | ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS ® fe] oe} © ®@ ®Mandatory signs ‘Mandatory signs are round, with a white border on a blue background, Mandatory signs give positive instruction rather than imposing a restriction ar ban. An instruction applying to a Certain type of vehicle or manoeuvre is at the same time a ban on all other types of vehicle and mangeuvre. in other words, these signs tell road users what to do and where to go unless otherwise directed. Mandatory direction signs 200 -207 ‘These mandatary direction signs indicated that vehicles may be driven only in the direction of the arraw or arraws. 200, Right only @ 201. Left only @ 202. Ahead only @ 203, Right only © ey @ ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS, 199‘205, Turn right or eentinue straight ahead 206. Turn left ar continue straight ahead. 207. Turn left ar right ‘Mandatory tane signs 208 - 212 208, Right only This lane sign means that a vehicle may pass only to the right of the sign 209. Left only Vehicles may pass only to the left of the sign, 210. Left or Right Vehicles: may pass on either side of the sign. zon | ROAD TRAFFIC S1GRES 8211, U-turn Vehicles may make a U-turn at this intersection or ‘erossroads, 212. Roundabout (Mandatory direction) Mandatory lane signs 213 - 220 213. Pedestrians only 214, Cycle route ‘Track reserved for cyclists. 215 216, Shared track for pedestrians and bicyeles This is & dual track which may be used by both cyclists and pedestrians and Is restricted to other traffic. This sign is adapted to local conditions. 217. Riders ‘This sign does not prohibit pedestrians from using the track. ® © 6 €@ @ © ROAD TRAFIC SIGNS. 201(218. Pedestrian stairs ‘Stairs leading to a subway reserved for pedestrians only. 219. Beginning of lane reserved for scheduled buses, etc. 220. End of lane reserved for scheduled buses, etc. ‘These lanes reserved for buses and other vehicles plying regular routes. They may also be used by bicycles. A supplementary sign will indieate whether the lane is open to other types of traffic, such as taxis, This sign also prohibits vehicles that are excluded from the lane from stopping or parking, Authorized vehicles are also prohibited from ‘stopping oF parking in the lane 221. Minimum speed 60 km/h 222. End of minimum speed restriction 202 | ROAO-TRAFFIC SIONS © 6ee 90 ©Information signs information signs come in a variety of shapes and colors. These help you find and follow the road you want, ¢.g..a motorway. They can also direct you to the nearest car park, or indicate destinations, distances, havr to get teservice stations, amenities of any other places of interest, 300. Beginning of motorway 301, End of motorway Motorways have at least two carriageways, one in each direction. to cross these roads either under underpass or overpass, and speeds are therefore much higher than on ordinary roads, Atthe ‘end of a motorway, get ready to encounter oncoming traffic. 302. Motor vehicle only Not in use in the UAE 303. End of Motor vehicle only Nat in use in the UAE 304, Primary road ‘Traffic on primary roads has priosty, |e. vehicles entering a primary road from a minor road must give way, This sign may be set up on primary roads after every crossing or junction. = =a oie 7) © ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS. 203305. End of primary road 206. One-way traffic ‘This sign is erected parallel to the carriageway and indicates the direction of flow 307. No through road 208 309. Parking 310. Signpost - used on public roads 311. Humps ahead Reduce speed, humped road surface ahead. 312. Distance sign 208 | ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS313, Route sign 314, Protect our natural environment 315. Mosque 316. Emergency telephones, 317, Information 318, Repair shop or garay 919. Filing station HBHoOoeanaln hi & ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS 20s320. Police station 21. Refreshments Ej 322. Restaurants 323. Hotels [| 324. Picnic areas 325. Clinie 326. Hospital fi ‘206 | ROAD-TRAFFIC SIGNS927. Hospital 328. Tourist and/or national heritage signs ‘These signs are brown with white letters, symbols and border. They carry different symbols. 329 330 931, Countdown markers Countdawn markers for distance toa Foundabout: 300 metres, 200 meters and 100 meters, AN AN 332, Route sign 993, Multiple route sign 934, Signpost Indicates the distance in kilometers to a certain. destination, 995, Lane direction sign ROAD TRAFRICSIGNS 207336. Exit ahead Indieates the distance to the exit named on the sign. 337, Exit sign Displays the same place name as the ‘exit ahead! sign, 338, Bypass Bypass for heary, high, long or broad vehicles 339. Lane directions 340. Lanes merge ahead ‘Adhere to the rules about changing lanes. 341. Bus stop only 242. Pedestrian crossing ‘Motonsts have special obligations towards pedestrians, This pedestrian crossing sign is very ‘common in the rest of the world, although itis not used inthe UAE zon | ROAD TRAFFIC SIONS A rN‘Supplementary signs 400 - 410 ‘Supplementary signs are only found in combination with other signs, Their sole purpose is to. {qualify the information given by the primary sign, and they will normally also be of the same color ‘A supplementary sign might indicate the period during which a prohibition must be observed, the distance remaining to a hazard up ahead, or the distance for which the sign applies. 401 Lrathot aevtchetretd begining oes on distance from sign oz 401. Length of a stretch of road beginning | Sm 72 [2am | ‘402. Distance to the information given by the warning sign 4403. Stop and give way at specified distance ahead t The arrows may alsobe horizontal 405, Ends Used in parking areas ROAD TRAFACSIGNS | 209406. Effective in direction of the arrow Used in parking areas. 407. Parking configurations i 408. Symbol for the specified vehicle or road user Other symbols are also used. 409. Direction sign used at curves, junctions, etc 410, Exit sign at merging point between main carriageway and exit road. ne b>>22Temporary signs Temporary signs (500 - 530) with an orange background are set up in conjunction with road works. Other designs and shapes can be designed from the specifie need, 500. Road construction ahead 501, Detour ahead. 502. Two-lane traffic ahead 503, Single lane ahead 504. Left lane closed ‘505. Right lane closed ad ee S@ ee506, Keep right 507. Grossing ahead 508. Left or right 509, Right hand side 510. Speed at roadwork 511. Left lane must turn left 512. Construction access: art | ROAD TRAFFIC SIONS513, End construction 514, Direetion 515. Road closed, local traffic only 516, Road closed 517. Direction signs ROAD TRAFF 29Appendix ROAD MARKINGSes across the road 600 - 604 Give Way line A broken white line across your lane shaws that traffic on the road you want to enter has priority. The lines shew where you ehauld step, f necessary, o take your final look. A broken line is normally found at the entrance to a roundabout. This tells you that traffic inside the roundabout has priority and you must give way, Stop line A single continuous line across your half of the oad shows where you must stop at junctions with Stop’ signs, or at junctions controlled by traffic lights. 600, Stop line Stop lines indicate where you must stop at a road sign or traffic light. 601. Give Way line or Yield line ‘The yield symbol amplifies the message conveyed by the give way sign. 602. Pedestrian crossing Indicated by road markings and road signs or traffic lights, 603. Gycle track Indicated by a eycle track line. 604. Advance warning of liability to Give Way Indicates and wars yau of a Give Way sign posted up the road. Rosdmarcings | 217Lines along the road 605 - 613 Double white lines This important road marking strongly prohibits certain actions, in particular overtaking and parking, Overtaking When the line nearest 10 you is a continuous line, you must not cross or straddle it, if there isa broken line on your side and [Link] white line on the other, you may cross both lines to overtake. Make sure you can complete the manoeuvre before reaching a solid line (on your side Single broken lines Watch out for places where the single broken line in the center of the road gets longer. This shows a hazard ahead, ‘Arrows on the road Arrows often wamn thal there is a double white line coming up. Do not begin to overtake when you see them on your side. 605. Centerline This broken line marks the center of the road. ‘On main roads, each individual marking is 3 metres long. The distance between markings is-9 metres. In SS built-up areas, the dashes marking out the centering may be spaced more closely together. 606. Lane tines Broken lane lines divide the carriageway into two or tpors iss bai Eacetig (sp sora eros ia Ez built-up areas, the dashes marking out the lane lines may be spaced more closely together. 607. Prohibitory line Lec aniin Vink Grae ene eae ae eet re = there is a broken centerline between you and the 608, Warning line Cn roads that are less than 7 metres wide, warning lines are used instead of center and prohibitary lines. They may also be used on wider roads in built-up areas or give weming of a prohibitory line or EZ hazard ahead. Grossing a waming line is prohibited unless you are certain that the toad is clear. Each individual marking is 9 metres iong, The distance between them is 3 metres. 216 | Roadimarkings609. Double prohibitory line ‘These lines are normally used on carriageways with two lanes of traffic in each direction. Where necessary, double prohibitory lines are also used on roads with only one lane in each direction. Crossing or straddling 1 double prohibitory line is always prohibited. 610, Direction line Indicates how vehicles should tum and how to be able ‘to keep your lane and to better position your vehicle through intersections and roundabouts, 611. Edge line “The edge of the road is usually marked with 2 broken line. Crossing a broken edge line is permitted wherever you may temporarily need to drive onto the shoulder, @.g. to help another vehicle overtake Edge lines are normally white but sometime can be yellow. 612. Continuous edge tine Used on motorways where driving on the shoulder is considered unsuitable. Motor vehicles should therefore never straddle or cross a continuous edge line. Continuous edge lines are normally white but sometime can be yellow. 612, Restricted area Crossing or straddling 4 restricted area is prohibited. The smaller of such areas are pointed solid white Road markings | 219Combination of lines along the road 614 - 616 614, Centreline and prohibitory| This combination of lines: indicates that visibility is restricted, 615. Waming line and centerline You may cross the lines only if you can see the road is clear and you knovy youcan oross in safety 516. Warning line and prohibitory line ‘This combination of lines. gives warning of a prohibitory line or 8 hazard up ahead. Reflective studs or cat's eyes: 617. Reflective studs or Cat's eyes ‘These are white reflective studs, popularly known as cat’ eyes, spaced in a row between lanes, lane lines or az a center-of-road line. ‘There are Mashing amber cat's eyes to warn drivers that they are approaching ‘a pedestrian crossing. ‘At road works, cat’s eyes may be used to help identify the lanes that are in operation 220 | RosdmmaringsLanes for specific types of vehicle 618 - 619 ‘Only buses may use the bus lane during the times of operaiien shawn on the sign. Ouiside of those periods all vehicles may use the bus lane. Where there areno times shown, the bus lane {s inoperation 24 hours a day. De not park or drive on a bus lane when itis in operation. Be not drive or park ina cycle lane marked by a solid white line. If a broken line marks the eycle lane, do not drive or park in it unless this is unavoidable, 618. Reserved lane line SS Used to separate lanes reserved for scheduled vehicles. 619. Cycle lane line This line separates cycle tracks from other lanes. Cyclists must use cycle tracks, if provided. Ss Inssome cases, cyciists are protected from other trafic by a Prohibitory line (607), Words on the road, road numbers and destination markings 620. Text Text may sometimes be used to amplify the message conveyed by a line, usually with a clear meaning such as STOR SLOW, KEEP CLEAR or U-TURN ONLY. Sometimes lanes have destination markings or road numbers, on the road surface, These enable drivers to get intothe correct lane early, Road mariings | 221Lane arrows 621 - 625 ‘Lane arrows tell you whic lane to take for the direction you want, and are placed well before a junction to help you get into the comect lane in good time, Where the road is wide enough, you may find one arrow pointing in each direction, left in the left hand lane, straight ahead in the center lane and right in the right-hand lane, Some arrows might be combined depending on how busy the junction is. If the road is only wide enough for two: lanes arrows might have two diteetions combined. 621, 622, 623, 624, and 625 Lane arrows This series of arrows indicate the lane you must or should take. If prohibitory lines border the lane, you must follow the direction indicated by the arrow(s), ‘The arrow otherwise serves to suggest an appropriate choice of route, 626, Lane change markings Lane change markings wam you to get in lane in time and to watch out for traffic merging with your lane up ahead. Speed reduction lines 627, Speed reduction lines, Raised yellow lines may be painted across the carriageway as speed reducers, The purpose of these yellow lines is to make drivers ayvare of their speed after a period of driving at higher speeds. Reduce your speed in good time, ‘They are sometime painted at the approach to roundabouts or speed humps, on the hard shoulder or when entering a village or approaching a particular hazard. Reduce your speed in good time. zat | RoadmackingsTemporary road markings 628, Temporary road markings, yellow reflective studs or cat's eyes May be used to help identify the lanes in operation at road works Orange or yellow road marking colors are being used. Temporary toad markings have precedence over ordinary road markings. They serve as lane lines and prohibitory lines and are used to mark the edge of the carriageway in conjunction with road works, etc Parking related road mar 629. Parking spaces a Marked with continuous or broken white lines. All four wheels of parked cars must be within the lines. 630. Parking spaces reserved for disabled persons. Only persons holding special permits may park in spaces & marked this way. 631, Parking prohibited == Indicated by a broken yellow curbside line. Used at bus stops ‘and on curbstones at junctions, 632 633. No stopping or parking THe ron sommes ied nano canoe yon ine and may appear at certain bus stops. (632) may be = combined with a 2igzag line or yellow cross lines marked on — the carriageway. This marking may also be used instead of a broken eurbside line to indicate that parking is prohibited. (633) Road markings | 223Box junctions 634, Box junctions ‘Yellow crisscroas lines mark a box junction. Their purpose is to keep the junction clear by preventing traffic from stopping in the path of erossing traffic, Yourmust not enter a box junction unless your exit road is clear. But B you can enter the box when you want to turn left end you are only prevented from doing so by oncoming traffic. If there is 0 vehicle already on the junction waiting to tum left, you are free to enter behind it and wait to turn left providing that you will not block any oncoming traffic wanting to turn left. If there are a number of vehicles waiting to tum, it is unlikely you will be able to proceed before the traffic signals change, €0 you should weit for the next clear opportunity before entering the box. 224 | Roadmathings