Continuously Variable Transmissions
(CVTs) - Study Notes
Introduction to CVTs
• A Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) changes seamlessly through an infinite
number of gear ratios.
• Also called a variable pulley transmission or single-speed automatic transmission.
• Provides smooth acceleration without traditional gear shifts.
History of CVTs
• Concept traced to Leonardo da Vinci (1490).
• First CVT patent by Daimler and Benz (1886).
• First practical belt-driven CVT developed by Huub van Doorne (1958).
• Nissan introduced modern CVTs in the early 1990s.
How a CVT Works
• Uses two variable-diameter pulleys (variators) connected by a steel belt or chain.
• Changing pulley diameters changes the transmission ratio.
• Provides continuous ratio changes instead of fixed gears.
Advantages of CVTs
• Infinite gear ratios within operating range.
• Smooth acceleration with no shift shock.
• Improved fuel economy.
• Keeps engine operating in its most efficient RPM range.
• Lower emissions and improved drivability.
Types of CVTs
• Belt/Chain CVT – most common automotive design.
• Electronically Controlled CVT (e-CVT) – used in hybrid vehicles.
• Hydrostatic CVT – uses hydraulic pumps and motors, common in heavy equipment.
• Direct Shift CVT (DCVT) – combines a mechanical first gear with CVT operation.
Main Components
• Primary and secondary variators.
• Steel drive belt or chain.
• Planetary gear set.
• Forward and reverse clutches.
• Hydraulic pump and control system.
• Torque converter or drive plate.
• Final drive assembly.
Variators
• Hydraulically operated variable-diameter pulleys.
• Primary variator receives power.
• Secondary variator sends power to the final drive.
• Hydraulic pressure changes pulley diameter and transmission ratio.
Drive Belt and Chain
• Pull-type chain transfers torque through tension.
• Push-type belt uses steel plates and bands.
• Excessive slip causes wear and transmission failure.
• Proper variator surface finish is critical.
Clutches and Planetary Gear Set
• Forward and reverse clutches control direction of travel.
• Planetary gear set provides reduction, direct drive, or reverse operation.
• CVTs generally require only one forward and one reverse clutch.
Hydraulic System
• Uses high-pressure hydraulic pumps.
• Hydraulic pressure controls variator clamping force.
• Electronic pressure control solenoid regulates line pressure.
Torque Converter
• Allows vehicle stopping while engine remains running.
• Provides torque multiplication during acceleration.
• Torque Converter Clutch (TCC) may lock as low as 20 km/h.
CVT Operating Modes
• Park/Neutral – clutches released.
• Forward – forward clutch applied and ratio changes continuously.
• Reverse – reverse clutch applied through planetary gear set.
Electronic Controls and Sensors
• Stepper motor controls transmission ratio.
• Input (Primary) Speed Sensor monitors primary pulley speed.
• Output (Secondary) Speed Sensor monitors secondary pulley speed.
• TCM uses sensor data to control operation.
CVT Fluid
• Contains special additives for metal-to-metal torque transfer.
• Usually amber or green rather than red ATF.
• Using incorrect fluid can rapidly damage the transmission.
• Proper fluid level and condition are critical.
Diagnosis and Testing
• Review customer complaint and work order.
• Check for DTCs using a scan tool.
• Inspect fluid condition and level.
• Monitor live data and perform road tests.
• Use line pressure tests when required.
• Perform stall tests only as specified by service information.
Towing Precautions
• Flat towing is generally not permitted for CVT-equipped vehicles.
• 2WD vehicles may be dolly towed with drive wheels off the ground.
• AWD/4WD vehicles should be transported with all wheels off the ground.
Key Service Points
• Always use manufacturer-recommended fluid.
• Follow service information and diagnostic charts.
• Use pressure gauges rated for CVT operating pressures.
• Verify proper operation with a final road test after repairs.