4 PICS
4
ON
NEE WORD
W A V E MECHANICS:
Ez lang toh bes
You will be given a set of letters to complete
the given word
You will also be given an amount of boxes
equal to the letters present as a clue
Pics can be about the word itself or how the
word is pronounced/spelled
15 seconds to answer, if none a pre-picked
random member of the class will b called
P I D L S L
E K U W H A
P U S H
P I D L S L
E K U W H A
P I D L S L
E K U W H A
P U L L
P I D L S L
E K U W H A
Y I D V N S
C K M W H A
D Y N A M I C S
Y I D V N S
C K M W H A
DYNAMICS
Episode 1: A Report by Group 3
DYNAMICS
According to Study Smarter (2023), dynamics is
the study of the motion of objects we see around
us.
It has 4 main components: Force, Mass,
Momentum, and Energy.
DYNAMICS
FORCE SI Unit: Newton (N)
Any influence that can cause an object to change its
velocity, direction, or geometrical construction.
It is an action that can alter or maintain the motion of a
body or distort it.
It is essentially a push or pull that an object experiences as
a result of its interaction with another object.
DYNAMICS
TYPES OF FORCE
CONTACT FORCES: These are those types of forces
when two objects interact with each other; they
have a physical contact with each other.
DYNAMICS
CONTACT FORCE
Frictional force: As an object moves across a surface it causes
friction. Friction force can be sliding or static. Friction depends
upon the nature of the two interacting surfaces.
Example: A book sliding on the table, a ball rolling on the floor.
DYNAMICS
CONTACT FORCE
Normal force: This is the force exerted upon an object that is in
contact with another stable object. Usually a normal force is
applied horizontally between two objects in contact.
Example-A book resting on a table or a person leaning on the wall.
DYNAMICS
CONTACT FORCE
Applied force: A force with which an object has been pushed or
pulled. Here a force is applied to an object by a person or any
other object.
Example- A person pushing a chair to the other side of the room
DYNAMICS
TYPES OF FORCE
NON-CONTACT FORCES: These types of forces
happen when two interactive objects are not in
physical contact with each other; yet they are
able to push or pull.
DYNAMICS
NON-CONTACT FORCE
Gravitational force:
force : This is the force by which the Earth or moon or
other massively huge objects attract another object towards
them. All objects on the Earth experience the gravitational force,
which is directed downwards towards the center of the earth. The
force of gravity is always equal to the weight of the object.
DYNAMICS
NON-CONTACT FORCE
Magnetic force:
force : This is a push or pull exerted by a magnet. The
force of attraction between an object and a magnet is called
magnetism. All magnets have north and south poles. This force is
the attraction or repulsion that arises between electrically
charged particles due to their motion.
Example - Iron nails when placed near a magnet.
DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS
Newton’s Laws
of Motion
DYNAMICS
Law of Inertia
Newton’s first law states that:
If a body is at rest or moving at a constant
speed in a straight line, it will remain at
rest or keep moving in a straight line at
constant speed unless it is acted upon by a
force (Britannica, 2025).
DYNAMICS
Law of Inertia
Hala what is Inertia!?!
inertia is the tendency of an object to
remain at rest or in a state of motion,
unless acted on by a force. (Britannica,
2025)
DYNAMICS
Law of Inertia
Inertial and Non-Inertial frame of reference
The inertial frame of reference is a frame
where Newton’s first law holds true while
the non-inertial frame of reference is where
it doesn’t (Byju’s, 2017)
DYNAMICS
Types of Inertia
Inertia at rest
object remains at rest
Inertia in motion
object remains in motion
Inertia of direction
object remains its’ direction
DYNAMICS
Law of Acceleration
:3
Newton’s second law states that:
Acceleration is directly proportional to the
net force acting upon it and inversely
proportional to the mass of the body
(Britannica, 2025).
F=ma & F = dP/dt
DYNAMICS
Law of Interaction
Newton’s third law states that:
For every action, there is an equal but
opposite reaction (Britannica, 2025).
Forces always come in pairs
DYNAMICS
Law of Interaction
Types of forces included in the pair are:
Action force, which is the force that is
applied
Reaction force, which is the force exerted in
response
MASS SI Unit: kg (kilograms)
Mass is a property of matter that depends on size and shape of
matter.
Weight is the amount of gravitational force acting on a given body
of matter.
Mass is an intrinsic property that never changes. (Libretexts,
2020)
Mass is often also correlated with Momentum, Kinetic Energy,
Weight and the formerly discussed Newton’s 2nd law of motion.
DYNAMICS
MOMENTUM SI Unit: kg *m/s (kilogram meter per second)
Momentum (P) quantifies an object's motion. It's calculated as the
product of mass (m) and velocity (v): P = mv.
A larger mass or velocity results in greater momentum.
Impulse (I), the product of force (F) and time (t) (I = Ft), is equal
to the change in momentum (ΔP).
This relationship is expressed as I = ΔP, meaning a larger force
applied for a longer duration causes a greater change in
momentum.
DYNAMICS
MOMENTUM SI Unit: kg *m/s (kilogram meter per second)
It is essential for understanding various events including
collisions such as car crashes and billiard ball interactions,
rocket propulsion where gas is expelled to generate forward
momentum, sports like a bat transferring momentum to a ball,
and everyday actions.
DYNAMICS
MOMENTUM SI Unit: kg *m/s (kilogram meter per second)
The Law of Conservation of Momentum states that in a closed
system (no external forces), total momentum remains constant.
This is directly related to Newton's Third Law (equal and opposite
reactions).
When objects interact, they exert equal and opposite forces on
each other for the same duration, causing equal and opposite
momentum changes. Thus, the system's total momentum
remains constant. DYNAMICS
ENERGY SI Unit: joule ( J )
It is the ability to do work.
The SI unit of energy is the joule ( J ), which was named
after James Prescott Joule.
It is governed by Law of Conservation of Energy, therefore
can exist in various forms.
Energy is classified into two types: potential and kinetic.
DYNAMICS
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy
Potential energy is a form of stored
energy that an object or substance
possesses due to its position,
arrangement, or state.
This energy remains inactive until the
object's position or condition changes,
at which point it can be converted into
other forms.
DYNAMICS
FORMS OF POTENTIAL ENERGY
Nuclear Energy
Elastic Energy
Gravitational Energy
Chemical Energy
DYNAMICS
GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY
Gravitational energy is the energy
associated with gravity.
It is the potential energy stored by
an object because of its mass and
higher position compared to a
lower position.
Gravitational energy to kinetic energy
DYNAMICS
ELASTIC ENERGY
It is stored in the bonds between the
atoms in an object or substance.
A force acting on an object can cause
it to temporarily change its shape.
These bonds absorb energy as they
are stressed (stretched or squashed),
and release that energy as they relax.
Elastic energy to kinetic energy
DYNAMICS
CHEMICAL ENERGY
It is an energy stored in the bonds of
chemical compounds, like atoms and
molecules.
When a chemical reaction takes place,
the stored chemical energy is released.
Heat is often produced as a by-product of
a chemical reaction – this is called an
exothermic reaction.
Chemical energy to light / thermal energy
DYNAMICS
NUCLEAR ENERGY
It is the energy released by a chain
reaction, usually by fission (splitting of
atoms).
It uses fuel made from mined and
processed uranium to make steam and
generate electricity.
According to the World Nuclear
Association (2025), today there are
about 440 nuclear power reactors
operating in 31 countries plus Taiwan.
Nuclear energy→ Heat energy →
→ Electrical energy
Mechanical energy
DYNAMICS
KINETIC ENERGY KE = 1/2* m*v^2
Kinetic energy
It is a property of a moving object or particle and depends not only
on its motion but also on its mass (Britannica, 2025).
This energy comes from the motion of the object and is determined
by two factors: the object's mass and its velocity.
KE = 1/2* m*v^2
It is always positive or zero and is a scalar quantity.
DYNAMICS
KINETIC ENERGY KE = 1/2* m*v^2
A 0.057kg tennis ball is rolling at a faster speed of 25m/s north than a 7kg bowling ball
rolling at 5m/s north. Which of the following has more kinetic energy?
Given: Solution: Answer:
M1 = 0.057kg KE tennis = ½ * 0.057 * (25)^2 Despite the tennis ball
KE tennis = ½ * 0.057 * 625
V1 = 25m/s moving at a higher speed, the
KE tennis = ½ * 0.0285 x 625
M2 = 7kg bowling ball has significantly
KE tennis = 17.8125 Joules
V2 = 5m/s more kinetic energy due to its
KE bowling = 1/2 * 7 * (5) ^ 2
Required: KE = ? KE bowling = 1/2 * 7 * 25
much greater mass.
Equation: KE = 1/2* m*v^2 KE bowling = 3.5 * 25
K E bowling =87.5 Joules DYNAMICS
FORMS OF KINETIC ENERGY
Radiant Energy Sound Energy
Thermal Energy
Electrical Energy
Light Energy
DYNAMICS
THERMAL ENERGY
It is energy that comes from
a substance whose
molecules and atoms are
vibrating faster due to a rise
in temperature.
Thermal energy to kinetic or chemical energy
Thermal energy transferred to surroundings DYNAMICS
RADIANT ENERGY
It is the energy carried by
electromagnetic waves, which
can travel through space. .
It includes light, radio waves, X-
rays, and more.
Radiant energy to
thermal/light/chemical energy DYNAMICS
LIGHT ENERGY
It is used to help us see either
naturally using the Sun or fire,
or with manmade objects like
candles or lightbulbs.
Chemical energy into light energy
DYNAMICS
SOUND ENERGY
Sound energy is produced
when a force causes an object
or substance to vibrate.
The energy is then transferred
through the substance in
waves, called sound waves.
mechanical energy to sound energy
DYNAMICS
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
formed when electrons shift from
one location to another, with the
displacement of charged particles
through a substance, such as a wire,
constituting an electrical current.
Electrical energy to mechanical energy
DYNAMICS
MECHANICAL ENERGY
It is the sum of the energy
associated with the motion
k i n e t i c e n ergy
and position of an object. e r gy t o
l e n
i a
It can be kinetic energy t e n t
P o
(energy of motion) or potential
energy (stored energy due to
position).
DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS
History
History DYNAMICS
Long ago, philosophers like Aristotle thought
that objects move only when they interact with
other objects.
In the late 14th century, two things made
people rethink motion, balls and a heliocentric
universe proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus
In the late 14th century, two things made
people rethink motion, balls and a
heliocentric universe proposed by Nicolaus
Copernicus
History DYNAMICS
At the end of the 16th century, the foundations of
dynamics were laid by Galileo Galilei through
experimenting with balls
Then comes Newton’s laws of motion, which
describe the relations between the forces acting
on a body & its’ motion. (Helmenstine, 2025)
ako gumawa
niyan bes
wehh crush mo
lang ako e
APPLICATION
Daily Life
These include things such as walking and
running, driving
d riving a car, riding a bicycle,
opening a door, using tools or even sitting still.
DYNAMICS
APPLICATION
Sports
Throwing a ball, hitting a baseball, or
kicking a soccer ball all require applying
forces to change the ball's momentum
DYNAMICS
DYNAMICS
Case Study
“A Case Study in System-Level Physics-
Based Simulation of a Biomimetic Robot”
by: Richard Primerano, David Wilkie,
William C. Regli
DYNAMICS
Biomimetic robots, inspired by nature, offer innovative
solutions for challenges like space exploration, surgery,
and inspections but are complex to design and control.
This case study examines the Drexel Snake Robot, a hybrid
capable of both undulatory and rectilinear motion. A
physics-based simulation was developed to test its
movement, control algorithms, and path planning,
integrating mechanical, electrical, and software engineering.
Due to slippage and friction affecting motion, experimental
and simulation results were compared. The study details
the challenges of extracting physical properties from
computer-aided design and highlights how calibration
improves accuracy, aiding future robotic simulations.
DYNAMICS
“A Case Study in System-Level Physics-Based Simulation
of a Biomimetic Robot”
by: Richard Primerano, David Wilkie, William C. Regli
Fig. 1. The Drexel University Robotic Snake
(a) The physical snake robot.
(b) A CAD model of the snake robot.
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Materials needed : Activites to be done:
Cloth Cloth & Cup
Cup Experiment
Toy Car/s Car Race
Small Ramp Domino Effect
Books or Objects that
can be used in a
domino effect-like way
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Cloth and Cup Experiment
In the cloth and cup experiment, we put a cup on a smooth cloth
(or tablecloth) and then remove the cloth very rapidly from
underneath the cup.
When you rapidly pull the cloth, you will see that the cup does
not move with the cloth immediately but stays in the same
position as before.
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Cloth and Cup Experiment
What law is related to the experiment
and why do you think so?
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Car Race
Place the lighter car at the top of the slide. Make sure it is at
rest and ready to go.
Without applying any force (other than gravity), release the
car from the top of the slide and let it travel down.
Now, place the heavier car at the top of the slide, ensuring
that it starts from the same position as the lighter car.
Release the car in the same way.
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Car Race
What law is related to the experiment
and why do you think so?
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Domino Effect
Place the object upright in a row, with each object positioned so that it is
standing on one edge (like a domino). Make sure the objects are close enough
together so that when one object falls, it can push the next one over. The
objects should be aligned in a straight line for the chain reaction to work
smoothly.
Gently push the first object in the row (this is your "action"). You can do this by
nudging the edge of the object so that it tips over.
As the first object falls, it will collide with the object book in the row. The force
of the first object falling is transferred to the second object, causing it to fall
as well. The second object will, in turn, push the third object , and so on.
DYNAMICS
Laboratory Activity
related to the Newton’s Laws of Motion
Domino Effect
What law is related to the experiment
and why do you think so?
THANK YOU!
Group 3 Members
DYNAMICS
de Villa, Joaquin Antonio Miguel A.
Enriquez, Jebby Minelle T.
Mara Jr., Tarcelo G.
Pangilinan, Jayvee B.