NUMBER SYSTEMS
Decimal-Binary Conversion:
A decmal integer number can be converted into its eauivalent binarynumber by
dividing the numoer
successively by 2 and keeping atrack of the remainder until aauotient of zerois obtained. Taking tne
remainder in the reverse order we get the binary
equivalent.
Example: Convert the decimal number (29) to an equivalent binary
number:.
2 29 ^ (LSB)
Soln. ()
(MSB)
Therelore, cquivalent binary number coresponding to the decimal number, (29),,= (I1101),
Convert decimal fraction to binary fraction:
For decimal fraction the conversion is done by successive multiplication by2 and recording each time a
carry in the integer position. The process is continued untill the fractional part is zero or it starts repeat again.
Example: Convert the decimal fracticon, 0.6875 into equivalent binary fraction.
Soln. 0.6875x2=1375 =0.375 plus a carry 1 |(MSB)
0.375×2 = 0.750 =0.750 plus acarry 0
0.750x2 = 1.500 = 0.500 plus a carry I
4(LSB)
0.500x2= L.000 = 0.000 plus a carry 1
(0.1011),
Therefore, the equivalent binary fraction
Example: Conver the decimal number (15.25),0 into equivalent
binary number:.
4 (LSB)
2 15
0.25×2 = ).50 carry 0
0.50×2 = 0.00 carry
1
)
(MSB)
umber Systems
(15.25),, -(00.0),
Binary to decimalnumber:
Auy biary number can be casily converted into cqivalent decimal nuntber usinp the weiphts assipned
cach bit p0sition.
Example: Convert the biary number (10|101, into its cquivalent decinal number.
Soln. (101101), =|x2 +0×2' +lx2'tk2'+0%2' +1x2"
-32 +0 +8+4+0+|=(45),,
Example: Convert the binary number (0.010|)2 into its equivalent decimal number.
Soln. (0.0101), =0x2- +lx2+0x2-+1x2 -0++0+ = 0.25 +0.0625 =(0.3125)..
4 16
Octal number systems:
The octal number system is a base eight system. It use eight digits 0, 1,2, 3, 4. 5. 6 and 7.
Example: Covert (175),, to octal.
^ (LSB)
8 175
821 7
Soln. 82
2 (MSB)
(79), -(257).
Example: Convert (0.22),, to octal number.
Soln. 0.22x8 = 1.76 = 0.76 plus a carry 1 (MSB)
0.08×8 =6.08= 0.08 plus a carry 6
0.08x8 = 0.64 = 0.64 plus a carry 0
0.64×8 = 5.12 =0.12 plus a carry 5 J(LSB)
(0.22),, =(0.1605..,
Note: (175.22),, =(175),0 +(0.22),, =(257), +(0.1605.., =(257.1605..).
Example: Convert (257.5), into decimal equivalent.
Soln. (257.5), =2x 8² +5x8' +7x8° +5x8-!
=128+ 40+7 +0.625 =(175.625 ),.
Number Systems
191)
Octal to binary conversion:
Any octal number can beconverted into binary by
number as shown in figure. renacino cach octalnumber thrce bit equivalent bliay
Octal digit
2 3 4 6
3-bit binary equivalent 000 001 010 011 100 101||10 |11
Dyumple: Convert (365), into its equivalent binary
number
Octal digit ’ 3 6
Soln.
Binary 011|10 101
(365),(0111 10101),
Fvample: Convert (1011101.01101)2 into its octal equivalent.
Soln. Divided intogroup of three ’ 011 011 101 011 010
Each group expressed in octal’ 3 3 53 2
(1011101.01101), =(335.32),
Hexadecimal number system:
The hexadecimal number system is a base sixteen system. These are the numericals 0 through 9 and
alphabets Athrough F.
Hexadecimal Decimal Binary
0 0000
0001
2 0010
3 3 0011
4 4 0100
0101
6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000
1001
A 10 1010
B 1011
12 1011
D 13 1101
E 14 1110
F 15
Example: Convert (423.625). into its hevadecimal equivalent.
Soln. The integer part
Successive division Remainders Hex nolation
16| 423 7
16L 26
16| | 10
(0
(423),, =(1A7),6
Fractional part:
0.625x16=10.000 = 0.000 plus a carry 10
(0.625),, =(0.A),6
So.
(423.625),0=(|A7.A),6
Example: Convert (IA7.2F),,into decimal.
Soln. (1A7.2F),. =lx16 +10%16 +7x16 +2x16 +15x 167
= 256+ 160 +7+0.125 +0.0589 = (423.1 836),,
Example: Convert (3F9A),, to its binary cquivalent.
F 9 A Hex number
Soln.
0011 1||| 1001 1010 Each digit replaced by four bit-binary number
(3F9A),, =(0011111|10011010),
Example: Convert (11011|1010.0001|),to its hexadecimal number.
Soln. 0011 01|| 1010 0001 1|10 divided into group of four
3 7 A 1 Each group expressed in heN
(1101111010.0001 | 10). =([Link]),
Boolean Algebra:
()4+A= A. (2)4+1=1.(3)4-0-. (5)4.4 =1, (6)4.1=A
(7)4.0 =0. (8)4.4 =0. (9)4- . 10)4+ 4.B = A. ()4(4+ B)=A
(12) 4(1+ B) =AB. (13)4+ AB= A+B. (14)4+ 4B-A+B. (13) A(Ã +B) = B
Note: 4+ BC = (4+ B)(A+C)
Boolean Law:
(1) Commutative Law: 4+ B= B+A, AB = B.A
(2) Associative Law: A+(B+ C) =(A+ B) +C, A(B.C) =(4.B)C
(3) Distributive Law: A+ BC =(A+ BXA+C), A(B +C)= AB+ 4C
(4) Demorgan's Law: A.B = A+ B. A+ B= A.B