Mastering Mathematics

Euclidean Geometry

STAGE 1 — GEOMETRY LANGUAGE

Rule: Angles on a straight line add to 180°

Acceptable reason:

None

∠s on a str line

Rule: Angles around a point add to 360°

Reason

None

∠s round a pt

Rule: Opposite angles are equal.

Reason: vert opp ∠s =

None

\ /

/ \

STAGE 2 — PARALLEL LINE THEOREMS

If AB || CD

Alternate Angles
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None

alt ∠s

Pattern: Z shape

Corresponding Angles
None

corresp ∠s

Pattern: F shape

Co-Interior Angles
None

co-int ∠s supp

Sum = 180°

Pattern: C shape

Reverse Rules (prove lines parallel)

None

alt ∠s =

corresp ∠s =

co-int ∠s supp
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STAGE 3 — TRIANGLE CORE LAWS

STAGE 4 — CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

Congruent triangles = same shape and size.

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Hidden Congruency Clues

●​ shared sides
●​ right angles
●​ isosceles triangles
●​ perpendicular bisectors
●​ midpoints

STAGE 5 — PROPORTION AND SIMILARITY

RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS

Ratios appear when length relationships [Link] example, if a rectangle has a length of 10 cm and a
width of 30 cm, we can show the ratio of the length to width as: 10 to 30 ,1 to 3, 1/3 or 1:3

None

a/b = c/d

Then

None

ad = bc

Common ratios appear in:

●​ similar triangles
●​ parallel line segments
●​ triangle proportionality

Example:
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None

AD / DB = AE / EC

This indicates a parallel line inside a triangle.

None

line || one side of Δ

Level 1: AAA Similarity

If two triangles have two equal angles → they are similar.

Example:

Triangle ABC​
Triangle DEF

If

None

∠A = ∠D

∠B = ∠E

Then

None

ΔABC ~ ΔDEF

If triangles are similar:

None

AB/DE = BC/EF = AC/DF

Level 5.1 Similar Triangles

Acceptable reasons:
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None

||| Δs

equiangular Δs

sides of Δ in prop

Meaning: Triangles have equal angles and proportional sides.

Level 5.2 Triangle Proportionality Theorem

Rule: A parallel line inside triangle creates proportional segments.

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None

line || one side of Δ

Level 5.3 Converse Proportionality

None

AD/DB = AE/EC

Then

None

DE || BC

Acceptable reason:

None

line divides two sides of Δ in prop

STAGE 6 — MIDPOINT THEOREM

Statement: The line joining midpoints of two sides of a triangle:

●​ is parallel to the third side

●​ is half its length

Example: Triangle ABC. D midpoint of AB and E midpoint of AC.

Then:
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None

DE || BC

DE = ½ BC

Reason:

None

Midpt theorem

The scale factor = 1/2.

Reverse theorem:

None

line through midpt || to 2nd side

STAGE 7 — PYTHAGORAS
None

a² + b² = c²

Reverse rule

None

Converse Pythagoras

STAGE 8 — CIRCLE GEOMETRY

GROUP 1 — ANGLES
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The perpendicular bisector theorem : the line drawn from the centre of the circle
perpendicular to the chord bisects the chord. (line from centre ⟂ to chord).

Angle at Centre

Rule:

None

angle at centre = 2 × angle at circumference

Same Segment Theorem

Angles subtended by same chord are equal.

None

∠s in same seg

Diameter Rule: Angle in semicircle = 90°

None

∠s in semi-circle

GROUP 2 — CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

Four points lie on a [Link]:

• opposite sides parallel​

• opposite sides equal​
• diagonals bisect

Important rule:

None

Opposite angles = 180°

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Reverse theorem:

None

opp ∠s quad supp

GROUP 3 — TANGENT THEOREMS

Tangent Radius

None

tan ⊥ radius

Tangent-Chord Theorem

Angle between tangent and chord equals angle in opposite arc, the angle formed between a tangent and
a chord at the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by that chord in the alternate segment
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None

tan chord theorem

Two Tangents : Tangents from same external point are equal.

Reason:

None

Tans from same pt

GROUP 4 — CHORD THEOREMS

●​ equal chords → equal angles

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●​ centre to midpoint of chord ⟂ chord
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Functions

STAGE 1 — FUNCTION INTUITION

Function Type Equation Form Graph Shape

Linear (y = mx + c) Straight line

Quadratic (y = ax^2 + bx + c) Parabola

Hyperbola (y = {a}/{x-p}+q) Two curved branches

Exponential (y = a^x) Rapid growth/decay

Logarithmic (y = log(x)) Slow curve

Inverse (f^{-1}(x)) Reflection in (y=x)

STAGE 2 — LINEAR FUNCTIONS

Equation: y = mx + c

m = gradient (slope)​
c = y-intercept

m = {y2 - y1} / {x2 - x1}​

• increases → positive gradient​
• decreases → negative gradient​
• flat → m = 0

STAGE 3 — QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

General form: y = ax^2 + bx + c

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Key Points of Parabolas

1️⃣ Turning point (vertex)​

2️⃣ Axis of symmetry​
3️⃣ x-intercepts

Axis of symmetry/ vertex(max,min) shortcut​

x = -{b} / {2a} y= (4ac-b^2)/4a

STAGE 4 — HYPERBOLA FUNCTIONS

Form: y = ({a} / {x-p} )+ q​

Graph never touches asymptotes.
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STAGE 5 — EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Form: y=ab^(x−p)+q

STAGE 6 — LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

Logarithms are inverse of exponentials.

Log Laws (Exam Essentials)

STAGE 7 — TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS

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STAGE 8 — SPECIAL ANGLES

θ sin cos tan

0° 0 1 0

30° 1/2 √3/2 1/√3

45° 1/√2 1/√2 1

60° √3/2 1/2 √3

90° 1 0 undefined
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STAGE 9 — REDUCTION FORMULAE

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STAGE 10 — NEGATIVE ANGLES

Negative angles in trigonometry represent a clockwise rotation from the positive x-axis, whereas positive
angles represent counterclockwise rotation. They are often solved by adding 360 to convert them into
positive co-terminal angles.

Trigonometry Functions

Laws of exponents
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We use exponential notation to show that a number or variable is multiplied by itself a certain number of
times. The exponent, also called the index or power, indicates the number of times the multiplication is
repeated. (a∈R,n∈N)

Laws of exponents
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Rational exponents and surds

The laws of exponents can also be extended to include the rational numbers. A rational number is any
number that can be written as a fraction with an integer in the numerator and in the denominator. We
also have the following definitions for working with rational [Link] radical symbol and degree
show which root is being determined. The radicand is the number under the radical symbol.
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Analytical Geometry
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