OSI Model:

Physical layer
• Coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over physical medium.
• It deals with a electrical and mechanical specifications of the interface and transmission
medium(type of medium).
• It responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop(node) to the next.
 • Specifications for the physical components of the network.
• Functions of Physical Layer:
• Bit representation – encode bits(0’s and 1’s) into electrical or optical signals
• Transmission rate – The number of bits sent each second
• Physical characteristics of transmission media
• Synchronizing the sender and receiver clocks(both are not have same bit rate).
• Line Configuration The physical layer is concerned with the connection of devices to the
media.(point-to-point (or) multipoint)
• Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex, full duplex
• Physical Topology – how devices are connected – ring, star, mesh, bus topology

Data Link Layer

Responsible for delivery of data between two systems on the same network(hop to hop delivery)
Main functions of this layer are:
• Framing – divides the stream of bits received from network layer into manageable data units
called frames.
• Physical Addressing – Add a header to the frame to define the physical address of the source and
the destination machines(MAC).
• Flow control – If the receiver is less than rate of at which data are produced in the sender.[The
flow control mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver]
• Error Control – Adds relaibility mechanisms to detect and retransmit damaged or lost
frames. This is achieved by adding a trailer to the end of a frame
Also, recognize duplicate frames.
• Access Control –When two (or) more devices connected to the same link, then this layer
protocol determine which devices has control over the link at any given time.

Network Layer
Main functions of this layer are:
• Responsible for delivery of packets across multiple(sou to des delivery) networks[Note: if two
systems are connected to the same link there is no need for a n/w layer]
 • Logical Addressing:The physical addressing implemented by the data link layer handles the
addressing problem locally(MAC)
• When it passes the boundary the n/w layer adds a header to the packet(IP) coming from the upper
layer(include logical address of sender and receiver)
Main functions of this layer are:

• Routing – Independent networks (or) large n/w, the connecting device(Router or switch)

• Router the packets to the final destrination.

• Network layer is responsible only for delivery of individual packets and it does not recognize any
relationship between those packets.

Transport Layer
• Responsible for source-to- destination delivery of the entire message.
Main functions of this layer are:
• Segmentation and reassembly – divide message into smaller segments, add sequence number
them and transmit. Reassemble these messages at the receiving end.
• Error control – make sure that the entire message arrives without errors – else retransmit.

Service point addressing:

• Compuer often run several programs at a same time.

• Sou-to-des not only from one computer to next.

• The transport layer header must therefore include a address called service point address[port
address]

Connection control:

• Connectionless- Each segment as a individual & delivery to the destination.

• Connection oriented- Fist establish a connection with the transport layer at the destination
before the packets send.

• After all data packets delivered, then the connection is terminated.

A port is identified for each address and protocol by a 16-bit number, commonly known as the port
number.
• A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus ranging from 1 to 65535 (port number 0 is
reserved and can't be used).
• Transport Layer protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), specify a source and destination port number in their packet headers.
Session Layer
• First three layers not sufficient for some [Link] layer establishes, maintains and
synchronizes the interaction among communicating systems.
Main functions of this layer are:
• Dialog control – allows two systems to enter into a dialog, keep a track of whose turn it is to
transmit
• Synchronization – adds check points (synchronization points) into stream of data.

Presentation Layer
Responsibilities of this layer are:
• Translation
• Different computers use different encoding systems (bit order translation)
• Convert data into a common format before transmitting.
• Syntax represents info such as character codes - how many bits to represent data – 8 or 7 bits
• Compression – reduce number of bits to be transmitted
Presentation Layer
• Encryption – transform data into an unintelligible format at the sending end for data security
• Decryption – at the receiving end
Application Layer
• Contains protocols that allow the users to access the network (FTP, HTTP, SMTP, etc)
• Does not include application programs such as email, browsers, word processing applications, etc.
• Protocols contain utilities and network-based services that support email via SMTP, Internet
access via HTTP, file transfer via FTP, etc