globalization
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cally parkINTRODUCTION
TO
GLOBALIZATION
LESSON OBJECTIVES
a. Raise fundamental questions about globalization.
b. Develop an understanding on the links that people
have beyond local and national boundaries.
c. Give various definitions of globalization.
d. Identify and explain the underlying approaches
the study of globalization.
e. Generate a working definition of globalization for
the course.
What is GLOBALIZATION?
Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King (1990)
define globalization as "all those processes by which the
people of the world are incorporated into a single world
society."
Anthony Giddens (1991), in The Consequences of
Modernity, writes: "Globalization can thus be defined as
the intensification of worldwide social relations which
link distant localities in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many miles away and
vice versa."
What is GLOBALIZATION?
Alternatively, Marin Khor (1990), director of the NGO
Third World Network, once regarded globalization as
colonization. On the other hand, Swedish journalist
Thomas Larsson (2001) states that globalization is “the
process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter,
things moving closer” pertaining to “the increasing ease
with which somebody on one side of the world can
interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other
side of the world.”
What is GLOBALIZATION?
The best scholarly definition of globalization is
provided by Manfred Steger (2009) who describes
globalization as “a variety of accelerating economic,
political, cultural, ideological and environmental
processes that are rapidly altering our experience of
the world.” He described the process as “the expansion
and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world time and world-space.”
What is GLOBALIZATION?
“Expansion” means both the creation of new social
networks and the multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural
and geographic boundaries.
“Intensification” refers to the expansion, stretching,
and acceleration of these networks.
Arjun Appadurai an anthropologist coined the term “multiple
globalizations” as the 5 ‘scapes”
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4. Financescapes
5. Ideoscapes
According to Appadurai, it is through these ‘scapes’ that one can
better understand globalization using various lenses that focus
on a particular kind of globalization.
Steger (2013) describes globalization as a
process, a condition or an ideology.
Globalization as a process relates to changes in technology
as well as in many aspects of human existence ranging from
cultural, economic and political systems that have brought a
multi-dimensional set of social processes that escalate
deepening connections, worldwide interdependence and
social exchanges among people from all different parts of the
world.
Steger (2013) describes globalization as a
process, a condition or an ideology.
Globalization as a condition is about the creation of
linkages between people located at different corners of the
planet characterized by cultural, economic, and political
interconnections and global flows, which make any kind of
barrier (be it political or economic) insignificant.
Steger (2013) describes globalization as a process, a
condition or an ideology.
Globalization as an ideology explains that globalization exists in
people’s minds because of a set of coherent and complementary
ideas and beliefs about the global order as defined by six core
claims:
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration
of markets
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in-charge of Globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone (in the long run)
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
6. Globalization requires a global war on terror.
Approaches to the study of
Globalization
1. World System Theory
-developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein.
It is an approach to world history and social
change that suggests that there is a world
economic system in which some countries benefit
while others are exploited.
According to the World Systems Theory, the world
is divided into three types of countries or areas:
core, periphery, and semi-periphery.
Core Countries
These are dominant capitalist countries that exploit
peripheral countries for labor and raw materials.
They are strong in military power and not
dependent on any one state or country. They serve
the interests of the economically powerful. They
are focused on higher skill and capital intensive
production.
Periphery Countries
These countries fall on the other end of the
economic scale. These countries lack a strong
central government and may be controlled by other
states. These countries export raw materials to the
core countries, and they are dependent on core
countries for capital and have underdeveloped
industry.
Semi-Periphery Countries
These countries fall in the middle of the economic
spectrum. These countries share characteristics
of both core and periphery countries. These are
core regions in decline or periphery regions
attempting to improve their economic position.
Note that there are countries and areas that exist
outside of the world system theory These areas are
referred to as external areas.
External areas maintain their own economic
systems and are, therefore, not part of the world
systems as described in this lesson. These areas
have their own labor market, grow their own crops,
and produce goods for their internal market. They
have a regulated economy without outside
influence. Russia is an example of an external
market.