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millets

Finger millet, also known as ragi, is a nutritious grain cultivated primarily in Southern India, valued for its high protein content and adaptability to various climates. It is used in various food preparations and is particularly beneficial for diabetic patients and lactating mothers. The crop has a significant role in rural sustainability due to its drought tolerance and contribution to local economies.

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4 views15 pages

millets

Finger millet, also known as ragi, is a nutritious grain cultivated primarily in Southern India, valued for its high protein content and adaptability to various climates. It is used in various food preparations and is particularly beneficial for diabetic patients and lactating mothers. The crop has a significant role in rural sustainability due to its drought tolerance and contribution to local economies.

Uploaded by

Harshitha Gowda
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Finger millet (Elusine coracana Gaertn) Finger millet is also called ragi or mandua in India. It is important minor millet in india and used as staple food in many Southern states and hilliy regions of India. It is grown for grains as well as for fodder but, never cultivated extensively as fodder/forage crop. Fresh green plant or dry stover is highly palatable by cattle It is known as nutri grain due to its low fat (1.29%) high protein (9.2%) and minerals (2.3% mainly, Ca, P and Fe) and vitamins like A and B besides it contains 76% CHO. It has greater nutritional value due its methionine containing amino acid which is not found in rice, maize and sorghum. The germinated grains are malted and fed to lactating mother, pregnant women and as weaning food for children. It is also recommended for diabetic patients. The grains are consumed in various preparations like ragi ball, rotis, dosa, cakes, puddling and biscuits or even ‘as popped grains in India, It also used to make fermented beer in Africa Finger millet is known for it’s highly adaptability to varying elevations, drought tolerance and high seasonal flexibility and therefore included in most dryland cropping systems. Finger millet has been a source of sustainability in rural areas, due to its multifaceted benefits in terms of stabilized income and nutritional importance. Origin: Ethiopian highlands and introduced to India 3000 years back. African Elusine Africana ( 2n=36) has more resemblance with cultivated Elusine coracona ( tetrapoild 2n=36) than Indian local grass Elusine indica (2n=18). The high yielding varieties of ragi were evolved by crossing cultivated Indian race Elusine coracona and African race Elusine Africana (called Indaf varieties). Area and distribution: It is grown in 25 counties in Africa and Asia including major production in Uganda, India, Nepal and China. It is a tropical crop grown in warmer months in hilly areas even in the subtropics. About the three fourth of global production takes place in Southern India and Lake Victoria. Distribution in other areas is sparse and insignificant. Distribution: India, Africa, Sri lanka, Malasia, china and Japan. In India it is cultivated in an area of 1.2 m ha and majority area in Karnataka state which accounts for 57% area (6.7 lakh ha) with 66% contribution in production. Other important states are Maharashtra (1.29 lakh ha ), Uttarakhand (1.18 lakh hectare), TN (82,000 hectare) and Odhisa (54,00 hectare). Smaller ragi area is found in Himachal Pradesh, J &K, Gujarat, Bihar, Parts of UP. When compared to other minor millets, finger millet has high yielding potential due to its high fertilizer responsitive, higher tillering and photosynthetic ability. Soil and climatic requirement: Finger millet has wide climatic adaptability and can grown in any season in tropics and warmer season in temperate climates upto altitude of 2500 m MSL with varying temperature [Link] millets prefers warmers climate with an ideal temperature for germination is 24°C and optimum temperature for growth is 26-29°C. Crop yield reduces with temperature below 20°C. Crop possesses good drought tolerance but, is highly sensitive to frost. Photo period required is 11.5 hours. If day length is reduced flowering gets postponed. In hilly region duration gets extended due to poor photo period wide range of sol It is grown on Ithas ability to tolerate salinity b ind rocky soils fertility with pH r with varying Wy. prefers porous and welt, vinea ng. cereals, Alluvial and loamy solls are suitable for this, gat © not Hable for this crop owing, to poor a 1p vertisols, POL 5.5075 Botanical description: Finger millet is tuffed annual plant of family Poaceae, prow HO ti of 30-150 em and maturing in 75-160 days. Leaves cd : ng many tillers and nodal branches. the panicle consists of yroup of digit en das finger. The spikelets are made up of 4-10 fl hy narrow, 4 2 able NY arrange spikes often ref ests artanged serially on the finger, Hs self pollinated crop and hybridizatio demi: unisian. ie eohtiearcal Sopdet: binen ban developed due to | The grain is oblong to round and oval, reddish in colour wien ‘oy Nis tool to, lack of male sterile ling © Brains surface fineiy corrugated. Season and systems of cultivation: Finger millet has wide adaptability due adjust to varying temperature, moisture and altitude. It can be grown under rainfall or even under typical semi arid situations. Generally itis grown as Khon regions of India, while it can be grown in rabi/summer with irrigation. In kh monsoon, monsoon and late kharif season provided its duration is altered 1 to its ability to, irrigation, high if crop in all the rainfall. 1. Transplanted upland crop: The nursen vis raised and 2-3 seedlings are transplanted after 20-25 days in main field. It can be pra ctices both under irrigated or rainfed conditions, 2. Drill sown crop: Seeds are drilled ak long with fertilizers by seed cum fertilizer drills and later thinned after emegerance 3. Plough sole method: Seed are sowt inside the furrow created by plough by using drag tubes attached to plough 4, Broadcasting: It is primitive method followed in the parts of UP. The crop yield is less due to competition and difficulty to control the weeds Nursery preparation: lenghth,width and hei Season: Kharif, rabi and summer (irrigated). Varieties: Selection of v: the time of sowin, for delayed sowi varieties because extended ariety is very important for higher yield, Varietal selection is based on 8 and for early and normal sowing usually select long duration varieties ard "8 0 for short duration varieties. In summer usually go for short duration long duration varieties crop may coincide with rainy season and season may ar Indaf-S, 7, 8, 9, MR-1,2,3, L-5, GPU-28,26, 45, 48, 66, KMR 301, KMR 204, Popul: ing: peaeten and spacing: Maintaining population of 4.16 lakh/ha (30 x 8 cm) is ideal for high yielding. However, lower population up to 3.33 lakh/ha (30 x 10 cm) will also not affect yield due to compensation by more tillers. Broadcasting method requires 25 kg/ha seed, for plough sole method requires about 10-12 kg/ha and transplanting of seedlings require 5 kg/ha of seeds Field preparation: One disc plough followed by 2-3 cultivators and harrowing to remove the weeds and stubbles and later leveling to bring the soil to the fine tilth. Fine seed bed is required as seed size is small and clody condition leads to poor germination finally leads to less plant population Nutrient management: Finger millet is responsive to nitrogen application and high yielding improved varieties remove large quantity of nutrients, At the same time, under low fertility condition or with no fertilizers crop doesn’t fail altogether. Incorporate 5 t/ha of FYM three weeks in advance 10:50:50 kg NPK/ha (irrigated) 60:40: 25 kg NPK/ha (Rainfed) 50% N and full P& K as basal dose and remaining N at 30 & 50 DAS. Application of ZnSo4 12.5 kg/ha is useful in increasing the yield and Azopsirilum @ 375 e/hais helpful in fixing atmospheric nitrogen and which enhances the yield. al stages, intercultivation and Weed management: It is essential to control weeds in the initi weeding by hand before 30 DAS. Thinning should be done while intercultivation. Chemical weed control by butachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha or fluchloralalin @ 2 I/ha or pendimethalin 2.5 I/ha There should be sufficient moisture at the time application. For post emergent application 2.4- D @0.5 kg/ha. Water management: Ragi is the most efficient user of water. Its water use effiency is higher than most other cereals. The water requirement of ragi varies form 30-35 cm. Tillering and flowering are critical stages. Ridges and furrows method or basin method are best for ragi irrigation. Rabi and summer crop is grown completely under irrigated condition. But major area is under rainfed during kharif season. Intercropping Finger millet+Pigean pea (8:2) Finger millet+Soybean Finger millet+ Field bean Cropping system Double cropping Finger millet-Groundnut Finger millet -sugarcane Finger millet Tobacco Finger millet -Potato-maize Finger millet -chickpea Finger millet -mustard Finger millet -linseed 64 vj ellseatse in Rog which affects to leaves {called teat bing, Want 9th eck blast) or earfiend Ut yellow lesions develop anne iurcte Infected and Ir °v affect and leads chart eet May he wo sees Seve teatinent wth catbondlzim @ 2g soea ae NY earl ‘gene spray of havstine © 2e/ht during flowering stage. Me” *S€epu e similar to tho: stem borer: Symptoms a Digsinon granules @ 20 ke/ha ihary hairy caterpillar cy may seriously reduce the yield, if infestation is heavy, They can be controlled by won lusting methyl parathion @ 25-30 kg/ha. far head caterpillar: Caterpillars may eat away developing ear head and may reduce the yield, {can be controlled by dusting carboryl @ 20 kg/ha. Harvesting and threshing: Crop matures in 120-135 days depending on varieties. Harvesting one in two methods, in first method only matured ear heads are cut as and when ana second method entire plant cut at the bottom and allow to dry in field for 3-5 days. After Bundles are made transport to the threshing yard, later threshing is done beating with sticks [t's mall quantity or trampling by stone roller with the help of bullocks or by mechanically Yield: Irrigated crop 30-40q/ha and 9-10 t/ha fodder Rainfed crop 15-20q/ha_ and 3-4 t/ha fodder alting is popular among finger millet (ragi) growers. Other millets have limited scope {or the preparation of malt foods because of low diastati activity oftheir malt and low yield of eaible matter on malting. Brewing of millet is practiced to a very limited extent. A traditional brew (change orchard) is prepared by fermentation of finger millet by Tibetans, Kodo and proso millets are also brewed by tribals. Popping: Popping is done by agitating the grains in hot sand for a short time. While Popping the millets, the husk gets separated but the bran remains adhering to the endosperms. Since bran 'Srich in oll it can affect the storage quality of the products. Separation of bran from popped a cc 1 is very difficult, Popped grains are prepared by using sand as medium and mainy maintainin B rain ure. But itis a conventional method often containing sand parti Particles. So, popping high temperat by the gun topping techniques Is followed in East Asian countries, or by the hot air method which needs to be standardized for millets. Pearmillet (Pennisetum typhoides t.) sn as pearl millet in Engsh bara In Rajasthan, Maharashtr ang yee the world and important millet known for high nutritive value. Bajra graine contain pawns % CHO, 2-7% mineral, 362 Keeal energy, besides being nig ne Uc, ‘ eae apenas _ but deficit in lysine, Draw back of the bajra seeds is seeds ya tn riboflavin and nia : ( 0.3:0.4%) due to ergotinine alkaloid if consumed by human beings cae ergot ( 0.3-0.4%) due : £5 causes vomiting, diarrhoea Bajra is used mainly as human food in Asia and Africa and its grains are Used as poultry , i Cattle. feed in Austria, USA and many European countries. Its stover is used as Cattle feed as gre, tH i en oF dry fodder. People consume as roti in India, parboiled ball in Western afries or ferments inted beverage in Namibia. Origin: It's originated in the Sahel region of Western Africa. itis cultivated in south India fro, 1500 BC onwards. ™ ite and it can germinate in temperature range of 15-40°C and ideal temperature is 30-35°C. Lower temperature extends grain filling phase. Temperature < 15°C and > 40°C not good for bajra crop. [t's long day plant and day length > 12 hrs generally results in more yield. [ts successfully grown in the wide range of soils, sandy Soils, sandy loam, heavy clay and red sandy soils. Can grow even in poor fertile soils and tolerates moderate salinity but not the acidity. Botanical description of plant: It is annual herb grows to height of 3 m with profuse tillering habit, Roots: Primary roots developing from seed are thin and fine roots grow up to 30 cm. Secondary adventitious roots are developed from the base of the lower most nodes at 25 leaf stage. Anchor roots (prop or brace roots) may also develop from the second or third nodes stows the ground, Stem: The stem is solid, usually single but, may be tillered, each stem has swollen nodes with characteristic grooves above each node, housing an axillary bud, The bud of terminal node results into spike. The length of inter node increases from the base upwards. Lower internodes are completely covered by the sheath of the leaf immediately above, while upper inter nodes are partially covered. Leaves: Lanceolate, long, alternate, pubescent 8-14 leaves are found on each plant with short gl sata are dorso ventral, Sheath is thicker than blade umes. Leaf margin is saw like teeth and sto often occurring In covering internodes immediately below spike (Inflorosenece): Cylindrical, densely packed with 800-3000 spikelets: poits Each spike hes 2 umes and 2 florates, the fower being mate and wPped S00 aphrodite Upper florate has thin palea and thicker lemma, 3 stamens and characteristic pennic iMate ae ne after, 2-3 days after spike emerges and remain pollination is common anther. Styles protrude and t jes from receptive for 2-3 days. Due to protogynous nature 4 colour var include germination, sis): Seed or caryopsis is oval with one end tapering with reddish embryo. Important prowth stage Grain (Caryor ph stage whitish to grey or dull blue boot leaf stage, milking stage and dou on the length of seasons depending, (sep-October) in the all the three states during wn in rabi season an be grown in 1 bajra growing, ‘ations. It is mainly Bro it is grown in kharif crop in othe wy-Feb in the states of Punjab, Gujrat, eke Season for cultivation: Bajra ¢ day and temperature limit P. Bu the it is grown in Jar states of TN, Karnataka, Al June-July. As summer crop, ‘a with plant population of 1,75,000 10 2,00,000/ha. seed rate: 5 ke/h Spacing: 45 X 15cm. jeep. ts of TN, AP, Karnataka and Gujrath. This practice is 5-20 days old are planted in the od of sowing: Drill sowing at 2-3 cm d ly seedlings to plant .d in some par Healthy seedlings of 1: sery is sufficient to supp) Meth Pear millet is also transplante rigated conditions. fth of hectare of nur: d rate is 2 kg common under irt water soaked fields. One twel one hectare main field and required see Manures and fertilizers: FYM- 6 t/ha Irrigated: 100:65:25 kg NPK/ha Rainfed: 50:25:0 kg NPK/ha azatobacter/azospirilum is reported to increase the grain yield by 12-15% and N tune of 20 ke/ha. In both assured rainfed/irrigated situation, N is supplied in two splits ( % at s basal dose. DAS). Full dose of P and K are applied a: der irrigated conditions. Moisture const dd application of organic manures help to fe at critical stages like tion to the sowing + % 451 Only 4% bajra area is un ervation road bed furrows ani Water management: rently under rainfed situations. lrrigat practices like deep ploughing, b' utilize the rain water more effici germination, tillering and flowering.. eriod upto 35 days. Two hand weedings at 15 and 30 DAS and .ds is 25-50%. Pre emergant \d 40 DAS and loss due to weet 1 kg/ha and post emergent Weed control: Critical p halin 0.75 to intercultivation 2 times at 20 an application of atrazin @ 0.5-1 kg/ha or pendimet! 5 to 0.5 kg/ha is effective. application of 2.4.0 @ 0.2 68 Varieties: GHB 526, Nandi 35, MLBH 59H, PAC 954 are hybrids and Icha 94 are varieties cultivating in Karnataka WCC-75, PHVB-910, Pusa-23, P-322, ICMV-155, 221, HHB-50, 60, MBH-149, 179, py, 3 C75, ; " ag RHB-30, Co-6, Co-7. All the varieties mature in 85-90 days. . Plant protection: Fe Yellow, Downy mildew: It is caused by Sclerospora graminicola and important Symptoms streaks develop on leaves with lamina turning pale or whitish and transformation of leafy whorl lke structure and is called green ear disease. Seed treatment with Emisan @ ve seed and Thiram @ 4 g/kg seed. Zineb 0.2% spray at 2-3 weeks will be usefull. Use resist varieties like HHB-50, 60, 76, PHB-47, PCB-15, 141, WCC-75 Ergot: Fungal disease caused by Claviceps fusiform is a serious disease. Diseased grains may cause health problems to human beings. Honey like pinkish liquid on the grains and which tur, brown later a sclerotia of elongated structure appear in place of the grains and sticky toxic Ergot is controlled by €rs int alkaloid ergotonine. These are called ergots and it spreads through soil . avoiding late planting, monocropping, deep ploughing and seed treatment with Emisan @ elke seed and Thiram @ 4 g/kg the seeds. Zineb 0.2% spray at 2-3 weeks will be usefull. Control: Timely sowing, seed treatment with Thiram at the rate of 4 g/kg seeds, ‘Smut: Black powdery appearance on the earhead. Control: Seed treatment with vitavax at the rate of 2 8/kg seed or spraying with carbendazim at the rate of 2 g/litre Insect pests: reduce the incidence, Cropping system: Bajra-wheat Bajra-chickpea Bajra-field bean Bajra-potato-wheat Bajra-wheat. Moong, pajra-wheat-jowar (fodder) / gajra-wheat. In rainfed areas, it is mixed with groundnut, urd, moong. Intercropping with groundnut, castor, green gram and cowpea are found effective. It can be grown as a border crop with berseem. Harvesting: The crop is harvested 85-95 days after sowing by cutting at the base of the plant or cutting ear heads only. Yield: Bajra can yield of 15-35 q/ha depending on the availability of irrigation and assured rainfall. wt) Ww nu in Karnataka. is hey oillel white millet oF common millet. I ig important minop ..” ry Ountrig { {ays} ant lower water requirement and there bY Suitable for, vilet "alnfog "A100 among the millets due to Its hig her protein (13%), Jo nt CHO (70%), besides rich in ca (14 me/100 ty biomass used for cattle feed, of prosomillet is obscure, y may even exceed 10%. Each s = pikelet m; may have 4.5 fh 5 florates, one of of which nation pls aeveloping 2s Bran. Grains may be roundish, whit rer ish, white or yell yellow 0 or red or ev ven black varieties: Not much breeding work is done on pros varieties are ‘commonly recommended in South Indi ae in India. However, some a and some of them are een 4, Sagar (80-85 days) and Nagarjuna (60-65 days) in AP with with yield of 15-20 a/h: 2, Co-l (68-70 da apna 2 ( days), Co-4 (70-75 days), PV-196 (75-80 di TN with yield potential of 10-20 q/ha. days) and MS 4884 (50-55 d: 55 days) i 3, GPUP 32 (80-85 days) in Karna 2 lane wi (80-85 days) in taka, UP and Uttarakhand with yield 25 g/ha. yield of 20-25 a/! seed bed preparation: Proso millet 5 illet needs a firm and clea n eee ealone de peau ents TS he seed bed but does not respond to pre requite as small seeds. rowing and leveling. Fine seed bed is, ed rate: H Seed rate: Healthy and disease free seeds are to be used and before sowi with agrosan or cerasan at the rate of 2.5 g per kg of seed, nescence Time of sowi ing: a pore and spacing: The seeds can be sown in the first fortnight of July with the onset ummer sowing can be done in the middl f le of April. Seed rate for this millet will be 8-12 kg per hectare. Seeds can be sown at 3-4 cm deep with a spacing of 25 x 10 cm in lines to ensure better intercultural operations. Nutrient management: Organic manure can be added @ month before sowing at the rate of S- 40 t/ha. Being a short duration crop, proso millet requires less nutrient applications. The fertilizer recomendation for irrigated conditions are 40-60 kg nitrogen, 30 kg P20s and 20 kg fe nitrogen and whole amount of phosphorus and potash should be remaining nitrogen is applied with first k,0 per hectare. Half of th Juced to half of the irrigated crop, applied at the time of sowing as a basal dose. The der rainfed condition fertilizer dose is red irrigation. Un Water management: Generally Kharif sown crop does not require any irrigation. However, 2t tillering stage one irrigation can be given to boost the yields. Summer crop requires 2-4 irrigations depending on soil type and climatic conditions, First and second irrigation are Ben 25-30 days and 40-45 days after sowing respectively. Heavy irrigation is not advisable due to its shallow root system. Weeding should be done regularly to minimise the loss of moisture and nutrients. itercultivation: ‘otations. For low mand Proso - Toria-Wheat Weed management and in «9 millet fits well in low as well a5 high intensity F tions recomended is Proso -wheat/barley/ era Cropping systems: Pros Maize-Potato-Proso,Maize- Wheat-Proso,Maize- rainfall areas the rota’ Lahi(taramira). For irrigated areas -proso and Paddy-Wheat -Proso T2 Pest and disease management Diseases. 1. Among diseases, Pests. Kodo Millet ( Paspa hum cro ulatum Kodo mitt kodral Met k sosrtPunab, wares at is alayata hindi, har Itis also calea nemely dGenpens kodo(Bengaiy, aka in kannada and arekaly 19 tele called cow geact Ue Fesistant resist crop kre ata\Tetou), varanulTame) veosuat or'79) without any danse? mile crop brow ter riaezarest rain amore Oe food c£0P5 lamage due tency Wester cou coarsest grain among the food

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