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5 Laplace Transform

5.1 Introduction

The method of solving a differential equation involves many steps, namely

1) Computation of complementary function. 2) Computation of particular integral.
3) Evaluation of the arbitrary constants using the initial conditions. But Laplace
transform is a powerful tool for solving differential equations without involving all
the above steps. By the application of Laplace transforms, the given differential
equation can be converted into an algebraic equation and the process of finding
the solution becomes easy.
Laplace transforms was first used by the French Mathematician Pierre Simon
De Laplace in the 18th century. Laplace transform has wide applications in the
Engineering fields like network analysis, control systems, circuit theory and many
other areas. Z ∞
Definition. Let f (t) be defined for all t ≥ 0, then e−st f (t)dt is defined as the
0
Laplace transform of f (t), if the integral exists.
It is denoted by L[ f (t)]. It is a function of s.

Z ∞
Hence, L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt = F(s).
0
.

Result. The parameter s may be real or complex.

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516 Engineering Mathematics - II

5.2 Sufficient condition for existence of Laplace Transforms

[May2015, Dec 2014, May 2011]

Let f (t) be defined for all t ≥ 0 such that (i) f (t) is piecewise continuous in the
interval [0, ∞) and (ii) f (t) is of exponential order α > 0, then the Laplace transform
of f (t) exists for s > α.
Note

1. Piecewise continuous on [0, ∞) means that the function is continuous on

every finite subinterval 0 ≤ t ≤ α except possibly at a finite number of
points where they have jumps i.e., f (x+) and f (x−) exist but not equal.

2. f (t) is of exponential order α > 0 if | f (t)| ≤ Meαt for all t ≥ 0 and M is a

constant. In other words, lim e−αt f (t) is finite.


t→∞

Example. tn is of exponential order as t → ∞.

tn n!
lim e−αt tn = lim αt = lim n αt = 0.


t→∞ t→∞ e t→∞ α e

Result. The above conditions are sufficient but not necessary.

h 1 i
Example. L √ exists but it is not continuous at t = 0.
t
Linearity Property
If f (t) and g(t) are two continuous functions of t and k is a constant, then
(i) L[ f (t) ± g(t)] = L[ f (t)] ± L[g(t)].
(ii) L[k f (t)] = kL[ f (t)] where k , 0.
Laplace Transform of Standard functions
Z ∞ h e−st i∞ 1 1
1. L[1] = e−st 1dt = = − [0 − 1] = .
0 −s 0 s s
Z ∞ Z ∞ h e−(s−a)t i∞
at −st at 1 1
2. L[e ] = e e dt = e−(s−a)t dt= =− [0 − 1] = .
0 0 −(s − a) 0 s−a s−a
1
.

3. L[e−at ] = .
s+a

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Laplace Transform 517

∞ ∞ h e−st i∞ Z ∞ e−st
 e−st  1 h e−st i∞
Z Z
1
4. L[t] = e−st tdt = td = t − dt = = 2.
0 0 −s −s 0 0 −s s −s 0 s
Z ∞ Z ∞  −st  h −st i Z ∞ −st
n −st n n e ne ∞ e
5. L[t ] = e t dt = t d = t − ntn−1 dt
0 0 −s −s 0 0 −s
n ∞ −st n−1
Z
n n n − 1 n−2
= e t dt = L[tn−1 ] = L[t ]
s 0 s s s
nn−1n−2
= · · · L[t]
s s s
nn−1n−2 1 n!
= · · · 2 = n+1 .
s s s s s
h eat + e−at i 1 h i 1h 1 1 i
at −at
6. L[cosh at] = L = L[e ] + L[e ] = +
2 2 2 s−a s+a
1 h s + a + s − a i 1 h 2s i s
= = = 2 .
2 s2 − a2 2 s2 − a2 s − a2
h eat − e−at i 1 h i
7. L[sinh at] = L = L[eat ] − L[e−at ]
2 2
1h 1 1 i a
= − = 2 .
2 s−a s+a s − a2
h eiat + e−iat i 1 h 1 1 i
8. L[cos at] = L = +
2 2 s − ai s + ai
1 h s + ai + s − ai i s
= 2 2
= 2 .
2 s +a s + a2
h eiat − e−iat i 1 h 1 1 i
9. L[sin at] = L = −
2i 2i s − ai s + ai
1 h s + ai − s + ai i 1 h 2ai i a
= 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 .
2i s +a 2i s + a s + a2
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

Example 5.1. Write a function for which Laplace transform does not exist.
Explain why Laplace transform does not exist? [May 2007]
2
Solution. Let f (t) = et .
2
lim e−st f (t) = lim e−st et
t→∞ t→∞
2
= lim e−st+t
t→∞

= lim et(−s+t) = e∞ = ∞.
t→∞
.

2
∴ lim e−st et is not finite.
t→∞

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2
i.e., et is not of exponential order.
∴ Laplace transform of f (t) does not exist.
# "
1 − cos t
Example 5.2. Is the linearity property applicable to L ? Reason out.
t
[Dec 2012]
1 cos t
Solution. Linearity property can be applied when and are continuous.
t t
1 cos t
Here, and are not even defined at t = 0. Hence, they are not continuous.
t t
1 − cos t
Therefore, linearity property is not applicable to .
t
Example 5.3. Find L[3e5t + 5 cos t]. [Jan 2009]
Solution. L[3e5t + 5 cos t] = 3L[e5t ] + 5L[cost]
1 s 3 5s
=3 +5 2 = + 2 .
s−5 s +1 s−5 s +1
2
Example 5.4. Find L[cos πt + e− 3 t + sin 8t]. [Jun 2009]
− 23 t − 32 t
Solution. L[cos πt + e + sin 8t] = L[cos πt] + L[e ] + L[sin 8t]
s 1 8
= + + .
s2 + π2 s + 2
3
s2 + 64

Example 5.5. Find L[t2 + e−5t + 8 + sinh 5t]. [Jun 2007]

Solution. L[t2 + e−5t + 8 + sinh 5t] = L[t2 ] + L[e−5t ] + 8L[1] + L[sinh 5t]
2! 1 1 5 2 1 8 5
= 3
+ +8 + 2 = 3+ + + 2 .
s s + 5 s s − 25 s s + 5 s s − 25
Example 5.6. Find L[(t + 1)2 ]. [Jun 2002]
Solution. L[(t + 1)2 ] = L[t2 + 2t + 1]
2! 1 1
= L[t2 ] + 2L[t] + L[1] =
3
+2 2 +
s s s
2 2 1 2 + 2s + s2
= 3+ 2+ = .
s s s s3
Example 5.7. Find L[cos2 2t]. [Dec 2005]
h 1 + cos 4t i 1 h i 1h1 s i
Solution. L[cos2 2t] = L = L[1] + L[cos 4t] = +
2 2 2 s s2 + 16
1 h s2 + 16 + s2 i 1 h 2s2 + 16 i s2 + 8
.

= = = .
2 s(s2 + 16) 2 s(s2 + 16) s(s2 + 16)

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Laplace Transform 519

Example 5.8. Find L[sin 2t sin 3t]. [Dec 2004]

1 1h s s i
Solution. L[sin 2t sin 3t] = L[cos t − cos 5t] = −
2 2 s2 + 1 s2 + 25
h 2 2
s s + 25 − s − 1 i sh 24 i
= =
2 (s2 + 1)(s2 + 25) 2 (s2 + 1)(s2 + 25)
12s
= 2 .
(s + 1)(s2 + 25)

Example 5.9. Find L[sin3 2t]. [May 2004]

h1 i 1h 2 6 i
Solution. L[sin3 2t] = L (3 sin 2t − sin 6t) = 3 2 − 2
4 4 s + 4 s + 36
6 h s2 + 36 − s2 − 4 i 3 h 32 i 48
= 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 .
4 (s + 4)(s + 36) 2 (s + 4)(s + 36) (s + 4)(s2 + 36)

−1
Example 5.10. Find Z ∞L[t 2 ]. [May 2005]
1 1
Solution. L[t− 2 ] = e−st t− 2 dt
0
x 1
Let st = x ⇒ t = ⇒ dt = dx.
s s
When t = 0, x = 0, when t = ∞, x = ∞

Z ∞
 x − 21 dt Z ∞
−1 1 1
∴ L[t 2 ] = e−x = √ e−x x− 2 dx
0 s s s 0
Z ∞
1 1
= √ e−x x 2 −1 dx
s 0
! Z ∞
1 1
= √ Γ [Γn = e−x xn−1 dx]
s 2 0
r
1 √ π
= √ π= .
s s

 1
Example 5.11. Find L t 2 . [Dec 1996]
Z ∞
1 1
Solution. L[t 2 ] = e−st t 2 dt
0
x 1
.

Put st = x ⇒ t = ⇒ dt = dx.
s s

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When t = 0, x = 0, when t = ∞, x = ∞
 1 Z ∞  x  12 dx Z ∞
1 1
L t2 = e−x = 3 e−x x 2 dx
0 s s s2 0
Z ∞
1 3 1 3
= 3
e−x x 2 −1 dx = 3 Γ
s2 2
! s
0 2
! √
1 3 3 1 1 1 1 √ π
= 3
−1 Γ −1 = 3 Γ = 3 π= 3.
s2 2 2 s2 2 2 2s 2 2s 2

Example 5.12. Find L[cos 4t." sin 2t]. # [Dec 2009]

sin 6t − sin 2t 1
Solution. L[cos 4t. sin 2t] = L = [L[sin 6t] − L[sin 2t]]
2 2
" #
1 6 2 3 1
= 2
− 2 = 2 − 2 .
2 s + 36 s + 4 s + 36 s + 4

Example 5.13. Find L[sin2 t cos3 t]. ! ! [May 2008]

2 3 1 − cos 2t cos 3t + 3 cos t
Solution. We have sin t cos t =
2 4

1
= [cos 3t + 3 cos t − cos 2t cos 3t − 3 cos 2t cos t]
8" #
1 1 3
= cos 3t + 3 cos t − (cos 5t + cos t) − (cos 3t + cos t)
8 2 2
" #
1 1 1 3 3
= cos 3t + 3 cos t − cos 5t − cos t − cos 3t − cos t
8 2 2 2 2
" #
1 1 1
= − cos 3t + cos t − cos 5t
8 2 2
" h i#
2 3 1 1 1
L[sin t cos t] = L − cos 3t + cos t − cos 5t
8 2 2
1
= L[2 cos t − cos 3t − cos 5t]
16 " #
1 2s s s
= − − .
16 s2 + 1 s2 + 9 s2 + 25

Example 5.14. Find the Laplace transform of the function defined by


t 0 < t < 1




f (t) =  . [Dec 2007]
.


0 t > 1



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Laplace Transform 521

Z∞
Solution. L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
0

Z1 Z∞
= e−st f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt
0 1
Z1 Z∞
= e−st · tdt + e−st × 0dt
0 1
Z1 Z1
e−st
!
−st
= e tdt = td
−s
0 0
" −st #1 Z1
e e−st
= t − dt.
−s 0 −s
0
#1
1 e−st
"
1
= − [e−s − 0] +
s s −s 0
e−s 1
− 2 e−s − 1


=−
s s
e−s e−s 1
=− − 2 + 2.
s s s

t 0<t<1
e




Example 5.15. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) defined by f (t) = 

t > 1.

0

Z∞

Solution. L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt

0

Z1 Z∞
−st
= e f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt
0 1
Z1 Z1

= e−st et dt = e−(s−1)t dt
0 0
#1
e−(s−1)t i 1 − e−(s−1)
"
1 h −(s−1)
= =− e −1 = .
.

−(s − 1) 0 s−1 s−1

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522 Engineering Mathematics - II


cos t 0<t<π



Example 5.16. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = 


t > π.

0

Z∞

Solution. L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt

0

Zπ Z∞
−st
= e f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt
0 π
Zπ
= e−st cos tdt
0
#π
e−st
"
= (−s cos t + sin t)
s2 + 1 0
e−πs 1
= 2
(−s cos π + sin π) − 2 (−s cos 0 + sin 0)
s +1 s +1
e−πs s
= 2
(s) + 2
s +1 s +1
s
= (1 + e−πs ).
s2 + 1
Example 5.17. Find the Laplace transform of the function defined by

sin t 0 < t < π




f (t) = 
 . [May 2006]
t>π

0

Z∞
Solution. L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
0

Zπ Z∞
= e−st f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt
0 π
Zπ
= e−st sin tdt
0
#π
e−st
"
= 2 (−s sin t − cos t)
s +1 0
e−πs 1
.

= 2 (−s sin π − cos π) − 2 (−s sin 0 − cos 0)

s +1 s +1

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Laplace Transform 523

e−πs 1 1 + e−πs
= + = .
s2 + 1 s2 + 1 s2 + 1

Exercise 5 A

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

10. (α + βt)2 . 19. (t2 + 1)2 .

2
1. sin 2t.
c
11. a + bt + √ .
2. cos2 3t. t 20. cosh at + sin 2t + t3 .

12. sinh2 2t. 

3. sin3 2t.
t 0 < t < 2




21. f (t) = 
4. cos3 3t. 13. cosh(5t + 2). 
0 t > 2.


[Jun 2012]
5. sin 3t sin 2t. 14. cosh 2t − cosh 3t.

−t 0<t<4
e

15. sinh ωt − sin ωt.

6. sin 3t cos t.


22. f (t) = 


0
 t ≥ 4.
7. (sin t − cos t)2 . 16. e3t+5 .

8. cos4 t. 17. t2 + cos 2t + sin2 2t.
0 0 < t < 2.




23. f (t) = 

18. e−bt − e−at .

3 t ≥ 2.
9. sin(ωt + α).


Shifting Property - First Shifting theorem

1. Statement. IfZL[ f (t)] = F(s) then L[e−at f (t)] = F(s + a).
∞
Proof. L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt = F(s)
0
Z ∞ Z ∞
L[e−at f (t)] = e−st e−at f (t)dt = e−(st+at) f (t)dt
Z0 ∞ 0
−(s+a)t  
= e f (t)dt = F(s + a) = L[ f (t)] s→s+a
0
2. L[eat f (t)] = F(s − a) = L[ f (t)] s→s−a .
.

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Change of scale property

1  s
Statement. If L[ f (t)] = F(s) then L[ f (at)] = F , a > 0.
Z ∞ a a
−st
Proof. L[ f (t)] = e f (t)dt = F(s)
0
Z ∞
L[ f (at)] = e−st f (at)dt
0
x 1
Let at = x ⇒t= ⇒ dt = dx
a a
When t = 0, x = 0, when t = ∞, x = ∞
Z ∞
x dx
∴ L[ f (at)] = e−s a f (x)
0 a
1 ∞ − s
x
Z
1  s 1 1
= [F(s)] s→ as = L[ f (t)] s→ s .

= e a f (x)dx = F
a 0 a a a a a

1
Example 5.18. Find L[et t− 2 ]. r r [May 1996]
1 h 1i h πi π
Solution. L et t− 2 = L t− 2

= = .
s→s−1 s s→s−1 s−1
t
Example 5.19. Find the Laplace transform of t . [Jun 2013]
t " # e
−t 1 1
Solution. L t = L[e t] = L[t] s→s+1 = 2 = .
e s s→s+1 (s + 1)2
h i
Example 5.20. Find L e−3t sin t · cos t [Dec 2011]
" #
h i sin 2t 1 h i
Solution. L e−3t sin t cos t = L e−3t = L e−3t sin 2t
2 2
!
1 1 2
= L[sin 2t] s→s+3 =
2 2 s2 + 4 s→s+3
1 1
= 2
= 2 .
(s + 3) + 4 s + 6s + 13
Example 5.21. Find L[e−3t sin2 t]. # " [Jun 2008]
−3t 2 2 1 − cos 2t
Solution. L[e sin t] = L[sin t] s→s+3 = L
2 s→s+3
" #
1 1 1 s
= [L[1] − L[cos 2t]] s→s+3 = −
2 2 s s2 + 4 s→s+3
" #
1 1 s+3
= − .
.

2 s + 3 (s + 3)2 + 4

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Laplace Transform 525

Example 5.22. Find L[cosh "t sin 2t]. [Dec 2009]

et + e−t
#
1h t i
Solution. L[cosh t sin 2t] = L sin 2t = L(e sin 2t + e−t sin 2t)
2 2

1
= [L[sin 2t] s→s−1 + L[sin 2t] s→s+1 ]
2" #
1 h 2 i h 2 i
= + 2
2 s2 + 4 s→s−1 s + 4 s→s+1
" #
1 2 2
= +
2 (s − 1)2 + 4 (s + 1)2 + 4
1 1
= + .
(s − 1) + 4 (s + 1)2 + 4
2

Example 5.23. Find L[e2t cos 5t]. [May 2008]

2t
s  s−2
Solution. L[e cos 5t] = L[cos 5t] s→s−2 = 2 = .
s + 25 s→s−2 (s − 2)2 + 25
Example 5.24. Find the Laplace transforms of (i) cosh at sinh bt (ii) (1 + te−t )3 .
Solution.
h eat + e−at i 1 
sinh bt = L eat sinh bt + e−at sinh bt

(i) L[cosh at sinh bt] = L
2 2
1 h at −at
i
= L[e sinh bt] + L[e sinh bt]
2
1h i
= L[sinh bt] s→s−a + L[sinh bt] s→s+a
2
1 h b   b  i
= s→s−a + s→s+a
2 s2 + b2 s2 + b2
1h b b i
= 2 2
+ 2 2
.
2 (s − a) + b (s + a) + b
(ii) L (1 + te−t )3 = L 1 + 3te−t + 3t2 e−2t + t3 e−3t
   

= L[1] + 3L[te−t ] + 3L[t2 e−2t ] + L[t3 e−3t ]

1
= + 3L[t] s→s+1 + 3L[t2 ] s→s+2 + L[t3 ] s→s+3
s
1 h1i h2i h6i
= +3 2 +3 3 + 4
s s s→s+1 s s→s+2 s s→s+3
1 3 6 6
= + + + .
s (s + 1)2 (s + 2)3 (s + 3)4
.

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Example 5.25. Find L[cosh at cos at]. [Dec 2008]

h eat + e−at i 1h i
Solution. L[cosh at cos at] = cos at = L[eat cos at] + L[e−at cos at]
2 2
1h i
= L[cos at] s→s−a + L[cos at] s→s+a
2
1 h s   s  i
= +
2 s2 + a2 s→s−a s2 + a2 s→s+a
1 h s−a   s+a i
= + .
2 (s − a)2 + a2 (s + a)2 + a2
Example 5.26. Find L[e−3t (2 cos 5t − 3 sin 5t)]. [May 1999]
Solution. L e−3t (2 cos 5t − 3 sin 5t) = L 2e−3t cos 5t − 3e−3t sin 5t
   

= 2L e−3t cos 5t − 3L e−3t sin 5t

   

= 2L[cos 5t] s→s+3 − 3L[sin 5t] s→s+3

h s i h 5 i
=2 2 −3 2
s + 25 s→s+3 s + 25 s→s+3
2(s + 3) 15
= − .
(s + 3) + 25 (s + 3)2 + 25
2

Exercise 5 B

Find the Laplace Transform of the following functions.

8. e−3t cos2 t. [Dec 2007]

N
X
−bt
1. an e cos nt. [Jan 2006]
9. e2t sin3 t. [May 2003]
n=0

2. t2 e−2t . 10. e4t sin 2t sin t. [May 2006]

3. et (cosh 2t + 12 sinh 2t). 11. e−3t cos 4t cos t.

4. e−t (3 sinh 2t − 5 cosh 2t). 12. e2t cos 3t sin t.

3
5. e− 2 t sin 3t. [May 2008] 13. et cos3 t.

6. sinh 3t cos t. [Nov 2009] 14. et sin 4t cos 2t.

.

1
7. e−7t t− 2 . [Jan 2009] 15. (t + 1)3 e−t .

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Laplace Transform 527

dn 
Theorem. If L[ f (t)] = F(s), then L[tn f (t)] = (−1)n n F(s) .

Z ∞ ds
−st
Proof. We have L[ f (t)] = e f (t)dt
0
Z ∞
F(s) = e−st f (t)dt.
0

Differentiating w.r.t s we get,

Z ∞
d   d  −st 
F(s) = e f (t) dt
ds ds
Z0 ∞
= e−st (−t) f (t)dt
0
Z ∞
d 
e−st t f (t)dt = L[t f (t)].

− F(s) =
ds 0
d
Now L[t2 f (t)] = L[t t f (t)] = − L[t f (t)]
ds
d  d
 d2
=− − F(s) = (−1)2 2 F(s)
ds ds ds
d n h i
In general, L[tn f (t)] = (−1)n n F(s) .
ds
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

Example 5.27. Find L[t cosh 3t]. [May 1995]

d n o d h s i h 2
s + 9 − s × 2s i
Solution. L[t cosh 3t] = − L[cosh 3t] = − =−
ds ds s2 − 9 (s2 − 9)2
9−s 2 2
s −9 1
=− 2 2
= 2 2
= 2 .
(s − 9) (s − 9) (s − 9)

Example 5.28. Find L[t2 sin at]. [May 2001]

d 2 h i d2 h a i
Solution. L[t2 sin at] = (−1)2 2 L[sin at] = 2 2
ds ds s + a2
d 2 d  d h s i
= a 2 (s2 + a2 )−1 = a (−1)(s2 + a2 )−2 2s = −2a

ds ds 2
ds (s + a )2 2
2 2 2 2 2
!
(s + a ) .1 − s.2.(s + a )2s
= −2a
(s2 + a2 )4
h i
(s2 + a2 ) s2 + a2 − 4s2 [−3s2 + a2 ] [3s2 − a2 ]
= −2a = −2a = 2a .
.

(s2 + a2 )4 (s2 + a2 )3 (s2 + a2 )3

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Example 5.29. Find L[t cos 3t].

d n o d h s i
Solution. L[t cos 3t] = − L[cos 3t] = −
ds ds s2 + 9
h s2 + 9 − s2s i 9 − s2 s2 − 9
=− = − = .
(s2 + 9)2 (s2 + 9)2 (s2 + 9)2
Example 5.30. Find Laplace transform of t sin 2t. [Dec 2010]
d
Solution. L[t sin 2t] = − {L[sin 2t]}
ds
" #
d 2
=−
ds s2 + 4
d h i
=− 2 · (s2 + 4)−1
ds
= −2 · (−1) · (s2 + 4)−2 · 2s
4s
= .
(s2 + 4)2

Example 5.31. Find L[t sin at].

d n o d  a  d
Solution. L[t sin at] = − L[sin at] = − 2 2
= −a (s2 + a2 )−1
ds ds s + a ds
2as
= −a(−1)(s2 + a2 )−2 .2s = 2 .
(s + a2 )2
Example 5.32. Find L[t cos at].
d h i d h s i s2 + a2 − s2s
Solution. L[t cos at] = − L[cos at] = − = −
ds ds s2 + a2 (s2 + a2 )2
h a2 − s2 i s2 − a2
=− 2 = .
(s + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2
Example 5.33. Find L[sin at − at cos at]. [May 2003]
Solution. L[sin at − at cos at] = L[sin at] − aL[t cos at]

a  d 
= − a − L[cos at]
s + a2
2 ds
a d  s 
= 2 +a
s + a2 ds s2 + a2
a (s2 + a2 ).1 − s2s
= 2 +a
s + a2 (s2 + a2 )2
a s + a2 − 2s2
2
.

= 2 +a
s + a2 (s2 + a2 )2

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Laplace Transform 529

a(a2 − s2 )
" 2
s + a2 + a2 − s2 2a3
#
a
= 2 + = a = .
s + a2 (s2 + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2

Example 5.34. Find L[te−t sin t].

d n −t o d h i
Solution. L[te−t sin t] = − L[e sin t = − L[sin t] s→s+1
ds ds
d h 1 i d h 1 i
=− = −
ds s2 + 1 s→s+1 ds (s + 1)2 + 1
d h 1 i
=− 2
= −(−1)(s2 + 2s + 2)−2 (2s + 2)
ds s + 2s + 2
2s + 2
= 2 .
(s + 2s + 2)2
Example 5.35. Find L[t sin 3t" cos 2t]. # [May 2008]
[sin 5t + sin t]
Solution. L[t sin 3t cos 2t] = L t
2
1  d  
= − L[sin 5t] + L[sin t]
2 ds
1d h 5 1 i
=− +
2 ds s2 + 25 s2 + 1
1d h 2 i
=− 5(s + 25)−1 + (s2 + 1)− 1
2 ds
1 h −5. 2s 2s i
=− 2 2
− 2
2 (s + 25) (s + 1)2
1 h 5s s i
= − (−2) 2 2
+ 2 2
2 (s + 25) (s + 1)
5s s
= 2 + .
(s + 25)2 (s2 + 1)2

Example 5.36. Find L[t2 e−3t sin 2t]. [Jun 2013, May 2000]

d2 h −3t i d2 h i
Solution. L[t2 e−3t sin 2t] = L[e sin 2t] = L[sin 2t] s→s+3
ds2 ds2
2
d h 2 i
= 2 2
ds (s + 3) + 4
d2 h 2 i
= 2 2
ds s + 6s + 13
d2
= 2 2 (s2 + 6s + 13)−1
ds
d h
.

i
=2 (−1)(s2 + 6s + 13)−2 (2s + 6)
ds

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530 Engineering Mathematics - II

d h 2s + 6 i
= −2
ds (s2 + 6s + 13)2
d h s+3 i
= −4
ds (s2 + 6s + 13)2
(s2 + 6s + 13)2 − (s + 3)2(s2 + 6s + 13)(2s + 6)
= −4
(s2 + 6s + 13)4
s + 6s + 13 − 4(s2 + 6s + 9)
2
= −4
(s2 + 6s + 13)3
s2 + 6s + 13 − 4s2 − 36 − 24s
= −4
(s2 + 6s + 13)3
−3s2 − 18s − 23 3s2 + 18s + 23
= −4 2 = 4 .
(s + 6s + 13)3 (s2 + 6s + 13)3

Exercise 5 C

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

6. t2 cosh 2t. [Jan 2005]

1. t cos3 t.
7. te2t sin 3t. [Dec 2006]
2. te−4t sin 3t.
8. t cosh 5t. [Dec 2003]
3. t2 e−t cos t.

4. tet cos t. [May 2005] 9. t2 e−3t . [Dec 2009]

5. t2 sin 2t. [Dec 2004] 10. t2 et sin t. [May 2007]

f (t) h f (t) i Z ∞
Theorem. If L[ f (t)] = F[s] and if lim exists, then L = F(s)ds.
Zt→0 t t s
∞
e−st f (t)dt
 
Proof. We have, F(s) = L f (t) =
0
Integrating both sides w.r.t s from s to ∞
Z ∞ Z ∞Z ∞ Z ∞ hZ ∞ i
F(s)ds = e−st f (t)dtds = f (t) e−st ds dt
s
Z s ∞ 0  −st  Z ∞0 s
Z ∞
e ∞ f (t) −∞ −st f (t) h f (t) i
= f (t) dt = − (e − e )dt = e−st dt = L .
.

0 −t s 0 t 0 t t

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Laplace Transform 531

Extension
h f (t) i Z ∞Z ∞ Z ∞
L = ··· F(s)(ds)n .
tn s s s
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
h 1 − et i
Example 5.37. Find L . [Dec 2008]
∞
t Z ∞
h 1 − et i Z
1 1 
t
Solution. L = L[1 − e ]ds = − ds
t s s s s−1
h i∞  s ∞
= log s − log(s − 1) = log
s s−1 s
 1 ∞ s
= log 1 s
= log 1 − log( )
1− s s−1
 s − 1
= log .
s

1 − e−t
Example 5.38. Find the Laplace transform of . [Dec 2013]
t
# Z∞ Z∞
1 − e−t
" !
−t 1 1
Solution. L = L[1 − e ]ds = − ds
t s s+1
s s
 ∞  s ∞
= log s − log(s + 1) s = log
s+1 s
  1 ∞
  
 = log 1 − log s
 
= log 
1 + 1s s

s+1
!
s+1
= log .
s

h sin 2t i
Example 5.39. Find L . [Jan 2006]
t
h sin 2t i Z ∞ Z ∞
2
Solution. L = L[sin 2t]ds = 2
ds
t s s s +4
1 s ∞  s
= 2 tan−1 = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
2 2 s 2
π −1
 s
= − tan
2 2
−1 s
 
.

= cot .
2

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532 Engineering Mathematics - II

h 1 − cos 2t i
Example 5.40. Find L . [Apr 2004]
Z t∞ Z ∞
h 1 − cos 2t i h i 1 s 
Solution. L = L 1 − cos 2t ds = − 2 ds
t s s s s +4
1 ∞ 2s
Z
= log s − ds
2 s s2 + 4
h 1 i∞
= log s − log(s2 + 4)
2 s
h s i∞
= log √
s2 + 4 s
√
s2 + 4
= log .
s
h sin at i
Example 5.41. Find L . [Dec 2009]
Z ∞
t Z ∞
h sin at i a
Solution. L = L[sin at]ds = ds
t s s s + a2
2

1 s ∞  s
= a tan−1 = tan−1 ∞ − tan−1
a a s a
π −1 s
 
−1 s
 
= − tan = cot .
2 a a
h cos at − cos bt i
Example 5.42. Find L . [Dec 2012, May 2011, Dec 2007]
t
h cos at − cos bt i Z ∞ h i
Solution. L = L cos at − cos bt ds
t
Zs ∞ 
s s 
= − ds
s s2 + a2 s2 + b2
1h i∞
= log(s2 + a2 ) − log(s2 + b2 )
2 s
1 h 2 2
s +a ∞ 1i s + b2
2
= log 2 = log .
2 s + b2 s 2 s2 + a2
h e−at − e−bt i
Example 5.43. Find L . [May 2006]
t
h e−at − e−bt i Z ∞ h i Z ∞
1 1 
−at −bt
Solution. L = L e − e ds = − ds
t s s s+a s+b
h i∞ h s + a i∞
= log(s + a) − log(s + b) = log
s s+b s
s+b
.

= log .
s+a

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Laplace Transform 533

eat − e−bt
Example 5.44. Find the Laplace transform of . [Jun 2012]
t
# Z∞ h Z∞
eat − e−bt
" !
at −bt
i 1 1
Solution. L = L e −e ds = − ds
t s−a s+b
s s
 s − a ∞
= log(s − a) − log(s + b) ∞
 
s = log
s+b s
s+b
= log .
s−a
h e−3t sin 2t i
Example 5.45. Find L . [May 2007]
t
h e−3t sin 2t i Z ∞ h i Z ∞ h i
−3t
Solution. L = L e sin 2t ds = L sin 2t s→s+3 ds
t
Zs ∞ s
2
= 2 2
ds
s (s + 3) + 2
1 s + 3 ∞
= 2 tan−1
2 2 s
π  s + 3
= − tan−1
2 2
 s + 3
= cot−1 .
2

Exercise 5 D

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.

sin2 t
cos t − cos 2t 6. . [Dec 2007]
1. . t
t
sin 3t cos t
1 − e−t 7. . [Nov 2009]
2. . t
t
cos 4t sin 2t
et − e2t 8. . [Dec 2009]
3. . t
t
eat − cos bt e−3t − e−4t
4. . 9. . [Jan 2009]
t t
1 − cos t cos 2t − cos 3t
.

5. . [Jun 2009] 10. .

t t

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534 Engineering Mathematics - II

Laplace transform of periodic functions

A function f (t) is said to be periodic if there exists a positive constant T such that
f (t + T ) = f (t) for all [Link] smallest of such T is called the period of the function.
Example. sin(t + 2π) = sin t. Sine function is a periodic function with period 2π.
Theorem. If f (t) is a periodic
Z Tfunction with period T , then
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt.
1 − e−sT 0
Proof. By the definition of Laplace transforms, we have
Z∞ ZT Z2T Z3T
−st −st −st
L[ f (t)] = e f (t)dt = e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt + · · · (1)
0 0 T 2T

Z2T
Consider e−st f (t)dt.
T
Let t = u + T .
dt = du.
When t = T, u = 0.
When t = 2T, u = T .
Z2T ZT ZT ZT
−st −s(u+T ) −su −sT −sT
Now e f (t)dt = e f (u + T )du = e e f (u + T )du = e e−su f (u + T )du
T 0 0 0
ZT
= e−sT e−su f (u)du[∴ f (u) is periodic in the period T ]
0
ZT
−sT
=e e−st f (t)dt.
0

Z3T
In a similar way in the integral e−st f (t)dt if we assume t = u + 2T we arrive at
2T

Z3T ZT
−st −s2T
e f (t)dt = e e−st f (t)dt.
.

2T 0

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Laplace Transform 535

If we replace t by u + 3T in the next integral we obtain

Z4T ZT
−st −s3T
e f (t)dt = e e−st f (t)dt.
3T 0

In the same way the subsequent integrals can be replaced by equivalent

quantities.
Substituting everything in (1) we obtain

ZT ZT ZT
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt + e−sT e−st f (t)dt + e−s2T e−st f (t)dt + · · ·
0 0 0
T
 Z
= 1 + e−sT + e−s2T + e−s3T + · · · e−st f (t)dt
0
T
 Z
−sT −sT 2 −sT 3
= 1+e + (e ) + (e ) + ··· e−st f (t)dt
0
ZT
1
= e−st f (t)dt.
1 − e−sT
0
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

Example 5.46. Find the Laplace transform of the rectangular wave function given
 1


 0<t<b
by f (t) =  with f (t + 2b) = f (t). [May 2009]
 −1 b < t < 2b


Solution. Since f (t + 2b) = f (t), it is a periodic function with period 2b.

Z2b
 b
Z2b

Z
1 1

−st  e−st f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt
∴ L[ f (t)] = e f (t)dt =
1 − e−2bs 1 − e−2bs  
0 0 b
 b
Z2b

Z
1

−st −st 
=  e dt − e dt

1 − e−2bs
0 b
" −st   −st  #
1 e b e 2b
.

= −
1 − e−2bs −s 0 −s b

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536 Engineering Mathematics - II

1  1 1 
= −2bs
− (e−bs − 1) + (e−2bs − e−bs )
1−e s s
1 
−bs −2bs −bs

= − e + 1 + e − e
s(1 − e−2bs )
1 
−bs −2bs

= 1 − 2e + e
s(1 − e−2bs )
1  
= −bs 2
1 − 2e−bs + (e−bs )2
s(1 − (e ) )
bs bs
(1 − e−bs )2 1 − e−bs e 2 − e− 2
!
1 bs
= = =   = tan h .
s(1 − e−bs )(1 + e−bs ) s(1 + e−bs ) s e bs2 + e− bs2 s 2

Example 5.47. Find the Laplace transform  of the square-wave function (or
 a
1 when 0 < t <



2 [Jun 2013]

Meoander function) of period a defined as f (t) =  a
−1 when < t < a.



2
Solution. Since f (t) is a periodic function of period a, we have
Za
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−as
0
 a 
Z2 Za 
1
 e−st f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt
 
=
1 − e−as  
0 a
2
 a 
Z2 Za 
1  −st −st 
=  e dt + e (−1)dt
1 − e−as  
0 a
2
 !a !a 
1  e−st 2 e−st 
=  −
1 − e−as

−s 0 −s a 
2
1 h  a
−2 s

−as − a2 s
i
= − e − 1 + e − e
s(1 − e−as )
1 h
− 2a s −as
i
= 1 − 2e + e
s(1 − e−as )
1 − e− 2 s ✁
 a
2
= 
✘e✘ −✘ a a
 
s ✘
1− 2s 1 + e− 2 s
a
1 − e− 2 s
= 
.

a

s 1 + e− 2 s

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Laplace Transform 537

as as
1 e 4 − e− 4
= · as as
s e 4 + e− 4
1  as 
= tan h .
s 4

Example  5.48. Find the Laplace transform of a square wave function given by
 a
ǫ for 0 ≤ t ≤



2

f (t) = 
 a
−ǫ for ≤ t ≤ a



2
and f (t + a) = f (t). [Dec 2011]
Solution. Since f (t + a) = f (t), f (t) is a periodic function of period a.

Za
1
∴ L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−as
0
 a 
Z2 Za 
1  −st −st 
=  e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
1 − e−as  
0 a
2
 a 
Z2 Za 
1  −st −st 
=  e ǫdt + e (−ǫ)dt
1 − e−as  
0 a
2
 !a −st a 
! 
ǫ  e−st 2 e 
=  −
1 − e−as  −s 0

−s a 
2
ǫ h  sa  as i
= −as
− e− 2 − 1 + e−as − e− 2
s(1 − e )
ǫ h
− as
i
= 1 − 2e 2 + e−as
s(1 − e−as )
ǫ 1 − e− 2 ✁
as 2
 
= as
✘e✘−✘as
  
s 1 + e− 2 ✘ 1− 2

− as
 
ǫ 1 − e 2
=
s 1 + e− as2
 

as as
ǫ e 4 − e− 4
= · as as
s e 4 + e− 4
ǫ  as 
.

= tan h .
s 4

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538 Engineering Mathematics - II


ǫ 0≤t≤a



Example 5.49. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = 



−ǫ
 a ≤ t ≤ 2a
and f (t + 2a) = f (t) for all t. [Dec 2010]
Solution. Since f (t + 2a) = f (t) for all t, f (t) is a periodic function with period 2a.

Z2a
1
∴ L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−2as
0
 a
Z2a

Z
1

−st −st
= e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
 
1 − e−2as
 
0 a
 a
Z2a

Z
1

−st −st
=  e ǫdt + e (−ǫ)dt
 
1−e −2as
0 a

−st
!a −st
!2a 
ǫ  e
 e 
= − 
1 − e−2as −s 0

 −s a 
ǫ h
−as
−2as −as
i
= − e − 1 + e − e
s(1 − e−2as )
 
ǫ 1 − 2e−as + e−2as
=
s (1 − e−as ) (1 + e−as )
ǫ 1 − e−as ✁2


=
✘e✘ ✘

s ✘1− −as (1 + e−as )
 as
− as

ǫ 1 − e−as ǫ e2 −e 2


= = 
s (1 + e−as ) s e as2 + e− as2


ǫ  as 
= tan h .
s 2
Example 5.50. Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave function
 t 0≤t≤a



defined by f (t) =  and f (t) is of period 2a. [May 2015,May
 2a − t a < t ≤ 2a


2011]
Solution. Since f (t) is of period 2a,we have
Z 2a
1
.

L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt

1 − e−2as 0

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Laplace Transform 539

"Z a Z 2a #
1 −st −st
= e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
1 − e−2as 0 a
1 hZ a Z 2a i
−st −st
= e tdt + e (2a − t)dt
1 − e−2as 0 a
Z a −st Z 2a
1 h e e−st i
= td( ) + (2a − t)d( )
1 − e−2as 0 −s a −s
1 h e−st a Z a e−st  e−st 2a
Z 2a −st
e i
= −2as
t − dt + (2a − t) − (−dt)
1−e −s 0 0 −s −s a a −s
1 h e −as 1 e −st  a a 1 e −st  2a i
= a + + 0 + e−as −
1 − e−2as −s s −s 0 s s −s a
1 h e−as 1 −as a −as 1 −2as i
= −2as
−a − 2 (e − 1) + e + 2 (e − e−as )
1−e s s s s
1 h e−as 1 −as 1 e−as 1 1 i
= −2as
−a − 2e + 2 + a + 2 e−2as − 2 e−as
1−e s s s s s s
1 h e−2as − e−as − e−as + 1 i 1 h 1 − 2e−2as + e−2as i
= =
1 − e−2as s2 1 − e−as s2
1 (1 − e−as )2 (1 − e−as )
= . =
(1 − e−as )(1 + e−as ) s2 s2 .(1 + e−as )
as as
e2 −e 2 − 1  as 
=  as as
 = 2 tan h .
s2 e 2 + e− 2 s 2

Example 5.51. Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave function given

t 0≤t≤π




by f (t) = 

2π − t π ≤ t ≤ 2π


and f (t + 2π) = f (t). [Jun 2012, Jun 2010]
Solution. Since f (t + 2π) = f (t) for all t, f (t) is a periodic function with period 2π.
In the previous Example, we get the solution by replacing 2a by 2π
i.e., a = π.
1 π 
∴ L[ f (t)] = tan h s.
s2 2

Example 5.52. Find  the Laplace transform of the half-sine wave rectifier function
π
 sin ωt 0 < t < ω



defined by f (t) =  [Jun 2014, Dec 2012]
π
 0 < t < 2π .


ω ω
.

Solution. f (t) is defined in the interval (0, 2π

ω)

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540 Engineering Mathematics - II

2π 2π
) = sin ω(t + ) = sin(ωt + 2π) = sin ωt = f (t)
f (t +
ω ω
2π
∴ f (t) is periodic with period T = .
Z T ω Z 2π
1 −st 1 ω
We know that,L[ f (t)] = f (t)e dt = e−st sin ωtdt
1 − e−sT 0 s2π
1 − e− ω 0
1 h e−st i ωπ
= s2π 2 2
[−s sin ωt − ω cos ωt]
1 − e− ω s + w 0
−sπ
1 h eω −ω i
= 2 2
[−s.0 − ω(−1)] − 2
s2π
1 − e− ω s + w ω + s2
1 n −sπ o
= s2π

ωe ω + ω
1 − e− ω (s2 + ω2 )
sπ
ω(1 + e− ω ) ω
= −sπ −sπ = −sπ .
(s2 + ω2 )(1 − e ω )(1 + e ω ) (s2 + ω2 )(1 − e ω )

Example 5.53. Find the Laplace transform of the saw-toothed wave function of
t
period T given by f (t) = , 0 < t < T .
T
Solution. Since f (t)is a periodic function of period T, we have

Z T
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−sT 0
Z T Z T  −st 
1 −st t 1 e
= −sT
e dt = −sT
td
1−e 0 T T (1 − e ) 0 −s
−st
!T Z T −st i
1 h te e
= −sT
− dt
T (1 − e ) −s 0 0 −s
1 h T e−sT 1  e−st T i
= +
T (1 − e−sT ) −s s −s 0
1 h
−sT 1 −sT i
= − T e − (e − 1)
sT (1 − e−sT ) s
1 h 1 1 −sT −sT
i
= − e − T e
sT (1 − e−sT ) s s
1 h 1 − e−sT i
= −sT
− T e−sT
sT (1 − e ) s
1 e−sT
= − .
.

Ts 2 s(1 − e−sT )

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Laplace Transform 541

Exercise 5 E

1. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function f (t) = t for 0 < t < 4 and
f (t + 4) = f (t). [Dec 2009]

 t


 0<t<1
2. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function f (t) = 
 2 − t 1 < t < 2.


[Oct 2001]

 t


 0 < t < π2
3. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t) =  and
 π−t π <t <π


2
f (π + t) = f (t). [May 2009]

 t 0≤t≤3



4. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t) =  and
 0 3≤t≤6


f (t + 6) = f (t). [May 2006]

 k 0≤t≤a



5. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t) =  and
 −k 3 ≤ t ≤ 2a


f (2a + t) = f (t). [Dec 2008]

6. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic saw - tooth wave function given
αt
by f (t) = , 0 < t < ω and f (t) = f (t + ω). [May 2007]
ω

 cos t 0 < t < π



7. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function f (t) = 
 0 π < t < 2π


and f (t + 2π) = f (t). [May 2004]

 0


 0 < t < ωπ
8. Find the Laplace transform of f (t) =  and f (t+2π) = f (t).
 − sin ωt π < t < 2π


ω ω
[May 2003]

9. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function defined by

t


 a
 0≤t≤a
f (t) =  and f (t + 2a) = f (t). [May 2007]
.

 2a−t a ≤ t ≤ 2a


a

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542 Engineering Mathematics - II

5.3 Laplace transform of derivatives

Theorem 1. Let f (t) be a continuous function for all t ≥ 0 and f ′ (t) is piecewise
continuous on every finite interval 0 ≤ t ≤ a in [0, ∞). If f (t) and f ′ (t) are of
exponential order as Zt → ∞, then L[ f Z ′ (t)] = sL[ f (t)] − f (0).
∞ ∞
h i d
Solution. L f ′ (t) = e−st f ′ (t)dt = e−st


f (t) dt
dt
Z0 ∞ 
0
∞ Z ∞
= e−st d( f (t)) = e−st f (t) − f (t)e−st (−s)dt
0 0 0
Z ∞ .
−st
= 0 − f (0) + s e f (t)dt = sL[ f (t)] − f (0).
0
h dy i
∴L = sL[y] − y(0).
dt

Theorem 2. Find L fZ′′ (t) .

 
∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
−st d
h i    
′′ −st ′′ ′
Solution. L f (t) = e f (t)dt = e f (t) dt = e−st d f ′ (t)
0 0 dt 0
 ∞ Z ∞
−st ′ ′ −st
= e f (t) − f (t)e (−s)dt
0 0
Z ∞
′
= 0 − f (0) + s e−st f ′ (t)dt
0

= − f (0) + sL[ f (t)] = − f ′ (0) − s[sL[ f (t)] − f (0)]

′ ′

= − f ′ (0) + s2 L[ f (t)] − s f (0)

h i
∴ L f ′′ (t) = s2 L[ f (t)] − s f (0) − f ′ (0).

Extension

L[ f ′′′ (0)] = s3 L[ f (t)] − s2 f (0) − s f ′ (0) − f ′′ (0).

In general L[ f (n) ] = sn L[ f (t)] − sn−1 f (0) − sn−2 f ′ (0) − · · · − s f (n−2) (0) − f (n−1) (0).

Note. The above results will be used later in solving differential equations
.

using Laplace transforms.

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Laplace Transform 543

5.3.1 Laplace transform of an integral

If f (t) is piecewise continuous in every finite interval 0 ≤ t ≤ a in [0, ∞) and f (t)

is of exponential order α > 0 and if L[ f (t)] = F(s) then
"Z t #
F(s) L[ f (t)]
L f (t)dt = = for s > α.
0 s s
Zt
Proof. Let g(t) = f (u)du.
0
Z0
Then g′ (t) = f (t) and g(0) = f (u)du = 0.
0
Now, L[ f (t)] = L[g′ (t)] = sL[g(t)] − g(0)
L[ f (t)]
= L[g(t)].
 st 
Z
 L[ f (t)]

i.e., L  f (u)du =

  s
 t 0 
Z
 L[ f (t)]

i.e., L  f (t)dt = .

  s
0
t 
R
 t t  L  f (t)dt
Z Z
L[ f (t)]

0
Result. L  f (t)dtdt = = .
 
  s s2
0 0
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
h Z t i
Example 5.54. Find L e−t t cos tdt . [May 2005]
0
h Z t i hZ t i "
L[t cos t]
#
−t
Solution. L e t cos tdt = L t cos tdt =
0 0 s→s+1 s s→s+1
1  d n o
= − L(cos t)
s+1 ds s→s+1
1 d n s+1 o
=−
s + 1 ds s2 + 2s + 2
1 n (s2 + 2s + 2) − (s + 1)(2s + 2) o
.

=−
s+1 (s2 + 2s + 2)2

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544 Engineering Mathematics - II

1 n (s2 + 2s + 2) − 2(s + 1)2 o

=−
s+1 (s2 + 2s + 2)2
1 n s + 2s + 2 − 2s2 − 4s − 2) o
2
=−
s+1 (s2 + 2s + 2)2
1 n −s2 − 2s o
=−
s + 1 (s2 + 2s + 2)2
s(s + 2)
= .
(s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 2)2
h Z t e−t sin t i
Example 5.55. Find L dt . [May 2008]
0 t
h −t i
h Z t e−t sin t i L e tsin t 1 ∞
Z
Solution. L dt = = L[e−t sin t]ds
0 t s s s
1 ∞
Z
= L[sin t] s→s+1 ds
s s
Z ∞
1 1
= ds
s s (s + 1)2 + 1
1 h −1 i∞
= tan (s + 1)
s s
1hπ i
= − tan−1 (s + 1)
s 2
1 −1
= cot (s + 1).
s
h t
Z i
Example 5.56. Find L te−t sin tdt . [Jun 2005]
0

hZ t i L[te−t sin t] 1  d 
Solution. L te−t sin tdt = = − L[e−t sin t]
0 s s ds
1d n o
=− L[sin t] s→s+1
s ds
1d h 1 i
=−
s ds (s + 1)2 + 1
1d n 2 o
=− (s + 2s + 2)−1
s ds
1
= − (−1)(s2 + 2s + 2)−2 (2s + 2)
s
2(s + 1)
= .
.

s(s + 2s + 2)2
2

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Laplace Transform 545

Z t
h
−t sin t i
Example 5.57. Find L e dt .
0 t
h Z t sin t i h Z t sin t i h 1 h sin t ii
Solution. L e−t dt = L dt = L
0 t 0 t s→s+1 s t s→s+1
Z ∞
1 h i
= L[sin t]ds
s+1 s s→s+1
Z ∞
1 h 1 i
= 2
ds
s + 1 s s + 1 s→s+1
1 h −1 ∞ i 1
= tan (s) s = cot−1 (s + 1).
s+1 s→s+1 s+1

5.3.2 Evaluation of integrals

Certain real integrals can be evaluated by comparing the definition of the

Laplace transform. The following examples illustrate this.
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
Z ∞
Example 5.58. Evaluate e−t cos 2tdt.
Z ∞0

Solution. We know that L[cos 2t] = e−st cos 2tdt.

0
Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform with the
given
Z ∞ integral we observe that
s  1 1
e−t cos 2tdt = L[cos 2t] s=1 = = = .
0 s2 + 4 s=1 1 + 4 5
Z ∞
Example 5.59. Evaluate e−2t sin 3tdt.
0 Z
∞
Solution. We have L[sin 3t] = e−st sin 3tdt.
0
Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform with the given
integral, we observe that
Z ∞ " #
−2t 3 3 3
e sin 3tdt = L[sin 3t] s=2 = 2
= = .
0 s +9 s=2 4 + 9 13
R∞
Example 5.60. Find te−2t cos tdt using Laplace transform [ Jun 2012, Dec 2011]
.

0
Solution. Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform and the given

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546 Engineering Mathematics - II

integral, we observe that

Z∞
d
te−2t cos tdt = L[t cos t] s=2 = −
[L(cos t)] s=2
ds
0
" 2
1 − s2
# " #
d  s  s + 1 − s · 2s
=− =− =− 2
ds s2 + 1 s=2 (s2 + 1)2 s=2 (s + 1)2 s=2
" 2 #
s −1 4−1 3
= = = .
(s2 + 1)2 s=2 (4 + 1)2 25
Z ∞
Example 5.61. Evaluate e−2t t sin 3tdt. [May 2004]
0
Solution. Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform with the given
integral
Z ∞ we observe that
h d i
e−2t t sin 3tdt = L[t sin 3t] s=2 = − L[sin 3t]
0 ds s=2
d  3  h i
=− 2
= − 3(−1)(s2 + 9)−2 2s
ds s + 9 s=2 s=2
h 6s i 12 12
= = = .
(s2 + 9)2 s=2 132 169
Z ∞
Example 5.62. Evaluate e−3t t sin tdt.
0
Solution. Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform with the given
integral
Z ∞ we observe that
h d i d h 1 i
−3t
e t sin tdt = L[t sin t] s=3 = − L(sin t) =−
0 ds s=3 ds s2 + 1 s=3
h i h 2s i 6 3
= − (−1)(s2 + 1)−2 2s = 2 2
= = .
s=3 (s + 1) s=3 100 50
Z ∞
cos at − cos bt
Example 5.63. Evaluate dt. [May 2015]
0 t
Solution. Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform with the given
integral we observe that
Z ∞ hZ ∞
cos at − cos bt h cos at − cos bt i i
dt = L = L[cos at − cos bt]ds
0 t t s=0 s s=0
hZ ∞ s s  i h 1 h 2 2
s + a ∞ii
= − ds = log
s s2 + a2 s2 + b2 s=0 2 s2 + b2 s s=0
1h s2 + b2 i 1 b2 b
.

= log 2 2
= log 2
= log .
2 s +a s=0 2 a a

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Laplace Transform 547

∞
e−3t − e−6t
Z
Example 5.64. Evaluate dt.
0 t
Solution. Comparing the given integral and the definition of the Laplace
transform
Z ∞ −3t we get
e − e−6t e−3t − e−6t hZ ∞ i
dt = L[ ] s=0 = L(e−3t − e−6t )ds
0 t t s s=0
hZ ∞ 1 1  i
= − ds
s s + 3 s + 6 s=0
h s+3 ∞  i
= log
s + 6 s s=0
h s + 6i
= log = log 2.
s + 3 s=0
Z ∞
sin2 t
Example 5.65. Evaluate e−t dt.
0 t
Z we
Solution.
∞
notice that
2 h sin2 t i h1 Z ∞
−t sin t 1 h 1 − cos 2t i i
e dt = L = L = L[1 − cos 2t]ds
0 t t s=1 2 t s=1 2 s s=1
h1 Z ∞ 1 s i h 1 h p i ∞ i
= ( − 2 )ds = log s − log s2 + 4
2 s s s +4 s=1 2 s s=1
√
h1h s i∞ i 1h s2 + 4 i
= log √ = log
2 s2 + 4 s s=1 2 s s=1

1 √ 1
= log 5 = log 5.
2 4
Z ∞
1 − cos t
Example 5.66. Evaluate e−t dt.
0 t
Z We
Solution. ∞
have
hZ ∞
−t 1 − cos t
h 1 − cos t i i
e dt = L = L[1 − cos t]ds
0 t t s=1 s s=1
hZ ∞ i Z ∞h i
= L[1] − L[cos t]ds = L[1] − L[cos t]ds
s s=1 s s=1
Z ∞ h1 s i h p i
= − 2 ds = log s − log s2 + 1
s s s + 1 s=1 s=1
√
h s ∞ i h s2 + 1 i
= log √ = log
s2 + 1 s s=1 s s=1
√ 1
= log 2 = log 2.
2
Z ∞ √
sin 3t
.

Example 5.67. Evaluate e−t dt.

0 t

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548 Engineering Mathematics - II

∞
√ √
Z hZ ∞ h √ i i
3t−t sin
h h sin 3t ii
Solution. We have e dt = L = L sin 3t ds
√ 0 t t s=1 s s=1
Z ∞ h√ 1
h 3 i  s ∞ i
= 2
ds = 3 √ tan−1 √
s s + 3 s=1 3 3 s s=1
hπ s i π 1 π π
= − tan−1 √ = − tan−1 √ = −
2 3 s=1 2 3 2 6
3π − π 2π π
= = = .
6 6 3

Initial value theorem. If the Laplace transform of f (t) and f ′ (t) exist and
L[ f (t)] = F(s), then lim f (t) = lim sF(s).
t→0 s→∞
Proof. By Laplace transform of derivative of f (t) we have
L[ f ′ (t)] = sL[ f (t)] − f (0).
Z∞
e−st f ′ (t)dt = sF(s) − f (0).
0
Taking limit as s → ∞ we obtain.
Z∞
lim e−st f ′ (t)dt = lim sF(s) − f (0).
s→∞ s→∞
0
Z∞
lim e−st f (t)dt = lim sF(s) − f (0).
s→∞ s→∞
0
0 = lim sF(s) − f (0).
s→∞
f (0) = lim sF(s).
s→∞
lim f (t) = lim sF(s).
t→0 s→∞
Final value theorem. If the Laplace transform of f (t) and f ′ (t) exist and
F(s) = L[ f (t)], then lim f (t) = lim sF(s). [Dec 2014]
t→∞ s→0
Proof. We have L[ f ′ (t)]
= sL[ f (t)] − f (0).
Z∞
ie., e−st f ′ (t)dt = sF(s) − f (0).
0
Taking limit as s → 0 we obtain.
Z∞
lim e−st f ′ (t)dt = lim sF(s) − f (0).
.

s→0 s→0
0

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Laplace Transform 549

Z∞
lim e−st f ′ (t)dt = lim sF(s) − f (0).
s→0 s→0
0
Z∞
f ′ (t)dt = lim sF(s) − f (0).
s→0
0
[ f (t)]∞
0 = lim sF(s) − f (0).
s→0
f (∞) − f (0) = lim sF(s) − f (0)
s→0
f (∞) = lim sF(s)
s→0
∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).
t→∞ s→0

✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

Example 5.68. Verify the initial value theorem for the function 2 + 3 cos t.
Solution. f (t) = 2 + 3 cos t

L[ f (t)] = L[2 + 3 cos t] = 2L[1] + 3L[cos t]

1 s
=2 +3 2
s s +1
2 3s
= + 2 = F(s)
s s +1
lim f (t) = lim(2 + 3 cos t) = 2 + 3 cos 0 = 2 + 3 = 5.
t→0 t→0
3s2
! !
2 3s
∴ lim sF(s) = lim s + 2 = lim 2 + 2
s→∞ s→∞ s s +1 s→∞ s +1
 
 s2 
= 2 + 3 lim    
s→∞ s2 1 + 1
s2
 
 1 
= 2 + 3 lim   = 2 + 3 = 5.
s→∞ 1 + 1 
s2
∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).
t→0 s→∞

Example 5.69. Verify the initial and final value theorems for the function
f (t) = ae−bt . [Jun 2013, May 1997]
.

Solution. Let f (t) = ae−bt .

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550 Engineering Mathematics - II

a
L[ f (t)] = = F(s)
s+b
lim f (t) = lim ae−bt = a
t→0 t→0
as as
lim sF(s) = lim = lim =a
s→∞ s→∞ s + b s→∞ s(1 + bs )

∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s)

t→0 s→∞

lim f (t) = lim ae−bt = 0

s→∞ t→0

lim f (t) = lim ae−st = 0

t→∞ t→∞
as
lim sF(s) = lim 2 =0
s→0 s→0 s + a2

∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).

t→∞ s→0

Example 5.70. Verify the initial value theorem for the function
f (t) = 1 + e−t (sin t + cos t). [Jun 2012, Dec 2010, Jun 2010]
−t
Solution. Let f (t) = 1 + e (sin t + cos t).

L[ f (t)] = L[1 + e−t (sin t + cos t)]

= L[1] + L[e−t (sin t + cos t)]

1
= + L[sin t + cos t] s→s+1
s " #
1 1 s
= +L 2 +
s s + 1 s2 + 1 s→s+1
" #
1 s+1
= + 2
s s + 1 s→s+1
1 s+2
F(s) = +
s (s + 1)2 + 1
lim f (t) = lim[1 + e−t (sin t + cos t)] = 1 + 1 = 2.
t→0 t→0
" #
s(s + 2)
lim sF(s) = lim 1 +
s→∞ s→∞ (s + 1)2 + 1
s2 (1 + 2s ) 1
= 1 + lim = 1 + = 2.
s→∞ s2 (1 + 1 )2 + 1 1
s s 2
.

∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).

t→0 s→∞

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Laplace Transform 551

Example 5.71. Verify the final value theorem for the function 1 − e−3t .
[May 2006]
−3t
Solution. Let f (t) = 1 − e .
1 1
L[ f (t)] = L[1 − e−3t ] = L[1] − L[e−3t ] = − .
s s+3
lim f (t) = lim [1 − e−3t ] = 1 − 0 = 1.
" t→∞t→∞ #
1 1  s  1
lim sF(s) = lim s − = lim 1 + = 1 − lim 3
= 1 − 0 = 1.
s→0 s→0 s s+3 s→0 s+3 s→0 1+ s

∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).

t→∞ s→0

Example 5.72. Verify the initial and final value theorems for the function
f (t) = e−t sin t.
Solution. f (t) = e−t sin t

lim f (t) = lim e−t sin t = 0 (1)

t→0 t→0

lim f (t) = lim e−t sin t = 0 (2)

t→∞ t→∞
1
L[ f (t)] = = F(s)
(s + 1)2 + 1
s s
lim sF(s) = lim 2 = lim =0 (3)
s→∞ s→∞ s + 2as + 2 s→∞ s2 1 + 2as + 2

s s2
s
lim sF(s) = lim 2 =0 (4)
s→0 s→0 s + 2as + 2

(1) = (3) =⇒ Initial value theorem is verified.

(2) = (4) =⇒ Final value theorem is verified.

Exercise 5 F

I. Evaluate the following integrals using Laplace transforms

Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
−t −2t cos 6t − cos 4t
1. te sin tdt. 2. e t sin 3tdt. 3. dt.
0 0 0 t
.

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552 Engineering Mathematics - II

∞ √
e−t − e−3t ∞
e−t sin
Z Z
3t
Z ∞ 5. dt. 6. dt.
4. t3 e−t sin tdt. 0 t 0 t
0

II. Prove the initial and final value theorems for the following functions.

4. t2 e−3t .
1. 3e−t . [Dec 2011]
5. e−t (t + 2)2 .
2. (2t − 3)2 .
3s2 + 5s + 2
6. If F(s) =
s3 + 4s2 + 2s
3. 1 − e−at . find f (0) and f (∞).

Unit Step Function.

 The unit step function u is defined as
 0 if t < 0



u(t) = 
 1 if t ≥ 0.


u(t) has jump discontinuity at t = 0.
 0


 if t < a
More generally we define u(t − a) = 
 1 if t ≥ a.


Laplace transform of unit step function [Jun 2010]

Z ∞ Z a Z ∞
L[u(t − a)] = e−st u(t − a)dt = e−st u(t − a)dt + e−st u(t − a)dt
Z0 a Z ∞ 0
 e−st ∞
a

= e−st .0dt + e−st dt = 0 +

0 a −s a
−1 e −as
= [0 − e−as ] = if s > 0.
s s

Second Shifting property

If L[ f (t)] = F(s), then −as −as
 L[ f (t − a)u(t − a)] = e F(s) = e L[ f (t)].
 0 if t < a



Proof. We have u(t − a) = 
.

 1 if t ≥ a.



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Laplace Transform 553


 0


 if t < a
Now f (t − a)u(t − a) = 
 f (t − a) if t ≥ a.



Z∞
∴ L[ f (t − a)u(t − a)] = e−st f (t − a)u(t − a)dt
0
Za Z∞
= e−st f (t − a)u(t − a)dt + e−st f (t − a)u(t − a)dt
0 a
Za Z∞
= e−st 0dt + e−st f (t − a)dt
0 a

Let t − a = x When t = a, x = 0.

dt = dx When t = ∞, x = ∞.
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
−s(a+x) −as−sx
∴ L[ f (t − a)u(t − a)] = e f (x)dx = e f (x)dx = e−as e−sx f (x)dx
0 0 0
Z∞ Z∞
= e−as e−sx f (x)dx = e−as e−st f (t)dt = e−as F(s).
0 0

Note. The second shifting property can be stated as follows.

If L[ f (t)] = F(s), then L[ f (t − a)u(t − a)] = e−as L[ f (t)] where u(t − a) is the unit step
function.

The unit impulse  function. For any positive ǫ, the impulse function δǫ is
1
 ǫ (u(t) − u(t − ǫ)), 0 ≤ t < ǫ



defined as δǫ (t) = 
 0, Otherwise


Dirac delta function. lim δǫ (t) is called the Dirac delta function, denoted by δ(t).
ǫ→0

 0, t , 0



∴ δ(t) = 
 ∞, t = 0



 0, t , a



In general δ(t − a) = 
.

 ∞, t = a.



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554 Engineering Mathematics - II

Results. 1. Find L δǫ (t − a) .
 

Solution
By the definition, δǫ (t − a) = 1ǫ (u(t − a) − u(t − a − ǫ)) if a ≤ t ≤ a + ǫ [0 ≤ t − a < ǫ].
 1h i 1h i
Now, L δǫ (t − a) = L[u(t − a) − u(t − a − ǫ)] = L[u(t − a)] − L[u(t − a) − ǫ]

ǫ ǫ
1h i 1 h e−as e−(a+ǫ)s i
= L[u(t − a)] − L[u(t − (a + ǫ)] = −
ǫ ǫ s s
1 h e−as e−as .e−ǫ s i
= −
ǫ s s
 1 −as −ǫ s
L δǫ (t − a) = e (1 − e )

ǫs
Taking limit as ǫ → 0 we obtain
1 − e−ǫ s
L lim δǫ (t − a) = e−as lim
 
ǫ→0 ǫ s→0 ǫs
1 − ex
L δ(t − a) = e−as .1
   
lim =1
x→0 x
= e−as .
2. When a = 0, L[δ(t)] = 1. Z ∞
3. One important property of Dirac Delta funtion is f (t)δ(t − a)dt = f (a).
0
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

 0, When 0 < t < 2



Example 5.73. If f (t) =  find L[ f (t)]. [May 2007]
 3, When t > 2


Z∞ Z2 Z∞ Z∞
−st −st −st
Solution. L[ f (t)] = e f (t)dt = e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt = e−st 3dt
0 !∞ 0 2 2
e−st 3 3e−2s
=3 = − [0 − e−2s ] = .
−s 2 s s

t
 e, 0<t<1



Example 5.74. If f (t) =  find L[ f (t)]. [Dec 2009]
 0, t > 1



Z∞ Z1 Z∞ Z1
Solution. L[ f (t)] = −st
e f (t)dt = −st
e f (t)dt + −st
e f (t)dt = e−st et dt
.

0 0 1 0

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Laplace Transform 555

Z1 Z1 !1
et(1−s)
= e −st+t
dt = et(1−s) dt =
1−s 0
0 0
1 e1−s − 1
= [e1−s − 1] = .
1−s 1−s

 sin 2t, 0 < t < π



Example 5.75. Find L[ f (t)] if f (t) =  [Apr 2010]
 0, t > π.


Z∞ Zπ Z∞
−st
Solution. L[ f (t)] = e f (t)dt = −st
e f (t)dt + e−st f (t)dt.
0 0 π

Zπ  −s sin 2t − 2 cos 2t !π

−st −st
= e sin 2tdt = e
s2 + 4 0
0
e−sπ 2
= (−2) +
s2
+4 s2 +4
2
= 2 (1 − e−πs ).
s +4
  
2π 2π
 cos t − 3 , t > 3



Example 5.76. If f (t) =  find L[ f (t)]. [Apr 2010]
 0, t < 2π


3
  
2π 2π
 2π   cos t − 3 , t > 3



Solution. Let g t − = f (t) =  .
3

 0,
 t < 2π
3

"  #
2π  −2πs −2πs −2π s
Now L[ f (t)] = L g t − = e 3 L[g(t)] = e 3 L[cos t] = e 3 s 2 .
3 s +1

Example 5.77. Find L[(t − 1)2 u(t − 1)].

2 2e−s
Solution. L[(t − 1)2 u(t − 1)] = e−s L[t2 ] = e−s = .
s3 s3

Example 5.78. Find L[e−4t u(t − 1)].

Solution. L[e−4t u(t − 1)] = L[e−4(t−1+1) u(t − 1)] = L[e−4(t−1)−4) u(t − 1)]
1 e−(4+s)
= e−4 e−s L[e−4t ] = e−4 e−s
.

= .
s+4 s+4

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π
Example 5.79. Find L[sin tu(t − )].
2
π π π
π h π π i
Solution. L[sin tu(t − )] = L[sin t − + u(t − )] = L cos(t − )u(t − )
2 2 2 2 2 2
−πs
−πs −πs s se 2
= e 2 L[cos t] = e 2 2 = .
s + 1 s2 + 1

Exercise 5 G

Find the Laplace transform of the following functions.


 1, 0 < t < 1
 


 t + 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2


 6. f (t) = 
1. f (t) =   0, t > 1.


 3, t > 2.




 t,


 0 < t < 12
 sin t, 0 < t < π 7. f (t) = 



2. f (t) =   t − 1, 1 < t < 1.


2
 0, t > π.



 t, 1 < t < 2
 

 cos t, 0 < t < π
 
8. f (t) = 


3. f (t) =   0, otherwise.


 sin t, t > π.


 
 t − 1, 1 < t < 2

  0,


 0<t<1
9. f (t) = 

4. f (t) = 
 3 − t, 2 < t < 3.

  1 + 5t, t ≥ 1.



 
2 t
 (t − 1) , t > 1  T, 0 < t < T


 


5. f (t) =  10. f (t) = 
 0, 0 < t < 1.  1, t > T.

 


5.4 Inverse Laplace Transforms

Definition. If the Laplace transform of a function f (t) is F(s), then f (t) is called
the inverse Laplace transform of F(s).
i.e., If L[ f (t)] = F(s) then L−1 [F(s)] = f (t).
.

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Laplace Transform 557

Standard Results
1 h1i
1. L[1] = ⇒ L−1 = 1.
s s
1 h 1 i
2. L[eat ] = ⇒ L−1 = eat .
s−a s−a
1 h 1 i
3. L[e−at ] = ⇒ L−1 = e−at .
s+a s+a
1 h1i
4. L[t] = 2 ⇒ L−1 2 = t.
s s
n! h n! i
5. L[tn ] = n+1 ⇒ L−1 n+1 = tn .
s s
s h s i
6. L[cosh at] = 2 2
⇒ L−1 2 = cosh at.
s −a s − a2
a −1
h a i
7. L[sinh at] = 2 ⇒ L = sinh at.
s − a2 s2 − a2
s h s i
8. L[cos at] = 2 2
⇒ L−1 2 = cos at.
s +a s + a2
a −1
h a i
9. L[sin at] = 2 ⇒ L = sin at.
s + a2 s2 + a2
2as −1
h 2as i
10. L[t sin at] = 2 ⇒ L = t sin at.
(s + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2
s2 − a2 h 2
−1 s − a
2 i
11. L[t cos at] = ⇒ L = t cos at.
(s2 + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2
Basic theorems
1. L−1 [aF(s) + bG(s)] = aL−1 [F(s)] + bL−1 [G(s)] where a and b are constants.
Shifting theorems
2. (i) If L[ f (t)] = F(s), then
L[e−at f (t)] = F(s + a)

=⇒ L−1 [F(s + a)] = e−at f (t) = e−at L−1 [F(s)]

(ii) L[eat f (t)] = F(s − a)

=⇒ L−1 [F(s − a)] = eat f (t) = eat L−1 [F(s)].

.

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558 Engineering Mathematics - II

✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

h1 1 1 s i
Example 5.80. Find L−1 2 + + 2 + 2 . [Jan 2008]
s s+4 s +4 s −9
h1 1 1 s i
Solution. L−1 2 + + +
s s + 4 s2 + 4 s2 − 9
h1i h 1 i h 1 i h s i
= L−1 2 + L−1 + L−1 2 + L−1 2
s s+4 s +4 s −9
1 h 2 i
= t + e−4t + L−1 2 + cosh 3t
2 s +4
1
= t + e−4t + sin 2t + cosh 3t.
2

h s2 − 3s + 4 i
Example 5.81. Find L−1 .
s3
h s2 − 3s + 4 i h1 3 4i −1 1 −1 1 −1 1
h i h i h i
Solution. L−1 = L −1
− + = L − 3L + 4L
s3 s s2 s3 s s2 s3
4 h 2 i
= 1 − 3t + L−1 3 = 1 − 3t + 2t2 .
2 s
h 3s + 5 i
Example 5.82. Find L−1 2 .
s +9
h 3s + 5 i h s i h 1 i 5
Solution. L−1 2 = 3L−1 2 + 5L−1 2 = 3 cos 3t + sin 3t
s +9 s +9 s +9 3
9 cos 3t + 5 sin 3t
= .
3
h 3s + 2 i
Example 5.83. Find L−1 2 .
s −4
h 3s + 2 i h s i h 2 i
Solution. L−1 2 = 3L−1 2 + L−1 2 = 3 cosh 2t + sinh 2t.
s −4 s −4 s −4
h s i
Example 5.84. Find L−1 2 2 .
a s + b2
h s i h s i 1 −1 h s i 1 b 
Solution. L−1 2 2 2
= L−1 = L = cos t.
a s +b 2 2
a (s + b2
) a2 s2 + b2 a2 a
a2 a2

h 1 i
Example 5.85. Find L−1 .
(s − 3)5
h 1 i h i e3t e3t t4
3t −1 1 4
Solution. L−1 = e L = t = .
.

(s − 3)5 s5 4! 24

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Laplace Transform 559

s i h
Example 5.86. Find L−1 .
(s + 6)3 " h i
h s i h i#
−1 s + 6 − 6 −6t −1 s − 6 −6t −1 1 −1 1
h i h i
Solution. L−1 = L = e L = e L − 6L
(s + 6)3 (s + 6)3 s3 s2 s3
h 6 i
= e−6t t − t2 = e−6t [t − 3t2 ].
2
h s+3 i
Example 5.87. Find L−1 2 .
s − 4s + 13
h s+3 i h s+3 i h s+3 i
Solution. L−1 2 = L−1 = L −1
s − 4s + 13 (s − 2)2 + 13 − 4 (s − 2)2 + 9
h s − 2 + 2 + 3i
= L−1
(s − 2)2 + 9
n h s i h 5 io
= e2t L−1 2 + L−1 2
s +9 s +9
h 5 i
= e2t cos 3t + sin 3t .
3
h s i
Example 5.88. Find L−1 2 .
s − 4s + 5
h s i h s i h s−2+2 i
Solution. L−1 2 = L−1 2
= L−1
s − 4s + 5 (s − 2) + 5 − 4 (s − 2)2 + 1
h s+2 i
= e2t L−1 2
s +1
h  s   1 i
= e2t L−1 2 + 2L−1 2
s +1 s +1
h i
2t
= e cos t + 2 sin t .
" #
−1 1
Example 5.89. Find L . [Dec 2010]
s2 + 4s + 2
" # " # " #
1 1 1
Solution. L−1 = L −1
= L −1
s2 + 4s + 2 (s + 2)2 + 2 − 4 (s + 2)2 − 2
 
 1 
= e−2t L−1  √
2 
s2 − 2
 √ 
e−2t −1  2 
= √ L  √
2 
2 s2 − 2
e−2t √

= √ sin 2t .
.

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h 2s − 3 i
Example 5.90. Find L−1 2 .
s + 4s + 13
h 2s − 3 i h 2s − 3 i h 2(s + 2) − 7 i
Solution. L−1 2 = L−1 2
= L−1
s + 4s + 13 (s + 2) + 13 − 4 (s + 2)2 + 9
h 2s − 7 i h  s   1 i
= e−2t L−1 2 = e−2t 2L−1 2 − 7L−1 2
s +9 s +9 s +9
h 7 i e−2t h i
= e−2t 2 cos 3t − sin 3t = 6 cos 3t − 7 sin 3t .
3 3
h s i
Example 5.91. Find L−1 . [May 2007]
(s + 2)2 + 1
h s i
−1 s + 2 − 2
h i
−2t −1 s − 2
h i
Solution. L−1 = L = e L
(s + 2)2 + 1 (s + 2)2 + 1 s2 + 1
" h #
−2t −1 s i
−1
h 1 i
=e L − 2L
s2 + 1 s2 + 1
= e−2t [cos t − 2 sin t].
h s i
Example 5.92. Find L−1 . [Dec 2009]
(s + 3)2
h s i
−1 s + 3 − 3 −3t −1 s − 3
h i h i
Solution. L−1 = L = e L
(s + 3)2 (s + 3)2 s2
" h # " h i#
−3t −1 1 3i −3t −1 1 −1 3
h i
=e L − =e L −L
s s2 s s2
= e−3t [1 − 3t].
h 1 5 s+3 i
Example 5.93. Find L−1 + + . [Dec 2007]
(s − 4)5 (s − 2)2 + 25 (s + 3)2 + 36
h 1 5 s+3 i
Solution. L−1 5
+ 2
+ 2
(s − 4) (s − 2) + 25 (s + 3) + 36
h 1 i h 5 i h s+3 i
= L−1 + L −1
+ L −1
(s − 4)5 (s − 2)2 + 25 (s + 3)2 + 36
h1i h 5 i h s i
= e4t L−1 5 + e2t L−1 2 + e−3t L−1 2
s s + 25 s + 36
4t t 2t −3t
=e + e sin 5t + e cos 6t
4!
t
= e4t + e2t sin 5t + e−3t cos 6t.
24
h 3 i
Example 5.94. Find L−1 . [Dec 2009]
(s − 3)2 + 25
h 3 i
3t −1
h 3 i 3
3t −1
h 5 i 3
Solution. L−1 = e L = e L = e3t sin 5t.
.

(s − 3)2 + 25 s2 + 25 5 s2 + 25 5

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Laplace Transform 561

Exercise 5 H

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

s
8. .
1 1 s (s − 6)2 + a2
1. + + 2 .
s−3 s s −4
1 2
2 s 9. + .
2. + 2 . (s − 3) 5 (s + 1)2 + 4
2s − 3 s − 1
s 1 s+6
3. 2 + √ . 10. .
s + 49 s + 7 (s + 6)2 + 9

2s 1 s−a
4. + 3. 11. .
2
s − 25 s (s − a)2 − b2
s 1 1 s+7
5. 2 + √ + 2 . 12. .
s − 225 s − 7 s + 16 (s + 7)2 + 49
1 5s + 3
6. . 13. .
(s + 1)2 + 1 s2 + 2s + 5
s−3 3s − 2
7. . 14. .
(s − 3)2 + 4 s2 − 4s + 20

5.4.1 Inverse Laplace transform by the method of partial fractions

✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
1
Example 5.95. Find the inverse Laplace transform of [Dec 2012]
(s + 1)(s + 2)
1 A B A(s + 2) + B(s + 1)
Solution. Let = + =
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2 (s + 1)(s + 2)
∴ 1 = A(s + 2) + B(s + 1).
when s = −1, A = 1.
when s = −2, −B = 1 ⇒ B = −1.

1 1 1
∴ = −
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
" # " #
1 1 1
.

−1 −1
L =L −
(s + 1)(s + 2) s+1 s+2

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562 Engineering Mathematics - II

" # " #
−1 1 −1 1
=L −L = e−t − e−2t .
s+1 s+2
1 h i
Example 5.96. Find L−1 . [May 2008]
(s + 1)(s + 3)
1 A B
Solution. Let = +
(s + 1)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 3

1 = A(s + 3) + B(s + 1)

Put s = −1, 1 = 2A ⇒ A = 12 .
−1
Put s = −3, 1 = −2B ⇒ B = 2 .
1 1
1
∴ = 2 − 2
(s + 1)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 3

1 h i h 1 1 i
L−1 = L−1 2 − 2
(s + 1)(s + 3) s+1 s+3
1 −1 h 1 i 1 −1 h 1 i
= L − L
2 s+1 2 s+3
1 −t −3t
= (e − e ).
2
h 1 i
Example 5.97. Find L−1 .
(s + a)(s + b)
1 A B
Solution. Let = +
(s + a)(s + b) s + a s + b
1 = A(s + b) + B(s + a)
1
Put s = −a ⇒ A =
b−a
1
Put s = −b ⇒ B =
a−b
1 1
h 1 i h i
L −1
= L−1 b−a + a−b
(s + a)(s + b) s+a s+b
1 −at 1 −bt
= e + e
b−a a−b
1
(e−bt − e−at ).
.

=
a−b

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Laplace Transform 563

h1 i
Example 5.98. Find L−1 3
. [Nov 2005]
s(s + 3)
1 A B C D
Solution. Let 3
= + + 2
+ .
s(s + 3) s s + 3 (s + 3) (s + 3)3

1 = A(s + 3)3 + Bs(s + 3)2 + Cs(s + 3) + Ds.

1
When s = 0, 1 = 27A ⇒ A = .
27
−1
When s = −3, 1 = −3D ⇒ B = .
3
Equating the coeff. of s3 we get
−1
A + B = 0 ⇒ B = −A = .
27
Equating the coeff. of s2 we get
9A + 6B + C = 0
1  −1 
9× +6 +C = 0
27 27
9  6 
− +C = 0
27 27
3
+C = 0
27
1
C=− .
9
1 1 1 1
1 9 3
∴ = 27 − 27 − +
s(s + 3)3 s s + 3 (s + 3)2 (s + 3)3
h 1 i 1 −1 h 1 i 1 h 1 i 1 h 1 i 1 h 1 i
L−1 3
= L − − −
s(s + 3) 27 s 27 s + 3 9 (s + 3)2 3 (s + 3)3
1 1 1 1 t2
= × 1 − e−3t − e−3t t − e−3t
27 27 9 3 2!
1 e−3t e−3t t t2 e−3t
= − − − .
27 27 9 6
h s i
Example 5.99. Find L−1 .
(s − 4)(s + 4)
s A B
Solution. Let = +
(s − 4)(s + 4) s − 4 s + 4
s = A(s + 4) + B(s − 4)
.

1
Put s = 4 ⇒ A = 2

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564 Engineering Mathematics - II

1
Put s = −4 ⇒ B = 2

h s i h 1 1 i
L−1 = L−1 2 + 2
(s − 4)(s + 4) s−4 s+4
1 4t 1 −4t
= e + e = cosh 4t.
2 2
h 4s + 5 i
Example 5.100. Find L−1 .
(s − 1)2 (s + 2)
4s + 5 A B C
Solution. Let 2
= + 2
+
(s − 1) (s + 2) s − 1 (s − 1) s+2
1 1
On computation, we get A = , B = 3, C = .
3 3
1 1
4s + 5 3 3
∴ = + + 3 .
(s − 1)2 (s + 2) s − 1 (s − 1)2 s + 2
h 4s + 5 i 1 t 1 1
∴ L−1 2
= e + 3et t + e−2t = (et + 9tet + e−2t ).
(s − 1) (s + 2) 3 3 3
2s + 1
h i
Example 5.101. Find L−1 .
(s + 2)2 (s − 1)2
2s + 1 A B C D
Solution. Let 2 2
= + 2
+ +
(s + 2) (s − 1) s + 2 (s + 2) s − 1 (s − 1)2
A(s + 2)(s − 1)2 + B(s − 1)2 + C(s − 1)(s + 2)2 + D(s + 2)2
=
(s + 2)2 (s − 1)2
∴ 2s + 1 = A(s + 2)(s − 1)2 + B(s − 1)2 + C(s − 1)(s + 2)2 + D(s + 2)2 .
When s = −2 When s = 1
1 1
9B = −3 ⇒ B = − . 9D = 3 ⇒ D = .
3 3
Equating the coefficients of s3 we get
A + C = 0. (1)
Equating the constants we get

2A + B − 4C + 4D = 1
1 4
2A − − 4C + = 1
3 3
2A − 4C + 1 = 1
.

2A − 4C = 0

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Laplace Transform 565

A − 2C = 0. (2)

(1) − (2) ⇒ 3C = 0 ⇒ C = 0.

(1) ⇒ A = 0.
2s + 1 − 13 1
3
∴ = +
(s + 2)2 (s − 1)2 (s + 2)2 (s − 1)2
h 2s + 1 i 1 −1 h 1 i 1 −1 h 1 i
Now, L−1 = − L + L
(s + 2)2 (s − 1)2 3 (s + 2)2 3 (s − 1)2
1 h1i 1 h1i
= − e−2t L−1 2 + et L−1 2
3 s 3 s
1 −2t 1 t t t
= − e t + e t = e − e−2t .


3 3 3
h 5s + 3 i
Example 5.102. Find L−1 .
(s − 1)(s2 + 2s + 5)
5s + 3 A Bs + C
Solution. Let 2
= + 2
(s − 1)(s + 2s + 5) s − 1 s + 2s + 5
5s + 3 = A(s2 + 2s + 5) + (Bs + C)(s − 1)
Put s = 1 ⇒ 8A = 8 ⇒ A = 1.
Equating the coeff. s2 ⇒ A + B = 0 ⇒ B = −1.
s = 0 ⇒ 5A − C = 3 ⇒ C = 5 − 3 = 2.
" # " #
5s + 3 1 −s + 2
L−1 = L −1
+
(s − 1)(s2 + 2s + 5) s − 1 s2 + 2s + 5
" #
t −1 s−2
=e −L
(s + 1)2 + 5 − 1
" #
t −1 s+1−3
=e −L
(s + 1)2 + 4
" #
t −t −1 s − 3
=e −e L
s2 + 4
" #
t −t 3
= e − e cos 2t − sin 2t
2
e−t
= et − [2 cos 2t − 3 sin 2t].
2
h s+9 i
Example 5.103. Find L−1 .
(s + 2)(s2 + 3)
s+9 A Bs + C
.

Solution. Let 2
= + 2
(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 2 s +3

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566 Engineering Mathematics - II

A(s2 + 3) + (Bs + c)(s + 2)

= .
(s + 2)(s2 + 3)
∴ s + 9 = A(s2 + 3) + (Bs + c)(s + 2).
When s = −2, 7A = 7 ⇒ A = 1.
Equating the coefficient of s2 we get
A + B = 0 ⇒ B = −A = −1.
Equating the constants we get

3A + 2c = 9

3 + 2c = 9

2c = 6 ⇒ c = 3.

s+9 1 −s + 3 1 s−3
∴ 2
= + 2 = − 2
(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 2 s +3 s + 2 s +3
h s + 9 i h 1 i h s i h 1 i
Now, L−1 = L −1
− L −1
− 3L −1
(s + 2)(s2 + 3) s+2 s2 + 3 s2 + 3
√ 3 √
= e−2t − cos 3t − √ sin 3t.
3
hs2 + 16 i
Example 5.104. Find L−1 .
(s2 + 1)(s2 + 4)
s2 + 16 A B 5 4
Solution. Let 2 2
= 2 + 2 = 2 − 2
(s + 1)(s + 4) s + 1 s + 4 s + 1 s + 4
h s2 + 16 i
L−1 2 2
= 5 sin t − 2 sin 2t.
(s + 1)(s + 4)
h s i
Example 5.105. Find L−1 2 .
(s + a2 )(s2 + b2 )

1 A B
Solution. Let =
+ 2
(s2
+ a2 )(s2
+ b2 )
+a 2 s2
s + b2
1 1 1 1
= 2 2 2 2
− 2
b −a s +a b − a s + b2
2 2
s 1 h s s i
∴ 2 = −
(s + a2 )(s2 + b2 ) b2 − a2 s2 + a2 s2 + b2
h s i 1
Hence, L−1 2 = 2 [cos at − cos bt].
.

2 2
(s + a )(s + b )2 b − a2

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Laplace Transform 567

h 2s2 − 6s + 5 i
Example 5.106. Find L−1 3 .
s − 6s2 + 11s − 6
2
h 2s − 6s + 5 i h 2s2 − 6s + 5 i
Solution. Let L−1 3 2
= L −1
s − 6s + 11s − 6 (s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)

2s2 − 6s + 5 A B C
= + +
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) s − 1 s − 2 s − 3

2s2 − 6s + 5 = A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C(s − 1)(s − 2)

1
s = 1 ⇒ 2A = 1 ⇒ A = .
2
s = 2 ⇒ −B = 1 ⇒ B = −1.
5
s = 3 ⇒ 2C = 5 ⇒ C = .
2
1
2s2 − 6s + 5 i
h h 1 5 1 i
∴ L−13 2
= L−1 2 − +
s − 6s + 11s − 6 s−1 s−2 2s−3
1 t 5
= e − e2t + e3t .
2 2
" 2 #
3s + 16s + 26
Example 5.107. Find L−1 . [Dec 2013]
s(s2 + 4s + 13)
3s2 + 16s + 26 A Bs + c
Solution. Let 2
= + 2
s(s + 4s + 13) s s + 4s + 13
3s2 + 16s + 26 = A(s2 + 4s + 13) + (Bs + c)s.
When s = 0, 13A = 26 ⇒ A = 2.
Equating the coefficients of s2
A+B=3

2+B=3

B = 1.
Equating the coefficients of s
4A + c = 16

8 + c = 16

c = 8.

3s2 + 16s + 26 2 s+8

.

∴ 2
= + 2 .
s(s + 4s + 13) s s + 4s + 13

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568 Engineering Mathematics - II

3s2 + 16s + 26
" # " #
−1 −1 2 s+8
L =L +
s(s2 + 4s + 13) s s2 + 4s + 13
" # " #
−1 1 −1 s+8
= 2L +L
s s2 + 4s + 13
" #
−1 s+2+6
=2·1+L
(s + 2)2 + 13 − 4
" #
−1 s+2+6
=2+L
(s + 2)2 + 9
" #
−2t −1 s + 6
=2+e L
s2 + 9
"  s  !#
−2t −1 −1 3
=2+e L + 2L
s2 + 9 s2 + 9
= 2 + e−2t [cos 3t + 2 sin 3t].

s2
" #
Example 5.108. Find L−1 . [Dec 2011]
s4 + 4a4
s2 s2
Solution. We have =
s4 + 4a4 (s2 − 2as + 2a2 )(s2 + 2as + 2a2 )
s2 As + B Cs + D
Let 2 2 2 2
= 2 2
+ 2
(s − 2as + 2a )(s + 2as + 2a ) s − 2as + 2a s + 2as + 2a2
2 2 2 2
∴ s = (As + B)(s + 2as + 2a ) + (Cs + D)(s − 2as + 2a ).2

Equating the coefficients of s3 we get

A+C = 0 (1)
Equating the coefficient of s2 we get
2aA + B − 2aC + D = 1. (2)
Equating the coefficient of s we get
2a2 A + 2aB + 2a2C − 2aD = 0 (3)
Equating the constants we get
2a2 B + 2a2 D = 0
2a2 (B + D) = 0
B + D = 0. (4)
From (1) and (4) we get C = −A and D = −B.
.

(2) ⇒ 2aA + B + 2aA − B = 1

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Laplace Transform 569

4aA = 1
1
A= .
4a
1
⇒C=− .
4a
(3) ⇒ 2a2 A + 2aB − 2a2 A + 2aB = 0
4aB = 0

B = 0.

⇒ D = 0.

s2 1 s 1 s
∴ 4 4
= 2 2
−
s + 4a 4a s − 2as + 2a 4a s + 2as + 2a2
2

s2
" #
1 −1  s  1  s 
L−1 4 = L − L −1
s + 4a4 4a s2 − 2as + 2a2 4a s2 + 2as + 2a2
" # " #
1 −1 s − a + a 1 −1 s + a − a
= L − L
4a (s − a)2 + a2 4a (s + a)2 + a2
1 at −1 s + a
  1 −at −1 s − a 

= e L − e L
4a s2 + a2 4a s2 + a2
1 at −1  s 
−1
 a 
= e L + L
4a s2 + a2 s2 + a2
1 −at −1  s  −1
 a 
− e L −L
4a s2 + a2 s2 + a2
1 at 1 −at
= e [cos at + sin at] − e [cos at − sin at]
4a 4a
1 h at i
= e cos at + eat sin at − e−at cos at + e−at sin at
4a
1 h    i
= cos at eat − e−at + sin at eat + e−at
4a
1
= [cos at · 2 sin hat + sin at · 2 cos hat]
4a
1
= [cos at sin hat + sin at cos hat] .
2a
 s 
Example 5.109. Find L−1 4 [Dec 2008]
s + 4a4
s s
Solution. Let 4 =
s + 4a4 (s2 − 2as + 2a2 )(s2 + 2as + 2a2 )
s As + B Cs + D
.

Let 2 = 2 + 2
(s − 2as + 2a )(s + 2as + 2a ) (s − 2as + 2a ) (s + 2as + 2a2 )
2 2 2 2

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570 Engineering Mathematics - II

∴ s = (As + B)(s2 + 2as + 2a2 ) + (Cs + D)(s2 − 2as + 2a2 ).

Equating the coefficients of s3 , we get
A + C = 0. (1)
Equating the coefficients of s2 , we get
2aA + B − 2aC + D = 0. (2)
Equating the coefficients of s, we get
2a2 A + 2aB + 2a2C − 2aD = 1. (3)
Equating the constants we get
2a2 B + 2a2 D = 0
2a2 (B + D) = 0
B + D = 0. (4)
From (1) and (4) we get
C = −A and D = −B.

∴ (2) ⇒ 2aA + 2aA = 0

4aA = 0

⇒ A = 0.

∴ C = 0.

(3) ⇒ 2a2 (A + C) + 2a(B − D) = 1

2a2 × 0 + 2a(B + B) = 1
1
4aB = 1 ⇒ B = .
4a
1
⇒D=− .
4a

s 1 1 1 1
∴ = · 2 −
s4+ 4a4 4a s − 2as + 2a 2 4a s + 2as + 2a2
2
1 1 1 1
= −
4a (s − a)2 + a2 4a (s + a)2 + a2
" ! !#
 s  1 −1 1 1
.

−1 −1
L = L −L
s4 + 4a4 4a (s − a)2 + a2 (s + a)2 + a2

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Laplace Transform 571

" ! !#
1 at −1 1 −at −1 1
= e L −e L
4a s2 + a2 s2 + a2
" #
1 at sin at sin at
= e − e−at
4a a a
1
= sin at[eat − e−at ]
4a2
1
= sin at · 2 sin hat
4a2
sin at sin hat
= .
2a2

Exercise 5 I

Find the Laplace inverse of the following.

5s2 − 15s − 11
s+2 7. . [Apr 2009]
1. . (s + 1)(s − 2)3
s(s + 4)(s + 9)
1
1 8. . [Nov 2009]
2. . s4 −1
s(s + 1)(s + 2) s
9. .
1−s (s + 1)2 (s2 + 1)
3. . [Apr 2009]
(s + 1)(s2 + 4s + 13) 1
10. . [Jun 2008]
s2 (s2 + 81)
4s2 − 3s + 5
4. . [Dec 2007] 3s2 + 2s − 1
(s + 1)(s2 − 3s + 2) 11. .
(s2 + 4)(s2 − 2s + 1)
1
5. . 2s − 1
(s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 ) 12. .
s2 (s − 1)2
s2 1
.

6. . [Nov 2008] 13. .

(s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 ) s3 (s2 + 1)

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572 Engineering Mathematics - II

Results
h i
1. If L−1 F(s) = f (t) and f (0) = 0 then
h i d   d h −1  i
L−1 sF(s) = f ′ (t) = f (t) = L F(s) .
h dti dt
In general L−1 sn F(s) = f (n) (t) if f (0) = 0 = f ′ (0) = · · · = f (n−1) (0).
h i dn
i.e., L−1 sn F(s) = n [L−1 [F(s)]].
dt
h i h F(s) i Z t Z t
2. If L−1 F(s) = f (t) then L−1 L−1 F(s) dt
 
= f (t)dt =
s 0 0
i Z tZ t
−1 F(s)
h
−1 
Similarly, L

= L F(s) dtdt.
s2 0 0

d 
3. We know that L[t f (t)] = − f (s) = −F ′ (s).

ds
h i h i
L−1 F ′ (s) = −t f (t) = −tL−1 F(s) .
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

h s i
Example 5.110. Find L−1 . [May 2008]
(s + 2)2 + 4
h s i h 1 i d h 1 i!
Solution. L−1 = L −1
s = L −1
(s + 2)2 + 4 (s + 2)2 + 4 dt (s + 2)2 + 4

!
d −2t −1 h 1 i
= e L
dt s2 + 4
d e −2t h 2 i!
−1
= L
dt 2 s2 + 4
d e−2t
!
= sin 2t
dt 2
1 
= e−2t 2 cos 2t − 2e−2t sin 2t
2
= e−2t (cos 2t − sin 2t).

s2
.

h i
Example 5.111. Find L−1 2 2 2
.
(s + a )

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Laplace Transform 573

s2
h i h s i d n h s io
Solution. L−1 = L −1
s = L −1
(s2 + a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2 dt (s2 + a2 )2
d t sin at
n o 1 n o
= = t cos at.a + sin at
dt 2a 2a
1n o
= sin at + at cos at .
2a
h s+2 i
Example 5.112. Find L−1 2 . [May 2006]
(s + 4s + 5)2
h s+2 i h s+2 i h s i h t sin t i
Solution. L−1 2 2
= L−1 2 2
= e−2t L−1 2 2
= e−2t .
(s + 4s + 5) (s + 2) + 1) (s + 1) 2

s2 i
h
Example 5.113. Find L−1 . [Dec 2008]
(s − 1)4
h s2 i h s i d h s i!
−1 −1 −1
Solution. L =L s = L
(s − 1)4 (s − 1)4 dt (s − 1)4

d i! d i!
−1 s + 1 − 1 t −1 s + 1
h h
= L = eL
dt (s − 1)4 dt s4
! h i!
d t −1 h 1 1i d t −1 h 1 i −1 1
= eL + = eL +L
dt s3 s4 dt s3 s4
d t −1 h t2 t3 i
!
1d t 2 3
= eL + = (e (3t + t ))
dt 2 6 6 dt
1  et  
= et (6t + 3t2 ) + et (3t2 + t3 ) = 6t + 6t2 + t3 .
6 6
h s i
Example 5.114. Find L−1 2 . [Dec 2013, May 1991]
(s + a2 )2
h s i t sin at
Solution. From the standard results L−1 2 2 2
= .
(s + a ) 2a
h 1 i
Example 5.115. Find L−1 2 2
. [Jun 2007]
s(s + a )
h 1 i
−1 F(s)
h i 1
Solution. L−1 2 2
= L where F(s) = 2
s(s + a ) s s + a2

Zt Zt Zt
−1 −1
h 1 i sin at
= L [F(s)]dt = L dt = dt
s + a2
2 a
0 0 0
1  cos at t 1 1 − cos at
.

= − = − 2 (cos at − 1) = .
a a 0 a a2

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574 Engineering Mathematics - II

h 1 i
Example 5.116. Find L−1 3
. [May 2007]
s(s + 2)
h 1 i
−1 F(s)
h i 1
Solution. L−1 3
= L where F(s) =
s(s + 2) s (s + 2)3
Z t Z t h 1 i Z t
−2t −1 1
h i h i
−1 −1
= L F(s) dt = L dt = e L dt
0 0 (s + 2)3 0 s3
Z t
1 t 2  e−2t  1 h t2 e−2t t
2 Z Z t  −2t 
−2t t e i
= e dt = t d = − 2tdt
0 2 2 0 −2 2 −2 0 0 −2
2 −2t Z t −2t 2 −2t −2t Z t  e−2t  i
1ht e  e i 1 h t e  te t
= + td = + − dt
2 −2 0 −2 2 −2 −2 0 0 −2
1 h t2 e−2t te−2t 1  e−2t t i 1 h t2 e−2t te−2t 1  −2t i
= − + = − − e −1
2 −2 2 2 −2 0 2 −2 2 4
1 t e
h 2 −2t te −2t 1 −2t 1 i 1 h  i
= − − e + = 1 − e−2t 2t2 + 2t + 1 .
2 −2 2 4 4 8
h 1 i
Example 5.117. Find L−1 2 2 2
. [Dec 2013]
(s + a )
h 1 i
−1 1
h s i
−1 F(s)
h i s
Solution. L−1 2 = L = L where F(s) = 2
(s + a2 )2 s (s2 + a2 )2 s (s + a2 )2
Z t Z t Z t 
−1
h s i t sin at 1 − cos at 
= L dt = dt = td
0 (s2 + a2 )2 2a 2a 0 a
Z t 0
1 −t cos at
h t − cos at  i
= − dt
2a a 0 0 a
1 h −t cos at 1  sin at t i 1 h −t cos at 1 i
= + = + 2 sin at
2a a a a 0 2a a a
1 h i
= 3 sin at − at cos at .
2a
" #
−1 1
Example 5.118. Find L . [Dec 2013]
" (s#2 + 9s +" 13)2 #
1 1
Solution. L−1 2 = L−1
(s + 9s + 13)2 [(s + 3)2 + 13 − 9]2
" #
−3t −1 1 1
=e L 2 2
, which is of the form 2 with a = 2.
(s + 4) (s + a2 )2
" #
−3t 1
=e (sin 2t − 2t cos 2t)
2 × 23
e−3t
.

= [sin 2t − 2t cos 2t].

16

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Laplace Transform 575

" # " #
−1 s −1 1
Example 5.119. Find L and find L and hence find
" # (s + a2 )2
2 (s + a2 )2
2
1
L−1 2 . [Dec 2013]
(s + 9s + 13)2
Solution. Solve examples 3.114, 3.117&3.118.
h 1 i
Example 5.120. Find L−1 2 . [Nov 2009]
s (s + a)
h 1 i h F(s) i 1
Solution. L−1 2 = L−1 2 where F(s) = , L−1 [F(s)] = e−at
s (s + a) s s+a
Zt Zt
= L−1 [F(s)]dtdt
0 0
Zt Zt Zt !t
−at e−at
= e dtdt = dt
−a 0
0 0 0
Zt
−1  e−at t
" #
−1 −at t
= ((e − 1))dt = − (t)0
a a −a 0
0
−1 e−at 1
" #
= + −t
a −a a
1 1 1
= 2 e−at − 2 + t
a a a
1  −at 
= 2 e − 1 + at .
a
h s i
Example 5.121. Find L−1 2 2 2
. [Dec 2007]
(s − a )
Z
s
′ s F(s) = 2 − a2 )2
ds
Solution. Let F (s) = 2 (s
(s − a2 )2
Z
1 2s
s = ds
2 Z (s − a2 )2
2
h i h i
−1 −1 ′
L = L F (s)
(s2 − a2 )2 1 d(s2 − a2 )
= ds
= −tL−1 [F(s)] 2 (s2 − a2 )2
1 (s2 − a2 )−1
−1
h 1 i =
= −tL − 2 −1
2(s2 − a2 ) −1 1
t sinh at = .
= 2 s2 − a2
.

2 a
t
= sinh at.
2a

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576 Engineering Mathematics - II

" #
2(s + 1)
−1
Example 5.122. Find L . [Dec 2009]
(s2 + 2s + 2)2
h 2(s + 1) i h 2(s + 1) i h 2(s + 1) i
Solution. L−1 2 2
= L−1 2 2
= L−1
(s + 2s + 2) ((s + 1) + 2 − 1) ((s + 1)2 + 1)2
h 2s i h i
= e−t L−1 2 2
= e−t L−1 F ′ (s) .
(s + 1)
2s
Where F ′ (s) = 2 .
(s + 1)2
d(s2 + 1)
Z Z
2s 1
F(s) = 2 2
ds = 2 2
=− 2 .
(s + 1) (s + 1) s +1
h 2(s + 1) i n h io h −1 i
L−1 2 = e−t
−tL −1
F(s) = −te −t −1
L = te−t sin t.
(s + 2s + 2)2 s2 + 1
" #
−1 s+3
Example 5.123. Find L . [Jun 2005]
(s2 + 6s + 13)2
h s+3 i h s+3 i h s+3 i
Solution. L−1 2 = L −1
= L −1
(s + 6s + 13)2 ((s + 3)2 + 13 − 9)2 ((s + 3)2 + 4)2
h s i h i
= e−3t L−1 2 2
= e−3t L−1 F ′ (s) .
(s + 4)
′ s
where F (s) = 2 .
(s + 4)2

d(s2 + 4) 1 
Z Z Z
s 1 2s 1 1  1 1
∴ F(s) = ds = ds = = − =− 2 .
(s2 + 4)2 2 (s2 + 4)2 2 (s2 + 4)2 2 s2 + 4 2s +4
h s+3 i n h io
−3t −1 −1
h 1 i
∴ L−1 = e−3t
−tL −1
F(s) = −te L
(s2 + 6s + 13)2 2 s2 + 4
−3t
te sin 2t te sin 2t−3t
= = .
2 2 4

Exercise 5 J

Find the Inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

s s−3
1. . [Nov 2008] 3. . [Decc 2009]
(s + 2)2 s2 + 4s + 13

s2 s
.

2. . 4. . [May 2009]
(s − 2)3 (s − a)5

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Laplace Transform 577

1
1 8. .
5. . (s2 + a2 )2
(s − 2)2 + 132
s
1 9. .
6. . (s2 + a2 )2
s(s + 3)
1 1
7. . 10. .
s(s2 − 2s + 5) s2 (s2 + a2 )2

5.4.2 Inverse Laplace Transform of Logarithmic Functions

✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
h 1 + si
Example 5.124. Find L−1 log 2 . [Dec 2009]
s
s+1
Solution. Let F(s) = log 2 = log(s + 1) − log s2 = log(s + 1) − 2 log s
s
′ 1 2
F (S ) = −
s+1 s

we know that L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s)

h 1 2i 2 1
=− − = −
s "+ 1 s # s s +"1 # " #
−1 2 1 −1 1 −1 1
t f (t) = L − = 2L −L
s s+1 s s+1
∴ t f (t) = 2 − e−t
2 − e−t
f (t) = .
t
h s(s + 1) i
Example 5.125. Find L−1 log 2 . [May 2009]
s +1
s(s + 1)
Solution. Let F(s) = log 2 = log s + log(s + 1) − log(s2 + 1)
s +1
1 1 2s
F ′ (S ) = + − 2 .
s s+1 s +1
we have
2s 1 1
L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = 2 − −
" s + 1 s + 1# s " # " #
2s 1 1  s  1 −1 1
.

−1 −1 −1
t f (t) = L − − = 2L −L −L
s2 + 1 s + 1 s s2 + 1 s+1 s

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578 Engineering Mathematics - II

t f (t) = 2 cos t − e−t − 1

2 cos t − e−t − 1
f (t) = .
t
h s2 + a2 i
Example 5.126. Find L−1 log 2 . [Jun 2002]
s − b2
s2 + a2
Solution. Let F(s) = log 2 2
= log(s2 + a2 ) − log(s2 − b2 )
s −b
′ 2s 2s
F (S ) = 2 − .
s + a2 s2 − b2
2s 2s
F ′ (s) = − 2
s2
+ a2 s − b2
s  s 
L−1 [F ′ (s)] = 2L−1 2 − 2L −1
s + a2 s2 − b2
−t f (t) = 2 cos at − 2 cosh bt
2
f (t) = (cosh bt − cos at).
t
h s + 1i
Example 5.127. Find L−1 log . [Dec 2013]
s−1
s+1
Solution. Let F(s) = log = log(s + 1) − log(s − 1)
s−1
1 1
F ′ (S ) = −
s+1 s−1
We know that

1 1
L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = − +
s+1 s−1
h 1 1 i h 1 i h 1 i
∴ t f (t) = L−1 − = L−1 − L−1 = et − e−t
s−1 s+1 s−1 s+1
et − e−t
∴ f (t) = .
t
h s+1 i
Example 5.128. Find L−1 s log +2 . [Apr 1995]
s−1
s+1
Solution. Let F(s) = s log + 2 = s[log(s + 1) − log(s − 1)] + 2
s−1
h 1 1 i
F ′ (s) = s − + log(s + 1) − log(s − 1)
s+1 s−1
h s − 1 − s − 1i s+1
.

=s 2
+ log
s −1 s−1

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Laplace Transform 579

−2s s+1
= 2
+ log
s −1 s−1
h s i h s + 1i
t f (t) = 2L−1 2 − L−1 log
s −1 s−1
et − e−t 2
= 2 cos ht − = 2 cos ht − cos ht.
t t
2 cos ht 2 cos ht 2 cos ht
f (t) = − = (t − 1).
t t2 t2

5.4.3 Inverse Laplace Transform of inverse Trignometric Functions

h ai
Example 5.129. Find L−1 tan−1 .
a s
Solution. Let F(s) = tan−1
s
1  −a  s2  −a  a
F ′ (s) = 2 2
= 2 2 2
=− 2 .
a s s + a s s + a2
1+ 2
s
a2
We have L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = 2
s + a2
h a i
t f (t) = L−1 2 = sin at
s + a2
sin at
f (t) = .
t
h i
Example 5.130. Find L−1 cot−1 (s) . [May 2011, Jun 2010]
Solution. Let F(s) = cot−1 (s)
1
F ′ (s) = −
1 + s2
1
we have L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = 2
" # s +1
−1 1
∴ t[ f (t)] = L = sin t.
s2 + 1
sin t
∴ f (t) = .
t
h a  s i
Example 5.131. Find L−1 tan−1 + cot−1 .
s b
a  s
Solution. Let F(s) = tan−1 + cot−1
s b
1  a 1 1 −a b
F ′ (s) = .
.

− 2
− = 2 2
− 2
1+ 2 a2 s 1+ 2 b
s2
s +a s + b2
s b

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580 Engineering Mathematics - II

a b
We know that L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = + 2
s2 +a2 s + b2
t f (t) = sin at + sin bt
sin at + sin bt
f (t) = .
t
h  2 i
Example 5.132. Find L−1 cot−1 . [May 2008]
s+1
 2 
Solution. Let F(s) = cot−1 .
s+1
1  −2  2
F ′ (s) = − 4 2
= .
1+ 2
(s + 1) (s + 1)2 + 4
(s+1)
−2
L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = .
(s + 1)2 + 4
h 2 i h 2 i
t f (t) = L−1 − 2
= −e−t L−1 2 = −e−t sin 2t.
(s + 1) + 4 s +4
sin 2t
f (t) = −e−t .
t
h s i
Example 5.133. Find L−1 s log √ + cot−1 s .
s2 + 1
s
Solution. Let F(s) = s log √ + cot−1 s
2
s +1
h 1 i
= s log s − log(s2 + 1) + cot−1 (s)
2
h 1 1 2s i 1 1
′
F (s) = s − 2 + log s − log(s2 + 1) −
s 2s +1 2 1 + s2
s2 1 1
=1− 2 − 2 + log s − log(s2 + 1)
s +1 s +1 2
2
s +1 1
=1− 2 + log s − (log s2 + 1).
s +1 2
′ 1 2
F (s) = log s − log(s + 1)
2
1
L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = log(s2 + 1) − log s
2
−1 1
h i
t f (t) = L log(s2 + 1) − log s . (1)
2
1
Let G(s) = log(s2 + 1) − log s
2
1 2s 1 s 1
.

′
G (s) = − = −
2 s2 + 1 s s2 + 1 s

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Laplace Transform 581

1 s
L[tg(t)] = −G′ (s) = − 2
s s +1
tg(t) = 1 − cos t
1 − cos t
g(t) =
t
1 − cos t
(1) ⇒ t f (t) =
t
1 − cos t
f (t) = .
t2
" !#
−1 −1 2
Example 5.134. Find L tan 2
.
! s
2
Solution. Let F(s) = tan−1 2
s
1
F ′ (s) = 4
· 2(−2)(s−3 )
1 + s4
s4
!
−4 4s
= 4 3
=− 4 .
s +4 s s +4

4s
We know that L[ f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = 4
" s #+ 4
−1 4s
t f (t) = L
s4 + 4
4  s 
∴ f (t) = L−1 4
t s +4
s s
Now, 4 = 2
s + 4 (s + 2s + 2)(s2 − 2s + 2)
As + B Cs + D
= 2 + 2
(s + 2s + 2) (s − 2s + 2)
s = (As + B)(s2 − 2s + 2) + (Cs + D)(s2 + 2s + 2).

Equating the coefficients of s3 , we get

A + C = 0. (1)
Equating the coefficients of s2 , we get
−2A + B + 2C + D = 0. (2)
.

Equating the coefficients of s, we get

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582 Engineering Mathematics - II

2A − 2B + 2C + 2D = 1. (3)
Equating the constants we get
2B + 2D = 0
B + D = 0. (4)
From (1) and (4) we get
C = −A, D = −B.

(2) ⇒ −2A − 2A = 0

−4A = 0

A = 0.

⇒ C = 0.

−2B − 2B = 1

−4B = 1
1
B=−
4
1
D= .
4

s 1 1 1 1
∴ 2 = · − ·
s +4 4 s2"− 2s + 2 4# s2 + 2s" + 2 #
 s  1 −1 1 1 −1 1
L−1 2 = L − L
s +4 4 s2 − 2s + 2 4 s2 + 2s + 2
" ! !#
1 −1 1 −1 1
= L −L
4 (s − 1)2 + 1 (s + 1)2 + 1
" ! !#
1 t −1 1 −t −1 1
= eL −e L
4 s2 + 1 s2 + 1
1 t
h i
= e sin t − e−t sin t
4
1
= sin t(et − e−t )
4
sin t
= · 2 sin ht
4
sin t sin ht
.

=
2

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Laplace Transform 583

4 sin t sin ht
∴ f (t) = ·
t 2
2 sin t sin ht
= .
t

Exercise 5 K

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions.

 (s + 3)(s + 7) 
6. log . [Apr 2005]
 ω2  s−1
1. log 1 + . [May 2009]
s2  s2 + 4 
 s−a  7. log . [Dec 2004]
2. log 2 . [Apr 2007] s2 + 1
s + a2  s
 s + 2 8. tan−1 . [Apr 2007]
3. log . a
s+4
 s2 + 9 
−1
4. cot (s + 1). 9. log .
s2 + 16
 s2 (s + 3)   s
5. log . [May 2006] 10. cot−1 .
s−5 k

5.4.4 Inverse Laplace transform using contour integration

Let L[ f (t)] = F(s). If F(s) → 0 as s → ∞ then f (t) = sum of the residues of e st F(s)
at the poles of F(s).
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
" #
2s + 3
Example 5.135. Find L−1 using the method of residues.
(s − 2)(s + 1)2
2s + 3
Solution. Let F(s) = .
(s − 2)(s + 1)2
Clearly F(s) → 0 as s → ∞.
∴ f (t) = sum of the residues of e st F(s) at the poles of F(s).
.

The poles of F(s) are at s = 2 and at s = −1.

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584 Engineering Mathematics - II

s = 2 is a simple pole and s = −1 is a pole of order 2.

2s + 3 7e2t
R(2) = lim(s − 2)e st F(s) = lim(s − 2)e st = .
s→2 s→2 (s − 2)(s + 1)2 9
1 d d 2s + 3
R(−1) = lim (s + 1)2 e st F(s) = lim (s + 1)2 e st
(2 − 1)! s→−1 ds s→−1 ds (s − 2)(s + 1)2
" st
(s − 2){e st 2 + (2s + 3)te st } − e st (2s + 3)
#
d e (2s + 3)
= lim = lim
s→−1 ds s−2 s→−1 (s − 2)2
−t −t
(−3)(2e + te ) − e −t −t
−6e − 3te − e−t −t
= =
9 9
−7e−t − 3te−t −e−t
= = (7 + 3t).
9 9
7 e−t
f (t) = sum of the residues = e2t − (7 + 3t).
9 9
1
Example 5.136. Evaluate the inverse Laplace transform of by the
(s + 1)(s − 2)2
method of residues.
1
Solution. Let F(s) =
(s + 1)(s − 2)2
By the method of residues,
f (t) =sum of the residues of e st F(s) at the poles of F(s).
Poles of F(s) are −1and 2
−1 is a simple pole and 2 is a pole of order 2.

1 e−t
∴ R(−1) = lim (s + 1)e st = .
s→−1 (s + 1)(s − 2)2 9
( )
d 1
R(2) = lim (s − 2)2 e st
s→2 ds (s + 1)(s − 2)2
(s + 1)te st − e st 3te2t − e2t
= lim =
s→2 (s + 1)2 9
e 2t
= (3t − 1)
9
e−t e2t
∴ f (t) = sum of the residues = + (3t − 1).
9 9
2s − 2
Example 5.137. Find the inverse Laplace transform of using
(s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 5)
.

contour integral.

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Laplace Transform 585

2s − 2
Solution. Let F(s) =
(s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 5)
Poles are given by s + 1 = 0 ⇒ s = −1 and s2 + 2s + 5 = 0 ⇒ (s + 1)2 + 4 = 0
⇒ (s + 1 + 2i)(s + 1 − 2i) = 0 ⇒ s = −(1 + 2i) and s = −(1 − 2i).
All are simple poles.
h e st (2s − 2) i
R(−1) = lim (s + 1)
s→−1 (s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 5)
−t
e (−4) −4 −t
= = e = −e−t
1−2+5 4
h (s + 1 + 2i)e st (2s − 2) i
R(−(1 + 2i)) = lim
s→−(1+2i) (s + 1)(s + 1 + 2i)(s + 1 − 2i)
e−(1+2i)t (−2(1 + 2i) − 2)
=
(−1 − 2i + 1)(−1 − 2i + 1 − 2i)
(−4 − 4i)e−t e−2it e−t e−2it (1 + i)
= = .
−8 2
changing i to -i
e−t e2it (1 − i)
R(−(1 − 2i)) =
2

By the method of residues

e−t e−2it e−t e2it

f (t) = −e−t + (1 + i) + (1 − i)
2 2
h e−2it + ie−2it e2it − ie2it i
= e−t − 1 + +
2 2
h e −2it +e −2it e − e2it i
2it
= e−t − 1 + −i
2 2
h i
−t
= e − 1 + 2 cos 2t − i2i sin 2t
h i
= e−t − 1 + cos 2t + 2 sin 2t
h i
= e−t cos 2t + sin 2t − 1 .

1 h i
Example 5.138. Find L−1 2
by the method of residues.
(s − 1)(s + 1)
1 1
Solution. Let F(s) = = .
(s − 1)(s2 + 1) (s − 1)(s + i)(s − i)
.

Clearly F(s) → 0 as s → ∞.

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586 Engineering Mathematics - II

∴ f (t) = sum of the residues of e st F(s) at the poles of F(s).

The poles of F(s) are 1, i, −i and all are simple poles.
1 et
R(1) = lim(s − 1)e st F(s) = lim(s − 1)e st = .
s→1 s→1 (s − 1)(s2 + 1) 2
1 eit −ieit
R(i) = lim(s − i)e st = =
s→i (s − 1)(s + i)(s − i) (i − 1)2i (i − 1)2
i ieit
= eit = (1 + i).
(1 − i)2 4
−i
R(−i) = e−it (1 − i).
4
f (t) = sum of the residues = R(1) + R(i) + R(−i)
et i i
= + eit (1 + i) − e−it (1 − i)
2 4 4
et i 
= + eit + ieit − e−it + ie−it
2 4
et i 
= + eit − e−it + i(eit + e−it )
2 4
et i 1
= + 2i sin t − 2 cos t
2 4 4
et 1 cos t 1 t
= − sin t − = (e − sin t − cos t).
2 2 2 2
1
Example 5.139. Find the inverse Laplace transform of by the method of
(s2 + 1)2
residues.
1
Solution. Let F(s) =
(s2
+ 1)2
Poles of F(s) are s = i and −i
i and −i are poles of order 2.
d h 1 i d h 1 i
R(i) = lim (s − i)2 e st 2 = lim (s − i) 2 st
e
s→i ds (s + 1)2 s→i ds (s + i)2 (s − i)2
2 st st
(s + i) te − e 2(s + i) −4te − 4ie it it 1h i
= lim 4
= = − teit + ieit
s→i (s + i) 16 4
Replacing i by -i, we get
1h i
R(−i) = − te−it − ie−it .
4
.

By the method of residues,

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Laplace Transform 587

f (t) = sum of the residues

1h i
= − teit + te−it + i(eit − e−it )
4
1
= − [2t cos t − 2 sin t]
4
1
= − (t cos t − sin t) .
2
1
Example 5.140. Evaluate the inverse Laplace transform of by the
s2 (s2 − a2 )
method of residues.
1 1
Solution. Let F(s) = = 2
s2 (s2
2
− a ) s (s − a)(s + a)
Poles of F(s) are s = 0, a, −a.
s = 0 is a pole of order 2.
d h 2 st i d h 2 st 1 i
∴ R(0) = lim s e F[s] = lim s e 2 2
s→0 ds s→0 ds s (s − a2 )
(s2 − a2 )te st − e st 2s −a2 t −t
= lim = 4 = 2.
s→0 (s2 − a2 )2 a a
s = a is a simple pole.
1
R(a) = lim(s − a)e st
s→a s2 (s − a)(s + a)
eat eat
= =
a2 2a 2a3
s = −a is a simple pole.
1
R(−a) = lim (s + a)e st
s→−a s2 (s − a)(s + a)
eat e−at
= =− .
a2 (−2a) 2a3
By the method of residues

f (t) = sum of the residues of e st F(s)

f (t) = R(0) + R(a) + R(−a)

t eat e−at
=− + −
a2 2a3 2a3
t 1
.

= − 2 + 3 sinh at.
a a

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588 Engineering Mathematics - II

5.5 Inverse Laplace transform using Second Shifting theorem

Result. If L[ f (t)] = F(s) then, L[ f (t − a)u(t − a)] = e−as L[ f (t)] = e−as F(s).

∴ L−1 e−as F(s) = f (t − a)u(t − a)

 

= f (t − a), when t > a.

= [ f (t)]t→t−a = [L−1 {F(s)}]t→t−a .

e−as
" #
−1
Example 5.141. Find L . [Dec 2011]
s
1
Solution. F(s) =
s
L−1 [F(s)] = 1.
Now by Second Shifting theorem,

h i
L−1 [e−as F(s)] = L−1 F(s) u(t − a) = [1]t→t−a u(t − a)
t→t−a

= 1 · u(t − a) = u(t − a).

e−3s
" #
−1
Example 5.142. Find L .
s3
t2
" #
1 −1 −1 1
Solution. F(s) = 3 · L [F(s)] = L = .
s s3 2!
" # " #
−1 −3s 1 −1 1
L e · 3 =L , t>3
s s3 t→t−3
" 2#
t
= , t>3
2! t→t−3
(t − 3)2
, = t > 3.
2
" −πs #
−1 e
Example 5.143. Find L .
s2 + 1
1
Solution. F(s) = 2 .
s +1 " #
1
.

−1 −1
L [F(s)] = L = sin t.
s2 + 1

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Laplace Transform 589

By Second Shifting theorem,

" # " #
−1 −πs 1 −1 1
L e =L , t>π
s2 + 1 s2 + 1 t→t−π
= [sin t]t→t−π , t>π

= sin(t − π), t > π.

e−πs
" #
−1
Example 5.144. Find L .
s2
1
Solution. F(s) = .
s2 # "
−1 1
−1
L [F(s)] = L = t.
s2
By Second Shifting theorem,
" −πs # " #
−1 e −1 1
L =L , t>π
s2 s2 t→t−π
= [t]t→t−π , t>π

= t − π, t > π.

se−2s
" #
−1
Example 5.145. Find L .
s2 − 1
s
Solution. F(s) = 2 .
s −1 
s 
L−1 [F(s)] = L−1 = cos ht.
s2 − 1
By Second Shifting theorem,
" −2s #
−1 se
 s 
−1
L =L , t>2
s2 − 1 s2 − 1 t→t−2
= [cos ht]t→t−2 , t>2

= cos h(t − 2), t > 2.

e−2s
" #
−1
Example 5.146. Find L .
s−3
1
Solution. F(s) = .
s−3 " #
1
.

−1
L [F(s)] = L −1
= e3t .
s−3

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590 Engineering Mathematics - II

By Second Shifting theorem,

" −2s # " #
e 1
L−1 = L−1 , t>2
s−3 s − 3 t→t−2
h i
= e3t , t>2
t→t−2
3(t−2)
=e , t > 2.
e−s
" #
−1
Example 5.147. Find L .
(s − 1)(s − 2)
1 1 1
Solution. F(s) = = −
(s − 1)(s
" − 2) s − 2# s − 1
1 1
−1
L [F(s)] = L −1
− = e2t − et .
s−2 s−1
By Second Shifting theorem,
e−s
" # " #
−1 −1 1
L =L , t>1
(s − 1)(s − 2) (s − 1)(s − 2) t→t−1
 
= e2t − et , t>1
t→t−1
2(t−1) (t−1)
=e −e , t > 1.
" −s
se 2 + πe−s
#
Example 5.148. Find L−1 .
s2 + π2
Solution. By Second Shifting theorem we have
" −s
se 2 + πe−s
# 
−1 − 2s s π 
L−1 = L e · + e−s
s2 + π2 s2 + π2 s2 + π2
 s   π 
= L−1 2 + L −1
s + π2 t→t− 21 s2 + π2 t→t−1
= [cos πt]t→t− 1 + [sin πt]t→t−1
!2
1
= cos π t − + sin π(t − 1), t > 1.
2

5.6 Inverse Laplace transform by the method of convolution

Convolution. Let f (t) and g(t) be two functions defined for all t ≥ 0. The
convolution of f (t) and g(t) is defined as
Z t
.

( f ∗ g)(t) = f (t) ∗ g(t) = f (u)g(t − u)du

0

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Laplace Transform 591

(or)
Z t
( f ∗ g)(t) = g(u) f (t − u)du.
0

Convolution theorem. If L[ f (t)] = F(s) and L[g(t)] = G(s) then L[ f (t) ∗ g(t)] =
F(s).G(s). Also L−1 [F(s)G(s)] = f (t) ∗ g(t) = L−1 [F(s)] ∗ L−1 [G(s)].
Zt
Proof. By definition ( f ∗ g)(t) = f (u)g(t − u)du
0

 t
Z∞ Z∞

Z 
L[ f (t) ∗ g(t)] = e−st ( f (t) ∗ g(t))dt = e−st  f (u)g(t − u)du dt
 
 
0 0 0
Z∞ Zt
= e−st f (u)g(t − u)dudt. (1)
0 0

In the above double integration, the region of integration is given by u = 0, u = t,

t = 0 and t = ∞.

u
We shall evaluate the double integral
t
=

by changing the order of integration.

u
t=0

Divide the region in to strips parallel to

P Q
the t-axis. PQ is one such strip. Along
this strip t varies from u to ∞ and as t
this strip traverses the entire region, u O u=0

varies from 0 to ∞.

Z∞ Z∞
∴ L[ f (t) ∗ g(t)] = e−st f (u)g(t − u)dtdu.
u=0 t=u

Let v = t − u. When t = u, v = 0.
.

dv = dt When t = ∞, v = ∞.

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592 Engineering Mathematics - II

Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ Z∞
−s(u+v)
= e f (u)g(v)dvdu = e−su e−sv f (u)g(v)dvdu
u=0 v=0 u=0 v=0
Z∞ Z∞
= e−su f (u)du e−sv g(v)dv = L[ f (u)]L[g(v)]
u=0 v=0

= L[ f (t)]L[g(t)] = F(s)G(s).

∴ L−1 [ f (t)g(t)] = f (t) ∗ g(t).

✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
h 1 i
Example 5.149. Using convolution theorem,evaluate L−1 .
(s + 1)(s + 2)
[May 2007]
1 1 1
Solution. = .
(s + 1)(s + 2) s + 1 s + 2
1 1
Let F(s) = and G(s) = .
s+1 s+2
h 1 i h i h i h i
L−1 = L−1 F(s)G(s) = L−1 F(s) ∗ L−1 G(s)
(s + 1)(s + 2)
h 1 i h 1 i
= L−1 ∗ L−1 = e−t ∗ e−2t
s+1 s+2
Z t Z t
= e−u e−2(t−u) du = e−u e−2t+2u du
Z0 t Z t 0
= e−2t+u du = e−2t eu du
0 0

=e −2t
.(eu )t0 −2t
=e (et − 1) = e−t − e−2t .
" #
−1 1
Example 5.150. Using Convolution theorem find L [May 2011]
" # " # (s + a)(s + b)
−1 1 −1 1 1
Solution. L =L ·
(s + a)(s + b) (s + a) (s + b)
" # " #
−1 1 −1 1
=L ∗L
(s + a) (s + b)
Zt
= e−at ∗ e−bt = e−au · e−b(t−u) du
.

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Laplace Transform 593

Zt Zt
= e −au
·e −bt+bu
du = e−au · e−bt · ebu du
0 0
Zt #t
e(b−a)u
"
−bt (b−a)u −bt
=e e du = e
b−a 0
0
e−bt  
= e(b−a)t − 1
b−a
1 h −bt+bt−at i
= e − e−bt
b−a
1 h −at i
= e − e−bt .
b−a
h 1 i
Example 5.151. Find L−1 using convolution theorem. [Jun 2008]
s(s2 − a2 )
1 1 1
Solution. = . 2
s(s − a ) s s − a2
2 2

1 1
Let F(s) = and G(s) = 2
s s − a2
h 1 i h i h i h i
L−1 = L −1
F(s)G(s) = L −1
F(s) ∗ L −1
G(s)
s(s2 − a2 )
h1i h 1 i 1
= L−1 ∗ L−1 2 2
= 1 ∗ sinh at
s s −a a
1 t
Z
1  cosh au t 1 
= sinh au.1du = = 2 cosh at − 1 .
a 0 a a 0 a
" #
1
Example 5.152. Find L−1 2
using Convolution theorem. [Dec 2011]
s(s + 4)
Solution. " # " #
1 −1 1 1
L−1 = L ·
s(s2 + 4) s s2 + 4
" # " #
−1 1 −1 1 sin 2t
=L ∗L 2
=1∗
s s +4 2
Zt
1
= sin 2u · du
2
0
" #t
1 cos 2u
= −
2 2 0
1 1 − cos 2t
.

= − (cos 2t − 1) = .
4 4

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594 Engineering Mathematics - II

h 1 i
Example 5.153. Using convolution theorem,evaluate L−1 2
.
(s + 1)(s + 1)
[Nov 2004]
−1
h 1 i
−1
h 1 1 i −1
h 1 i
−1
h 1 i
Solution. L =L . =L ∗L
(s + 1)(s2 + 1) s + 1 s2 + 1 s+1 s2 + 1
Z t
= e−t ∗ sin t = sin ue−(t−u) du
0
Z t Z t
= sin ue −t+u
du = sin ue−t eu du
0 0
Z t h eu it
−t u
=e e sin udu = e−t (sin u − cos u)
0 2 0

e−t h i 1 h i
= et (sin t − cos t) + 1 = sin t − cos t + e−t .
2 2
h s 2 i
Example 5.154. Find L−1 2 2 2 2
using convolution theorem.
(s + a )(s + b )
[Dec 2015, Dec 2014, Jun 2014, Dec 2010, May 2003]
h s 2 i h s s i
Solution. L−1 2 2 2 2
= L −1
.
h (ss + ai )(s +h b )s i s2 + a2 s2 + b2
−1 −1
=L 2 2
∗L = cos at ∗ cos bt
Z t s +a s2 + b2 Z
t
= cos au cos b(t − u)du = cos au cos(bt − bu)du
0Z 0
1 t
= {cos(au + bt − bu) + cos(au − bt + bu)}du
2 0
1 h sin(au + bt − bu) sin(au − bt + bu) it
= +
2 a−b a+b 0
1 sin at sin bt sin at sin bt i
h
= − + +
2 a−b a−b a+b a+b
1 a+b+a−b
h a−b−a−b i
= sin at + sin bt
2 a2 − b2 a2 − b2
1 h i a sin at − b sin bt
= 2a sin at − 2b sin bt = .
2(a2 − b2 ) a2 − b2
h s i
Example 5.155. Find L−1 2 2 2
using convolution theorem.
(s + a )
[Jun 2012, Jun 2010, May 2008]
s s 1
Solution. Let 2 = 2 . .
(s + a2 )2 s + a2 s2 + a2
s 1
∴ F(s) = 2 2
, G(s) = 2 .
s +a s + a2
s
.

h i h i
L−1 2 2 2
= L−1 F(s)G(s) = L−1 F(s) ∗ L−1G(s)
(s + a )

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Laplace Transform 595

h s i h 1 i sin at
= L−1 2 2
∗ 2 2
= cos at ∗
(s + a ) (s + a ) a
Z t
1
= cos au sin a(t − u)du
a 0
Z t
1
= 2 sin(at − au) cos audu
2a 0
Z tn
1 o
= sin(at − au + au) + sin(at − au − au) du
2a 0
1n t
Z Z t o
= sin atdu + sin(at − 2au)du
2a 0 0
1h t  cos(at − 2au) t i
= sin at(u)0 − 0
2a −2a
1 h 1 i
= t sin at + (cos(−at) − cos at)
2a 2a
1h 1 i t sin at
= t sin at − 0 = .
2a 2a 2a

s2
" #
−1
Example 5.156. Find L using convolution theorem. [Dec 2012]
(s2 + 4)2

s2
" #  s
−1 −1 s 
Solution.L = L ·
(s2 + 4)2 s2 + 4 s2 + 4
 s   s 
= L−1 2 ∗ L−1 2
s +4 s +4
= cos 2t ∗ cos 2t
Zt
= cos 2u · cos 2(t − u)du
0
Zt
= cos 2u cos(2t − 2u)du
0
Zt !
cos(2u + 2t − 2u) + cos(2u − 2t + 2u)
= du
2
0
Zt
1
= (cos 2t + cos[4u − 2t])du
.

2
0

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596 Engineering Mathematics - II

Zt Zt
 
1 
 
= cos 2t du + cos(4u − 2t)du
2 
0 0
" " #t #
1 t sin(4u − 2t)
= cos 2t[u]0 +
2 4 0
" #
1 1
= t cos 2t + {sin 2t − sin(−2t)}
2 4
" #
1 1
= t cos 2t + 2 sin 2t
2 4
" #
1 sin 2t 1
= t cos 2t + = (sin 2t + 2t cos 2t).
2 2 4
h 1 i
Example 5.157. Find L−1 using convolution theorem.
(s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 2)
[May 2007]
h 1 i h 1 i h 1 i
Solution. L−1 = L −1
= e−t −1
L
(s + 1)(s2 + 2s + 2) (s + 1)((s + 1)2 + 1) s(s2 + 1)
h  1 1 i h 1  1 i
= e−t L−1 . 2 = e−t L−1 ∗ L−1 2
s s +1 Z s s +1
h i t
−t −t
= e 1 ∗ sin t = e sin u.1du
0
= e−t (− cos u)t0 = −e−t (cos t − 1) = e−t (1 − cos t).
h4 i
Example 5.158. Using convolution theorem, find L−1 .
(s2 + 2s + 5)2
[Jun 2013, May 2006]
h 4 i h 4 i h 4 i
Solution. L−1 2 2
= L−1 2 2
= e−t L−1 2 2
(1)
(s + +2s + 5) (s + 1) + 4) (s + 4)
h 4 i h 2 2 i h 2 i h 2 i
Now, L−1 2 = L −1
= L −1
∗ L −1
(s + 4)2 s2 + 4 s2 + 4 s2 + 4 s2 + 4
Z t
= sin 2t ∗ sin 2t = sin 2u sin 2(t − u)du
0
1 t
Z 
= cos{2u − 2(t − u)} − cos{2u + 2t − 2u} du
2 0
1h t
Z Z t i
= cos(4u − 2t)du − cos 2tdu
2 0 0
1 h sin(4u − 2t) t i
= − cos 2t(u)t0
2 4 0
1 h sin 2t sin 2t i 1 h sin 2t
.

i
= + − t cos 2t = − t cos 2t .
2 4 4 2 2

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Laplace Transform 597

h 1 i 1h i
From(1) L−1 = sin 2t − 2t cos 2t e−t .
(s2 + +2s + 5)2 4

Exercise 5 L

Find the Laplace inverse of the following using convolution theorem.

1
1 5. . [May 2008]
1. 2 . s(s2 + 1)
(s + 1)2
1
6. . [May 2008]
s (s2 + 4)2
2. 2 . [May 2005]
(s + 4)2 2
7. .
s3 (s2 + 5)
s2
3. . [Dec 2006] 1
(s2 + a2 )2 8. .
(s2 + 4)(s + 2)
s2 s2
4. . 9. .
(s4 − a4 ) (s − 3)(s2 + 5)

Find the inverse Laplace transform of the following functions using the method of
residues.

1
2 12. .
10. . (s − 1)2 (s2 + 1)
(s + 1)(s2 + 1)
2s 1
11. . 13. .
2s2 + 1 (s + 1)3 (s − 2)2

5.7 Solution of linear second order differential equations

✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
Example 5.159. Solve y′′ + 5y′ + 6y = 2 given y′ (0) = 0 and y(0) = 0 using Laplace
.

transform method. [Jun 2013]

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598 Engineering Mathematics - II

Solution. y′′ + 5y′ + 6y = 2.

Taking Laplace transform both sides we get

L[y′′ ] + 5L[y′ ] + 6L[y] = L[2]

s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0)+5[sL[y] − y(0)] + 6L[y] = 2 · L[1]

2
L[y][s2 + 5s + 6] =
s
2
L[y] =
s(s2 + 5s + 6)
2
=
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
" #
−1 2
y= L
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
2 A B C
Let = + +
s(s + 2)(s + 3) s s+2 s+3
A(s + 2)(s + 3) + Bs(s + 3) + Cs(s + 2)
=
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
∴ 2 = A(s + 2)(s + 3) + Bs(s + 3) + Cs(s + 2).
1
When s = 0, 6A = 2 ⇒ A = .
3
When s = −2, −2B = 2 ⇒ B = −1.
2
When s = −3, 3C = 2 ⇒ C = .
3
2 1 1 1 2 1
∴ = · − + ·
s(s + 2)(s + 3) 3 s s + 2 3 s + 3
" #
−1 2
Now y = L
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
" #
−1 1 1 1 2 1
=L · − + ·
3 s s+2 3 s+3
" # " # " #
1 1 1 2 1
= L−1 − L−1 + L−1
3 s s+2 3 s+3
1 2
= × 1 − e−2t + e−3t
3 3
1 −2t 2 −3t
.

y= −e + e .
3 3

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Laplace Transform 599

d2 x dx dx
Example 5.160. Solve 2
− 3 + 2x = 2 given x = 0 and = 5 for t = 0 using
dt dt dt
Laplace transform method. [Dec 2012, May 2011]
d2 x dx
Solution. 2 − 3 + 2x = 2.
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get
" 2 # " #
d x dx
L 2
− 3L + 2L[x] = L[2]
dt dt
s2 L[x] − s✟ ✟ − x′ (0) − 3[sL[x] − x(0)] ✟ + 2L[x] = 2
x(0) ✟
s
2
s2 L[x] − 5 − 3sL[x] + 2L[x] =
s
2 5s +2
L[x][s2 − 3s + 2] = + 5 =
s s
5s + 2 5s + 2
L[x] = =
s(s2 − 3s + 2) s(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
−1 5s + 2
x=L .
s(s − 1)(s − 2)

5s + 2 A B C
Let = + +
s(s − 1)(s − 2) s s−1 s−2
A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1)
=
s(s − 1)(s − 2)
5s + 2 = A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1).

When s = 0, 2A = 2 ⇒ A = 1.

When s = 1, −B = 7 ⇒ B = −7.

When s = 2, 2C = 12 ⇒ C = 6.
5s + 2 1 7 6
∴ = − + .
s(s − 1)(s − 2) s s − 1 s − 2
" #
−1 5s + 2
Now, x = L
s(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
−1 1 7 6
=L − +
s s−1 s−2
" # " # " #
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
=L − 7L + 6L
s s−1 s−2
.

x = 1 − 7et + 6e2t .

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600 Engineering Mathematics - II

d2 y dy
Example 5.161. Solve using Laplace transforms 2
− 2 − 8y = 0 given
dt dt
y(0) = 3, y′ (0) = 6. [May 2008]
d2 y dy
Solution. The given differential equation is 2
− 2 − 8y = 0.
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) − 2[sL(y) − y(0)] − 8L[y] = 0

L[y][s2 − 2s − 8] − 3s − 6 + 6 = 0

L[y](s − 4)(s + 2) = 3s
3s
L[y] =
(s − 4)(s − 2)
h 3s i
y = L−1 .
(s − 4)(s − 2)
3s A B
Let = +
(s − 4)(s − 2) s − 4 s − 2
3s = A(s + 2) + B(s − 4).
When s = 4, 6A = 12 ⇒ A = 2.

When s = −2, −6B = 6 ⇒ B = −1.

h 2 1 i
y = L−1 − = 2e4t − e2t .
s−4 s−2
Example 5.162. Solve (D2 +5D+6)y = e−t given that y(0) = 0, y′ (0) = 0 using Laplace
transforms. [Nov 2003]
Solution. Given (D2
+ 5D + 6)y = e−t
d2 y dy
+ 5 + 6y = e−t .
dt2 dt
Taking
" 2 # Laplace
" # transform on both sides we get
d y dy
L 2
+ 5L + 6L[y] = L[e−t ]
dt dt
1
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) + 5[sL(y) − y(0)] + 6L[y] =
s+1
2 1
s L[y] + 5sL(y) + 6L[y] =
s+1
2 1
L[y](s + 5s + 6) =
s+1
1
.

L[y] =
(s + 1)(s2+ 5s + 6)

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Laplace Transform 601

" # " #
−1 1 −1 1
y=L =L (1)
(s + 1)(s2 + 5s + 6) (s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3)

1 A B C
Let = + + .
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 2 s + 3
1 = A(s + 2)(s + 3)+B(s + 1)(s + 3) + C(s + 1)(s + 2).

When s = −2 When s = −3
When s = −1,
1 = B(−1)(1) 1 = C(−2)(−1)
1 = A(1)(2) 1
1 B = −1. C= .
A= . 2
2
1 1
1 1
∴ = 2 − + 2
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) s + 1 s + 2 s + 3
" # " # " # " #
−1 1 1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
L = L −L + L
(s + 1)(s + 2)(s + 3) 2 s+1 s+2 2 s+3
1 1
y = e−t − e−2t + e−3t .
2 2

d2 y dy
Example 5.163. Solve using Laplace transforms − 4 + 3y = e−t given
dt2 dt
y(0) = 1, y′ (0) = 0. [May 2004]
d2 y dy
Solution. The given differential equation is 2
− 4 + 3y = e−t .
dt dt
Taking Laplace on both sides, we get
 d2 y i h dy i
L 2 − 4L + 3L[y] = L[e−t ]
dt dt
1
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) − 4[sL(y) − y(0)] + 3L[y] =
s+1
1
L[y][s2 − 4s + 3] − s + 4 =
s+1
2 1
L[y][s − 4s + 3] = s − 4 +
s+1
(s − 4)(s + 1) + 1
L[y][(s − 3)(s − 1)] =
s+1
s2 − 3s − 4 + 1 s2 − 3s − 3
.

L[y] = = .
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 3) (s − 3)(s − 1)(s + 1)

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602 Engineering Mathematics - II

h s2 − 3s − 3 i
y = L−1 .
(s − 3)(s − 1)(s + 1)
s2 − 3s − 3 A B C
Let = + +
(s − 3)(s − 1)(s + 1) s − 3 s − 1 s + 1
s2 − 3s − 3 = A(s − 1)(s + 1) + B(s − 3)(s + 1) + C(s − 3)(s − 1).
3
When s = 3, 8A = −3 ⇒ A = − .
8
5
When s = 1, −4B = −5 ⇒ B = .
4
1
When s = −1, 8C = 1 ⇒ C = .
8
h −3 5 1 i
8 4 8 3 5 1
y=L −1
+ + = − e3t + et + e−t .
s−3 s−1 s+1 8 4 8
d2 y dy
Example 5.164. Solve the differential equation 2 − 3 + 2y = e−t with y(0) = 1,
dt dt
and y′ (0) = 0 using Laplace transforms. [Jun 2012]
d2 y dy
Solution. 2 − 3 + 2y = e−t .
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get
" 2 # " #
d y dy
L 2
− 3L + 2L[y] = L[e−t ]
dt dt
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − ✟ ✟✟ − 3[sL[y] − y(0)] + 2L[y] = 1
y′ (0)
s+1
1
s2 L[y] − s − 3sL[y] + 3 + 2L[y] =
s+1

1
L[y][s2 − 3s + 2] = +s−3
s+1
1 + (s − 3)(s + 1)
L[y](s − 1)(s − 2) =
s+1
1 + s2 − 2s − 3
=
s+1
s2 − 2s − 2
=
s+1
s2 − 2s − 2
L[y] = .
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)
s2 − 2s − 2
" #
−1
y= L .
.

(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)

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Laplace Transform 603

s2 − 2s − 2 A B C
Let = + +
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2) s + 1 s − 1 s − 2
A(s − 1)(s − 2) + B(s + 1)(s − 2) + C(s + 1)(s − 1)
= .
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)
∴ s2 − 2s − 2 = A(s − 1)(s − 2) + B(s + 1)(s − 2) + C(s + 1)(s − 1).
3
When s = 1, −2B = −3 ⇒ B = .
2
1
When s = −1, 6A = 1 ⇒ A = .
6
2
When s = 2, 3C = −2 ⇒ C = − .
3
s2 − 2s − 2 1 1 3 1 2 1
∴ = · + · − ·
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2) 6 s + 1 2 s − 1 3 s − 2
s2 − 2s − 2
" #
−1
Now, y = L
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
−1 1 1 3 1 2 1
=L · + · − ·
6 s+1 2 s−1 3 s−2
1 3 2
y = e−t + et − e2t .
6 2 3
Example 5.165. Using Laplace transform, solve the differential equation
y′′ − 3y′ − 4y = 2e−t with y(0) = 1 = y′ (0). [Dec 2010, Jun 2010]
Solution. y′′ − 3y′ − 4y = 2e−t .
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get

L[y′′ ] − 3L[y′ ] − 4L[y] = 2L[e−t ]

2
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) − 3[sL[y] − y(0)] − 4L[y] =
s+1
2
s2 L[y] − s − 1 − 3[sL[y] − 1] − 4L[y] =
s+1
2
L[y][s2 − 3s − 4] − s − 1 + 3 =
s+1
2
L[y](s − 4)(s + 1) − s + 2 =
s+1
2
L[y](s − 4)(s + 1) = +s−2
s+1
2 + (s + 1)(s − 2) 2 + s2 − s − 2 s2 − s
.

= = =
s+1 s+1 s+1

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604 Engineering Mathematics - II

s2 − s
L[y] =
(s + 1)(s − 4)(s + 1)
s2 − s
= .
(s − 4)(s + 1)2
s2 − s
" #
−1
y=L .
(s − 4)(s + 1)2
s2 − s A B C
Let 2
= + +
(s − 4)(s + 1) s − 4 s + 1 (s + 1)2
2
A(s + 1) + B(s − 4)(s + 1) + C(s − 4)
=
(s − 4)(s + 1)2
s2 − s = A(s + 1)2 + B(s − 4)(s + 1) + C(s − 4).

12
When s = 4, 25A = 12 ⇒ A = .
25
2
When s = −1, −5C = 2 ⇒ C = − .
5
Equating the coefficient of s2 we get
12 12 13
A+B=1 ⇒ +B=1⇒ B=1− = .
25 25 25
s2 − s 12 1 13 1 2 1
∴ 2
= · + · − ·
(s − 4)(s + 1) 25 s − 4 25 s + 1 5 (s + 1)2
s2 − s
" #
−1
Now, y = L
(s − 4)(s + 1)2
" #
−1 12 1 13 1 2 1
=L · + · − ·
25 s − 4 25 s + 1 5 (s + 1)2
" #
12 4t 13 −t 2 −t −1 1
= e + e − e L
25 25 5 s2
12 13 2
y = e4t + e−t − te−t .
25 25 5
d2 y dy
Example 5.166. Solve using Laplace transforms, + = t2 + 2t, given that
dt2 dt
y = 4, y′ = −2 when t = 0. [Dec 2013, May 2007]
d2 y dy 2
Solution. The given differential equation is 2 + = t + 2t.
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get

2 2
.

s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) + sL(y) − y(0) − y(0) = 3

+ 2
s s

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Laplace Transform 605

2(s + 1)
(s2 + s)L[y] − 4s + 2 − 4 =
s3
2(s + 1) 2(s + 1)
s(s + 1)L(y) = 4s + 2 + 3
= 2s + 2 + 2s +
s s3
2(s + 1)
= 2(s + 1) + 2s +
s3
2 2 2
L(y) = + +
s s + 1 s4
h2 2 2i
y = L−1 + + 4
s s+1 s
2
= 2 + 2e + t3
−t
3!
1
y = 2 + 2e + t3 .
−t
3
d2 y dy dy
Example 5.167. Solve 2 + 4 + 4y = sin t, if = 0 and y = 2 when t = 0, using
dt dt dt
Laplace transforms. [Dec 2011]
d2 y dy
Solution. 2 + 4 + 4y = sin t.
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get
" 2 # " #
d y dy
L + 4L + 4L[y] = L[sin t]
dt2 dt
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − ✟ ✟✟ + 4[sL[y] − y(0)] + 4L[y] = 1
y′ (0)
s2 + 1
1
s2 L[y] − 2s + 4[sL[y] − 2] + 4L[y] = 2
s +1
1
L[y][s2 + 4s + 4] − 2s − 8 = 2
s +1
1
L[y](s + 2)2 = 2 + 2s + 8
s +1
1 + (2s + 8)(s2 + 1)
=
s2 + 1
1 + 2s + 2s + 8s2 + 8
3
=
s2 + 1
2s + 8s2 + 2s + 9
3
=
s2 + 1
2s3 + 8s2 + 2s + 9
L[y] =
(s + 2)2 (s2 + 1)
" 3 2
#
−1 2s + 8s + 2s + 9
.

y=L .
(s + 2)2 (s2 + 1)

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606 Engineering Mathematics - II

2s3 + 8s2 + 2s + 9 A B Cs + D
Let 2 2
= + 2
+ 2
(s + 2) (s + 1) s + 2 (s + 2) s +1
A(s + 2)(s2 + 1) + B(s2 + 1) + (Cs + D)(s + 2)2
=
(s + 2)2 (s2 + 1)
∴ 2s3 + 8s2 + 2s + 9 = A(s + 2)(s2 + 1) + B(s2 + 1) + (Cs + D)(s + 2)2 .

21
When s = −2, 5B = 21 ⇒ B = .
5
Equating the coefficients of s3 , we get
A + C = 2. (1)
Equating the constants we get
2A + B + 4D = 9.
21
2A + + 4D = 9
5
21 24
2A + 4D = 9 − = (2)
5 5
Equating the coefficients of s2 we get

2A + B + 4C + D = 8.
21
2A + + 4C + D = 8
5
21
2A + 4C + D = 8 −
5
19
2A + 4C + D = . (3)
5
From (1), C = 2 − A.
19
(3) ⇒ 2A + 4(2 − A) + D =
5
19
2A + 8 − 4A + D =
5
19 21
−2A + D = −8=−
5 5
21
2A − D = . (4)
5
24 21 3
(2) − (4) ⇒ 5D = − = .
5 5 5
3
.

D= .
25

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Laplace Transform 607

3 21
(4) ⇒ 2A − =
5 5
21 3 24
2A = + = .
5 5 5
12
A= .
5
12 2
C =2−A=2− =− .
5 5

2s3 + 8s2 + 2s + 9 12 1 21 1 2 s 3 1
∴ = + · − +
(s + 2)2 (s2 + 1) 5 s+2 5 (s + 2)2 5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 1
" 3 2
#
−1 2s + 8s + 2s + 9
Now, y = L
(s + 2)2 (s2 + 1)
" #
−1 12 1 21 1 2 s 3 1
=L + · − +
5 s+2 5 (s + 2)2 5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 1
" # " # " #
12 −1 1 21 −1 1 2 −1  s  3 −1 1
= L + L − L + L
5 s+2 5 (s + 2)2 5 s2 + 1 5 s2 + 1
" #
12 21 1 2 3
= e−2t + e−2t L−1 2 − cos t + sin t
5 5 s 5 5
12 −2t 21 −2t 2 3
= e + e t − cos t + sin t.
5 5 5 5
d2 y dy dy
Example 5.168. Solve + 4 + 8y = cos 2t, y = 2 and = 1 where t = 0.
dt2 dt dt
[May 2002]
d2 y dy
Solution. The given differential equation is 2 + 4 + 8y = cos 2t.
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
" 2 # " #
d y dy
L + 4L + 8L[y] = L[cos 2t]
dt2 dt
s
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) + 4[sL(y) − y(0)] + 8L[y] = 2
s +4
s
s2 L[y] − 2s − 1 + 4[sL(y) − 2] + 8L[y] = 2
s +4
2 s
L[y][s + 4s + 8] − 2s − 1 − 8 = 2
s +4
2 s
L[y][s + 4s + 8] = 2s + 9 + 2
s +4
2
(2s + 9)(s + 4) + s
.

=
s2 + 4

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608 Engineering Mathematics - II

2s3 + 8s + 9s2 + 36 + s 2s3 + 9s2 + 9s + 36

= =
s2 + 4 s2 + 4
3 2
2s + 9s + 9s + 36
L[y] = 2
(s + 4)(s2 + 4s + 8)
h 2s3 + 9s2 + 9s + 36 i
y = L−1 2 .
(s + 4)(s2 + 4s + 8)
2s3 + 9s2 + 9s + 36 As + B Cs + D
Let 2 2
= 2 + 2
(s + 4)(s + 4s + 8) s +4 s + 4s + 8

2s3 + 9s2 + 9s + 36 = (As + B)(s2 + 4s + 8) + (Cs + D)(s2 + 4)

Equating the coefficients of s3 we get

A + C = 2. (1)

Equating the coefficients of s2 we get

4A + B + D = 9. (2)

Equating the coefficients of s we get

8A + 4B + 4C = 9. (3)

Equating the constants we get, 8B + 4D = 36

2B + D = 9. (4)

(3) =⇒ 8A + 4B + 4(2 − A) = 9 [using (1)]

8A + 4B + 8 − 4A = 9

4A + 4B = 1. (5)

(2) =⇒ 4A + B + 9 − 2B = 9 [from (4)]

4A − B = 0

B = 4A (6)
1
.

(5) =⇒ 4A + 4(4A) = 1 =⇒ 20A = 1 =⇒ A = .

20

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Laplace Transform 609

1 1
(6) =⇒ B = 4 = .
20 5

1 39
(1) =⇒ C = 2 − A = 2 − = .
20 20

2 43
(4) =⇒ D = 9 − 2B = 9 − = .
5 5

1 1 39 43
2s3 + 9s2 + 9s + 36 20 s + 5 20 s + 5
∴ = +
(s2 + 4)(s2 + 4s + 8) s2 + 4 s2 + 4s + 8

 1
 s + 51 
 39
 20 s + 43
 
2s3 + 9s2 + 9s + 36
" #
−1  20 5
−1 −1

Now, y = L 2 2
= L  2  + L 
2

(s + 4)(s + 4s + 8) s +4 s + 4s + 8 

" # " #
1 −1  s  1 −1 1 39 −1  s  43
−1 1
= L + L + L + L
20 s2 + 4 5 s2 + 4 20 s2 + 4s + 8 5 s2 + 4s + 8
" # " #
1 1 39 −1 s 43 −1 1
= cos 2t + sin 2t + L + L
20 10 20 (s + 2)2 + 4 5 (s + 2)2 + 4
" # " #
1 1 39 −2t −1 s − 2 43 −2t −1 1
= cos 2t + sin 2t + e L + e L
20 10 20 s2 + 4 5 s2 + 4
1 1 39 39 43
= cos 2t + sin 2t + e−2t cos 2t − e−2t sin 2t + e−2t sin 2t
20 10 20 20 5
1 1 39 −2t 47 −2t
= cos 2t + sin 2t + e cos 2t + e sin 2t.
20 10 20 20

π
Example 5.169. Solve y′′ (t) + 9y(t) = 18t given that y(0) = 0, y = 0. [May 2005]
π 2
Solution. The given initial conditions are y(0) = 0, y = 0.
2
′ ′
Since y (0) is not given, let us assume that y (0) = k.
.

The given Differential equation is y′′ + 9y = 18t.

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610 Engineering Mathematics - II

Taking Laplace transform both sides we get

L[y′′ ] + 9L[y] = 18L[t]

1
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) + 9L[y] = 18
s2
18
s2 L[y] − k + 9L[y] =
s2
18 ks2 + 18
L[y](s2 + 9) = k + =
s2 s2
ks2 + 18
L[y] =
s2 (s2 + 9)
" 2 #
−1 ks + 18
y=L (1)
s2 (s2 + 9)

ks2 + 18 A B
Let = + .
s2 (s2 + 9) s2 s2 + 9
ks2 + 18 = A(s2 + 9) + Bs2 .

Equating the Coeff. of s2 we get

When s = 0,
A+B=k
9A = 18
B = k − A = k − 2.
A = 2.

ks2 + 18 2 k−2
∴ 2 2
= 2+ 2 .
s (s + 9) " s s + #9
2
" # " #
−1 ks + 18 −1 1 −1 1
Now, y = L = 2L + (k − 2)L .
s2 (s2 + 9) s2 s2 + 9
k−2
y = 2t + sin 3t.
 π 3
Now y =0
2
π k−2 3π k−2
∴0=2 + sin =π+ (−1).
2 3 2 3
k−2
=π
3
k − 2 = 3π
k = 3π + 2.
3π + 2 − 2
.

∴ The solution is y = 2t + sin 3t.

3

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Laplace Transform 611

y = 2t + π sin 3t.

Exercise 5 M

Solve the following differential equations using Laplace transforms

1. (D2 + 4D + 4)y = e−t given that y(0) = 0, y′ (0) = 0. [May 2006]

d2 y dy
2. + − 2y = 3 cos 3t − 11 sin 3t with y(0) = 0, y′ (0) = 6. [May 2008]
dt2 dt
π
3. (D2 + 9)y = cos 2t given that y(0) = 1, y( ) = −1.
2
d2 x dx dx
4. − 2 + x = et , given that x = 2, = −1 when t = 0. [Dec 2008]
dt2 dt dt
5. y′′ + 5y′ + 6y = 2 given that y(0) = 1, y′ (0) = 0. [May 2006]

6. y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 4 given that y(0) = 2, y′ (0) = 3. [May 2005]

7. y′′ + 2y′ − 3y = 3, given y(0) = 4, y′ (0) = −7. [May 2007]

d2 x dx
8. + 2 + 5x = e−t sin t, given that x(0) = 0, x′ (0) = 1. [May 1998]
dt2 dt
d2 y dy dy
9. 2
+ 4 + 4y = 10 sin t, given y = 0 = when t = 0. [May 2004]
dt dt dt
d2 y dy
10. 2
+ 6 + 9y = 2e−3t , y(0) = 1, y′ (0) = −2. [May 2002]
dt dt
d2 y dy
11. 2 2
− 5 + 2y = 3 sin t, given that y(0) = y′ (0) = 0. [Apr 1996]
dt dt
12. y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = e−t , given y(0) = 1, y′ (0) = 0. [May 2000]

13. y′′ − 2y′ + y = et , given y(0) = 2, y′ (0) = 1. [May 2005]

d2 x dx dx
14. 2
+ 2 + x = te−t , given that x(0) = 0, = 2 for t = 0. [Apr 2005]
dt dt dt
d2 y dy dy
15. + 2 − 3y = sin t, given, y = 0 = when t = 0. [May 2005]
.

dt2 dt dt

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Anna University Solved Question Papers 229
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1
Also | f (z)| = | | → 0 as |z| → ∞.
z2 + a2 Z
∴ By Jordon’s lemma, eimz f (z)dz → 0 as R → ∞.
s
ZR Z
π
Now (1)⇒ e−am = eimx f (x)dx + eimz f (z)dz.
a s
−R
Taking limit as R → ∞ we get

ZR Z
π −am
e = lim eimx f (x)dx + lim eimz f (z)dz
a R→∞ R→∞ s
−R
Z∞
π −am eimx
e = dx + 0
a x2 + a2
−∞
Z∞
cos mx + i sin mx
= dx.
x2 + a2
−∞

Equating the real parts we get

Z∞
cos mx πe−am
dx =
x2 + a2 a
−∞
Z∞
cos mx πe−am
2 2 2
dx =
x +a a
0
Z∞
emx πe−am
dx = .
x2+a 2 2a
0

2.5 Unit V Laplace Transforms.

.

2.5.1 May/June 2016 [R 2013]

Part A

5. State convolution theorem on laplace transforms.

Solution. Refer page 289 of the main text book.

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 s 
6. Find L−1 2 .
s + 4s + 5
 s   s 
Solution.L−1 2 = L−1 2
s + 4s + 5 s + 4s + 4 +! 1
−1 s+2−2
=L
(s + 2)2 + 1
! !
s+2 1
= L−1 − 2L −1
(s + 2)2 + 1 (s + 2)2 + 1
 s  !
1
= e−2t L−1 2 − 2e−2t L−1 2
s +1 s +1
= e−2t cos t − 2e−2t sin t

Part B

13. (a) (i) Evaluate:

 
(1) L t2 e−t cos t
!
−1 −2s 1
(2) L e .
(s2 + s + 1)2
Solution.
  d2 n h io
(1)L t2 e−t cos t = 2 L e−t cos t
ds
d2
= 2 {L [cos t] s→s+1 }
ds
d2  s 
= 2 2
ds s + 1 s→s+1
" 2 #
d s
=
ds2 s2 + 1 s→s+1
" #
d s2 + 1 − s(2s)
=
ds (s2 + 1)2 s→s+1
" #
d s2 + 1 − 2s2
=
ds (s2 + 1)2 s→s+1
" #
.

d 1 − s2
=
ds (s2 + 1)2 s→s+1
" 2 #
(s + 1)2 (−2s) − (1 − s2 )(2s)
=
(s2 + 1)4 s→s+1
" 2 2 2 2
#
(s + 1) (−2s) − (1 − s )2(s + 1)(2s)
=
(s2 + 1)4 s→
s+1

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" 2 #
(s + 1)(−2s) − (1 − s2 )2(2s)
=
(s2 + 1)3 s→s+1
" #
−2s3 − 2s − 4s + 4s3
=
(s2 + 1)3 s→s+1
" 3 #
(2s − 6s
=
(s2 + 1)3 s→s+1
" #
2s(s2 − 3)
=
(s2 + 1)3 s→s+1
" #
2(s + 1)(s2 + 2s − 2)
= .
(s2 + 2s + 2)3

1
(2)LetF(s) =
(s2
+ s + 1)2
1 1
=  2 2 =  2 2
s2 + 12 + 1 − 41 s2 + 21 + 34
   
   
 1 
 
 1 
−1 −1  − t
−1 
L [F(s)] = L    
 = e 2 L 
  √ 2

 2 1 2 3 2  
 3 

s +2 +4 s + 2 
2

 √  √   √ 
− 2t 1   3   3   3 
=e  √ 3 sin  2 t −  2 t cos  2 t
2 23
 √  √   √ 
− 2t 4 
  3   3   3 
−1
L [F(s)] = e √ sin  t −  t cos  t .
3 2 2 2
" # h i
1
Now L−1 e−2s 2 2
= L−1 e−2s F(s)
(s + s + 1)
= L−1 [F(s)]t→t−2 (by second shifting theorem.)
  √  √   √ 


 − 2t 4   3   3   3 


=e √ sin  t −  t cos  t

 2 2 2 
.

3 t→t−2
 √  √  √ 
(t−2) 4    
  3(t − 2)   3(t − 2)    3(t − 2) 
= e− 2 √ sin  −
   cos 
  .
3 2 2 2

s
13. (a) (ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of
(s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 )
using convolution theorem.

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Solution. Refer Example 3.154 on page 292 of the main text

book.





E if 0 < t < a/2
13. (b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = 



−E if a/2 < t < a
where f (t + a) = f (t)
Solution. Refer Example 3.48 on page 235 of the main text
book.

13. (b) (ii) Using Laplace transform technique solve y′′ + y′ = t2 + 2t,
given y = 4, y′ = −2 when t = 0.
Solution. Refer Example 3.166 on page 302 of the main text
book.

2.5.2 Dec.2015/Jan. 2016 [R 2013]

Part A
 t 
Z 
  F(s)
5. Prove that L  f (t) dt = , where L ( f (t)) = F(s).
  s
0
Solution. Refer Example 3.3.1 on page 241 of the main text
book.
 s 
6. Find L−1 log .
s−a  s 
Solution. Let F(s) = log = log s − log(s − a).
s−a
1 1
F ′ (s) = − .
s s−a " #
  ′ 1 1 1 1
.

We know that L t f (t) = −F (s) = − − = − .

" # " # s s − a
" # s − a s
1 1 1 1
∴ t f (t) = L−1 − = L−1 − L−1 = eat − 1
s−a s s−a s
eat − 1
∴ f (t) = .
t
Part B

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Anna University Solved Question Papers 233
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  !
e−t − cos t
13. (a) (i) Find L e−t sin2 3t and L .
t
Solution. we have cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ.
⇒ 2 sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2θ
1 − cos 2θ
⇒ sin2 θ =
2
2 1 − cos 6t
∴ sin 3t = .
2

  " #
−t 2 −t 1 − cos 6t
L e sin 3t = L e
2
1 h i
= L e−t − e−t cos 6t
2
1 h −t i 1 h −t i
= L e − L e cos 6t
2" # 2
1 1 1
= − L [cos 6t] s→s+1
2 s+1 2
" #
1 1 1 s 
= −
2 s+1 2 s2 + 36 s→s+1
" #
1 1 s+1
= − .
2(s + 1) 2 (s + 1)2 + 36

13. (a) (ii) Solve x′′ + 2x′ + 5x = e−t sin t; x(0) = 0 and x′ (0) = 1 using
Laplace transform.
Solution. Given, x′′ + 2x′ + 5x = e−t sin t, x(0) = 0 and x′ (0) = 1.
Taking Laplace transform on both sides we get

L[x′′ ] + 2L[x′ ] + 5L[x] = L[e−t sin t]

s2 L[x] − sx(0) − x′ (0) + 2 [sL[x] − x(0)] + 5L[x] = L[sin t] s→s+1
" #
1
.

2
s L[x] − s × 0 − 1 + 2sL[x] − 2 × 0 + 5L[x] = 2
s + 1 s→s+1
1
s2 L[x] − 1 + 2sL[x] + 5L[x] =
(s + 1)2 + 1

1
L[x](s2 + 2s + 5) = +1
s2 + 2s + 1 + 1
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1
= +1
s2
+ 2s + 2
1 + s2 + 2s + 2 s2 + 2s + 3
= = 2 .
s2 + 2s + 2 s + 2s + 2
s2 + 2s + 3
L[x] = 2
(s + 2s + 2)(s2 + 2s + 5)
(s + 1)2 + 2
L[x] = .
((s + 1)2 + 1)((s + 1)2 + 4)
" #
−1 (s + 1)2 + 2
x=L
((s + 1)2 + 1)((s + 1)2 + 4)
" #
−t −1 s2 + 2
x=e L . (1)
(s2 + 1)(s2 + 4)

s2 + 2 A B
Let 2 2
= 2 + 2 .
(s + 1)(s + 4) (s + 1) (s + 4)
∴ s2 + 2 = A(s2 + 4) + B(s2 + 1)
1
Put s2 = −1 ⇒ 1 = 3A ⇒A= .
3
2
Put s2 = −4 ⇒ −2 = −3B ⇒B= .
3
1 2
s2 + 2 3 3
∴ 2 = + .
(s + 1)(s2 + 4) (s2 + 1) (s2 + 4)
" # " # " #
s2 + 2 1 −1 1 1 −1 2
L−1 2 = L + L .
(s + 1)(s2 + 4) 3 (s2 + 1) 3 (s2 + 4)
1 1
= sin t + sin 2t.
3 " 3 #
−t 1 1
(1) ⇒ x = e sin t + sin 2t
3 3
−t
e
= [sin t + sin 2t] .
3
!
.

−1 e−s
13. (b) (i) State second shifting theorem and also find L √ .
s+1
! !
e−s e−s−1+1
Solution.L−1 √ = L−1 √
s+1 s+1
−(s+1)+1
!
e
= L−1 √
s+1

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!
e−(s+1) e1
= L−1 √
s+1
−(s+1)
!
e
= eL−1 √
s+1
−s
!
−t −1 e
= ee L √
s
" # " " # √ #
1−t −1 1 1 π
=e L √ since, L √ = √
s t s
" # t→t−1
1
= e1−t √
πt t→t−1
" #
1
= e1−t √
π(t − 1)
!
3s + 1
13. (b) (ii) Find L−1 .
(s + 1)4
! !
−1 3s + 1 −1 3(s + 1 − 1) + 1
Solution.L =L
(s + 1)4 (s + 1)4
!
−1 3(s + 1) − 3 + 1
=L
(s + 1)4
!
−1 3(s + 1) − 2
=L
(s + 1)4
!
−1 3(s + 1) 2
=L −
(s + 1)4 (s + 1)4
! !
−1 1 −1 1
= 3L − 2L
(s + 1)3 (s + 1)4
! !
−t −1 1 −t −1 1
= 3e L − 2e L
s3 s4
−t
! −t
!
3e −1 2 2e −1 3!
= L − L
2! s3 3! s4
−t
3e 2 2e 3 3e 2 e−t 3
−t −t
.

= t − t = t − t
2 6 2 3
!
3 t e−t t2
= e−t t2 − = (9 − 2t).
2 3 6
πt
13. (b) (iii) Find the Laplace transform for f (t) = sin , such that
a
f (t + a) = f (t).

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Solution. Refer Example 3.52 on page 237 of the main text

π
book. To get the correct solution replace ω by .
  πt  π
a
a πa
∴ L sin =  = 2 2
.
a 2
s2 + π2 (1 − e−asπ ) a s + π2 (1 − e−asπ )
a

2.5.3 April/May 2015 [R 2013]

Part A

5. State the sufficiency condition for the existence of Laplace

transform.
Solution. Let f (t) be defined for all t ≥ 0 such that (i) f (t) is
piecewise continuous in the interval [0, ∞) and (ii) f (t) is of
exponential order α > 0, then the Laplace transform of f (t)
exists for s > α.

6. Evaluate using Laplace transform.

Z∞
Solution. By definition te−2t sin t dt = [L[t sin t]] s=2
0
" #
d
= − {L[sin t]}
ds
" " ##s=2
d 1
= −
ds s2 + 1 s=2
" i#
d h 2
= − ·(s + 1)−1
ds s=2
h i
2 −2
= − (−1) · (s + 1) · 2s
s=2
" #
2s 2×2 4
= 2 2
= 2
= .
(s + 1) s=2 (4 + 1) 25
.

Part B

13. (a) (i) Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave




t , in 0 < t ≤ c
function f (t) defined by f (t) = 
 and


2c − t , in c < t < 2c,

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f (t + 2c) = f (t) for all t.

Solution. Since f (t) is of period 2c,we have
Z 2c
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−2cs 0
"Z c Z 2c #
1 −st −st
= e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
1 − e−2cs 0 c
1 hZ c Z 2c i
−st
= −2cs
e tdt + e−st (2c − t)dt
1−e 0 c
1 h Z c e−st Z 2c
e−st i
= td( ) + (2c − t)d( )
1 − e−2cs 0 −s c −s
1 h e−st c Z c e−st  e−st 2c
Z 2c −st
e i
= −2cs
t − dt + (2c − t) − (−dt)
1−e −s 0 0 −s −s c c −s
1 h e−cs 1  e−st c c −cs 1  e−st 2c i
= c + +0+ e −
1 − e−2cs −s s −s 0 s s −s c
1 h e−cs 1 −cs c −cs 1 −2cs i
= −2cs
−c − 2 (e − 1) + e + 2 (e − e−cs )
1−e s s s s
1 h e−cs 1 −cs 1 e−cs 1 1 i
= −2cs
−c − 2e + 2 + c + 2 e−2cs − 2 e−cs
1−e s s s s s s
1 h e−2cs − e−cs − e−cs + 1 i 1 h 1 − 2e−2cs + e−2cs i
= =
1 − e−2cs s2 1 − e−cs s2
−cs 2 −cs
1 (1 − e ) (1 − e )
= . = 2
(1 − e−cs )(1 + e−cs ) s2 s .(1 + e−cs )
cs
e 2 − e− 2
cs
1  cs 
=  cs  = tan h .
s2 e 2 + e− 2
cs
s2 2
( )
s2
13. (a) (ii) Find L−1

.
s2 + 1 s2 + 4
" #
−1 s2
Solution. L
(s2 + 12 )(s2 + 22 )
 s s 
.

= L−1 2 .
2 2 2
 s +s 1  s + 2  s 
= L−1 2 ∗ L−1 2
s + 12 s + 22
= cos t ∗ cos 2t
Z t
= cos u cos 2(t − u)du
0

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Z t
= cos u cos(2t − 2u)du
0
Z
1 t
= {cos(u + 2t − 2u) + cos(u − 2t + 2u)}du
2 0
Z
1 t
= {cos(2t − u) + cos(3u − 2t)}du
2 0
" #t
1 sin(2t − u) sin(3u − 2t)
= +
2 −1 3 0
" #
1 sin t sin 2t sin t sin 2t
= − + +
2 −1 −1 3 3
" #
1 2 −4
= sin t + sin 2t
2 −3 −3
1
= [2 sin t − 4 sin 2t]
2(−3)
sin t − 2 sin 2t 2 sin 2t − sin t
= = .
−3 3
13. (b) (i) Solve the differential equation y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 4t + e3t , where
y(0) = 1 and y′ (0) = −1 using Laplace transforms.
Solution. y′′ − 3y′ + 2y = 4t + e3t .
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get

L[y′′ ] − 3L[y′ ] + 2L[y] = 4L[t] + L[e3t ]

4 1
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) − 3[sL[y] − y(0)] + 2L[y] = 2
+
s s−3
4(s − 3) + s2
s2 L[y] − s + 1 − 3sL[y] + 3 + 2L[y] =
s2 (s − 3)
2
4s − 12 + s
L[y][s2 − 3s + 2] − s + 4 =
s2 (s − 3)
4s − 12 + s2
L[y][s2 − 3s + 2] = +s−4
s2 (s − 3)
.

s2 + 4s − 12 s−4
L[y] = 2 +
s (s − 3)(s2 − 3s + 2) s2 − 3s + 2
(s + 6)✘ −✘
(s ✘ 2) s−4
L[y] = 2 ✘ +
s (s − 3)✘ ✘
(s − 2)(s − 1) (s − 2)(s − 1)
(s + 6) s−4
L[y] = 2 +
s (s − 3)(s − 1) (s − 1)(s − 2)

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(s + 6)(s − 2) + s2 (s − 3)(s − 4)
L[y] =
s2 (s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
(s + 6)(s − 2) + s2 (s − 3)(s − 4)
L[y] = (1)
s2 (s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
(s + 6)(s − 2) + s2 (s − 3)(s − 4) A B C D E
Let 2
= + 2+ + +
s (s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) s s s−1 s−2 s−3
(s + 6)(s − 2) + s2 (s − 3)(s − 4) = As(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
+ B(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) + Cs2 (s − 2)(s − 3)
+ Ds2 (s − 1)(s − 3) + Es2 (s − 1)(s − 2).

Put s = 0, B(0 − 1)(0 − 2) = (0 + 6)(0 − 2) ⇒ 2B = −12 ⇒ B = −6.

Put s = 1, C · 1 · (0 − 1)(0 − 2) = 7(−1) + (−3)(0 − 2)
−1
⇒ 2C = −7 + 6 = −1 ⇒ C = .
2
Put s = 2, (−2)4(−1) = D(4)(1)(−4) ⇒ 8 = −4D ⇒ D = −2.
1
Put s = 3, 9 × 1 = E(9)(2)(1) ⇒ 2E = 1 ⇒ E = .
2
Equating the coefficient of s4 we get

1 = A+C +D+E
1 1
1= A− −2+
2 2
1= A−2 ⇒A=3

 1 1 
 3 6 2 
−1
y = L  − 2 − 2
− + 2 
s s s−1 s−2 s−3
" # " # " # " # " #
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 3L−1 − 6L−1 2 − L−1 − 2L−1 + L−1
s s 2 s−1 s−2 2 s−3
1 t 1
y = 3 · 1 − 6t − e − 2e2t + e3t .
.

2 2
( )
cos at − cos bt
13. (b) (ii) Find L .
t
" # Z ∞
cos at − cos bt
Solution. L = L[cos at − cos bt]ds
t s

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Z 
∞
s s 
= − ds
s s2 + a2 s2 + b2
" #∞
1 s2 + a2
= log 2
2 s + b2 s
" #
1 s2 + b2
= log 2
2 s + a2

2.5.4 November/December 2014 [R 2013]

Part A

5. Find the Laplace transform of e−t sin 2t.

Solution. L[e−t sin 2t] = [L[sin 2t]] s=s+1

" #
2
= 2
s + 4 s=s+1
2
=
(s + 1)2 + 4
2 2
= 2 = 2 .
s + 2s + 1 + 4 s + 2s + 5

s
6. Find f (t) if the Laplace transform of f (t) is .
(s + 1)2
" #
−1 s
Solution. f (t) = L
(s + 1)2
" #
−1 s + 1 − 1
=L
(s + 1)2
" #
−t −1 s − 1
=e L
s2
" #
.

−t −1 1 1
=e L −
s s2
( " # " #)
−t −1 1 −1 1
=e L −L = e−t [1 − t] .
s s2

Part B

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13. (a) (i) Find the Laplace transform of the following functions
1 − cos t
(1) e−t t cos t, (2) .
t

h i
Solution. L e−t t cos t = L [t cos t] s→s+1
( )
d
= − L[cos t]
ds
( )s→s+1
d  s 
= −
ds s2 + 1 s→s+1
 

 s2 + 1 − s × 2s 
 

= −


 s2 + 1 2 
s→s+1
 


 1−s  
2 
= −
 s2 + 1
2 
 

s→s+1
(s + 1)2 − 1
=

(s + 1)2 + 1 2
s2 + 2s + 1 − 1 s2 + 2s
=
=
.
s2 + 2s + 1 + 1 2 s2 + 2s + 2 2
" # Z ∞
1 − cos t
L = L [1 − cos t] ds
t s
Z ∞ !
1 s
= − 2 ds
s s s +1
Z ∞ !
1 1 2s
= − ds
s s 2 s2 + 1
" #∞
1
= log s − log(s2 + 1)
2 s
" #∞
s
= log √
s2 + 1 s
 ∞
.

 
 s 
= log q 
 
s 1 + s12 
s
 ∞
 
 1 
= log q 
 1 + s12 

s

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1
= log 1 − log q
1
1+ s2
 r 
 1 
= − log 1 − log 1 + 2 
s
r !
s2 + 1 1 s2 + 1
= log = log .
s2 2 s2
13. (a) (ii)( Apply convolution
) theorem to evaluate
2
−1 s
L .
(s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 )
Solution.
" #
−1 s2
L
(s2 + a2 )(s2 + b2 )
 s s 
= L−1 2 .
2 2 2
 s +s a  s + b  s 
= L−1 2 ∗ L−1 2
s + a2 s + b2
= cos at ∗ cos bt
Z t
= cos au cos b(t − u)du
0
Z t
= cos au cos(bt − bu)du
0
Z t
1
= {cos(au + bt − bu) + cos(au − bt + bu)}du
2 0
" #t
1 sin(au + bt − bu) sin(au − bt + bu)
= +
2 a−b a+b 0
" #
1 sin at sin bt sin at sin bt
= − + +
2 a−b a−b a+b a+b
" #
1 a+b+a−b a−b−a−b
= sin at + sin bt
2 a2 − b2 a2 − b2
.

1 a sin at − b sin bt
= [2a sin at − 2b sin bt] = .
2(a2 − b2 ) a2 − b2
13. (b) (i) Find
 the Laplace transform of




t , for 0 < t < a
f (t) = 
 f (t = 2a) = f (t).


2a − t , for a < t < 2a,

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Solution. Since f (t) is of period 2a,we have

Z 2a
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−2as 0
"Z a Z 2a #
1 −st −st
= e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
1 − e−2as 0 a
1 hZ a Z 2a i
−st
= −2as
e tdt + e−st (2a − t)dt
1−e 0 a
h Z a Z 2a
1 e −st
e−st i
= −2as
td( )+ (2a − t)d( )
1−e 0 −s a −s
1 h e−st a Z a e−st  e−st 2a
Z 2a −st
e i
= −2as
t − dt + (2a − t) − (−dt)
1−e −s 0 0 −s −s a a −s
1 h e−as 1  e−st a a −as 1  e−st 2a i
= a + +0+ e −
1 − e−2as −s s −s 0 s s −s a
1 h e−as
1 a 1 i
= −2as
−a − 2 (e−as − 1) + e−as + 2 (e−2as − e−as )
1−e s s s s
1 h e−as 1 −as 1 e−as 1 −2as 1 −as i
= − a − e + + a + e − 2e
1 − e−2as s s2 s2 s s2 s
1 h e−2as − e−as − e−as + 1 i 1 h 1 − 2e−2as + e−2as i
= =
1 − e−2as s2 1 − e−as s2
−as 2 −as
1 (1 − e ) (1 − e )
= . = 2
(1 − e−as )(1 + e−as ) s2 s .(1 + e−as )
as
e 2 − e− 2
as
1  as 
=  as as
 = 2 tan h .
s2 e 2 + e− 2 s 2

13. (b) (ii) Use Laplace transform to solve (D2 − 3D + 2)y = e3t , with
y(0) = 1 and y′ (0) = 0.
d2 y dy
Solution. 2 − 3 + 2y = e3t .
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get
.

" # " #
d2 y dy
L 2
− 3L + 2L[y] = L[e3t ]
dt dt
✟✟ − 3[sL[y] − y(0)] + 2L[y] = 1
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − ✟
y′ (0)
s−3
1
s2 L[y] − s − 3sL[y] + 3 + 2L[y] =
s−3

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1
L[y][s2 − 3s + 2] = +s−3
s−3
1 + (s − 3)2 1 + s2 − 6s + 9 s2 − 6s + 10
L[y](s − 1)(s − 2) = = =
s−3 s−3 s−3
s2 − 6s + 10
L[y] = .
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
" #
−1 s2 − 6s + 10
y=L .
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)

s2 − 6s + 10 A B C
Let = + +
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) s − 1 s − 2 s − 3
A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C(s − 1)(s − 2)
= .
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
∴ s2 − 6s + 10 = A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C(s − 1)(s − 2).
5
Puts = 1, 2A = 5 ⇒ A = .
2
Puts = 2, −B = 2 ⇒ B = −2.
1
Puts = 3, 2C = 1 ⇒ C = .
2
s2 − 6s + 10 5 1 1 1 1
∴ = · + −2 · + ·
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) 2 s − 1 s−2 2 s−3
" #
−1 s2 − 6s + 10
Now, y = L
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
" #
−1 5 1 1 1 1
=L · −2· + ·
2 s−1 s−2 2 s−3
5 1
y = et − 2e2t + e3t .
2 2

2.5.5 May/June 2014 [R 2013]

.

Part A
" #
sin t
5. Find L .
t
" # Z∞ Z∞ h i∞
sin t 1
Solution. L = L[sin t]ds = 2
]ds = tan−1 s
t s +1 s
s s

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π
= tan−1 (∞) − tan−1 (s) = − tan−1 (s) = cot−1 (s).
2
" #
−1 1
6. Evaluate L .
s2 + 6s + 13
" # " #
1 1
Solution. L−1 2 = L−1
s + 6s + 13 (s + 3)2 + 13 − 9
" #
1
= L−1
(s + 3)2 + 4
" #
1
= L−1
(s + 3)2 + 22
" #
1 e−3t sin 2t
= e−3t L−1 2 2
= .
s +2 2

Part B

13. (a) (i) Find

 the Laplace transform of f (t), where



sin ωt , for 0 < t < ωπ

f (t) = 
 and f (t + 2π
ω ) = f (t).


0 π 2π
, for ω < t < ω
Solution. f (t) is defined in the interval (0, 2π ω)
2π 2π
f (t + ) = sin ω(t + ) = sin(ωt + 2π) = sin ωt = f (t)
ω ω
2π
∴ f (t) is periodic with period T = .
ω
Z T
1
L[ f (t)] = f (t)e−st dt
1 − e−sT 0
Z 2π
1 ω
= s2π
e−st f (t)dt
− ω
1−e 0
Z π
1 ω
= e−st sin ωtdt
− s2π
1−e ω 0
" −st # ωπ
.

1 e
= s2π 2 2
[−s sin ωt − ω cos ωt]
1 − e− ω s + w 0
" −sπ #
1 eω −ω
= [−s.0 − ω(−1)] − 2
1 − e− ω s2 + w2 ω + s2
s2π

1 n −sπ o
=  ωe ω + ω
− s2π 2 2
1−e ω (s + ω )

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sπ
ω(1 + e ω )
= −sπ −sπ
(s2 + ω2 )(1 − e ω )(1 + e ω )
ω
= −sπ .
(s2 + ω2 )(1 − e ω )

13. (a) (ii) Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace
s2
transform of 2 .
(s + a2 )(s2 + b2 )
Solution. Refer question 13. (a) (ii) of Nov./Dec.2014.

13. (b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of f (t) = te−3t cos 2t.
h i d
Solution. L te−3t cos 2t = − L[e−3t cos 2t]
ds
!
d d  s  d s+3
= − {L[cos 2t]} s→s+3 = − =−
ds ds s2 + 4 s→s+3 ds (s + 3)2 + 4
! !
d s+3 d s+3
=− 2
=− 2
ds s + 6s + 9 + 4 ds s + 6s + 13
(s2 + 6s + 13) · 1 − (s + 3)(2s + 6)
=−
(s2 + 6s + 13)2
s + 6s + 13 − (2s2 + 6s + 6s + 18)
2
−s2 − 6s − 5
=− = −
(s2 + 6s + 13)2 (s2 + 6s + 13)2
2
s + 6s + 5
= 2 .
(s + 6s + 13)2

d2 y
13. (b) (ii) Using Laplace transform, solve + 4y = sin 2t, given
dt2
y(0) = 3 and y′ (0) = 4.
d2 y
Solution. The given differential equation is + 4y = sin 2t.
dt2
Taking Laplace transform on both sides we get
" 2 #
d y
L + 4L[y] = L[sin 2t]
.

dt2
2
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) + 4L[y] = 2
s +4
2
s2 L[y] − 3s − 4 + 4L[y] = 2
s +4
2 2
L[y][s + 4] = 2 + 3s + 4
s +4
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2 + (3s + 4)(s2 + 4)
L[y] =
(s2 + 4)2
2 + 3s3 + 12s + 4s2 + 16
=
(s2 + 4)2
3s + 4s2 + 12s + 18
3
= .
(s2 + 4)2
" 3 #
3s + 4s2 + 12s + 18
y = L−1 .
(s2 + 4)2
3s3 + 4s2 + 12s + 18 As + B Cs + D
Let 2 2
= 2 + 2
(s + 4) s +4 (s + 4)2
∴ 3s3 + 4s2 + 12s + 18 = (As + B)(s2 + 4) + (Cs + D).
Equating the coefficients of s3 we get
A = 3.
Equating the coefficients of s2 we get
B = 4.
Equating the coefficients of s we get
4A + C = 12 ⇒ 12 + C = 12 ⇒ C = 0.
Equating the constants we get
4B + D = 18 ⇒ 16 + D = 18 ⇒ D = 2.
3 2
3s + 4s + 12s + 18 3s + 4 2
∴ = 2 +
(s2 + 4)2 s + 4 (s2 + 4)2
" # " #
−1 3s + 4 −1 1
∴y=L + 2L
s2 + 4 (s2 + 4)2
 s  " # " #
−1 −1 1 −1 1
= 3L + 4L + 2L
s2 + 4 s2 + 4 (s2 + 4)2
sin 2t 1
= 3 cos 2t + 4 +2· [sin 2t − 2t cos 2t]
.

2 2 × 23
" " # #
−1 2a3
∵L = sin at − at cos at
(s2 + a2 )2
1
y = 3 cos 2t + 2 sin 2t + [sin 2t − 2t cos 2t].
8

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2.5.6 November/December 2013[R 2008]

Part A

1 − et
5. Find the Laplace transform of the function f ( f ) = .
t
" # Z ∞ Z ∞ !
1 − et t 1 1
Solution. L = L[1 − e ]ds = − ds
t s s s s−1
   s ∞ 
= log s − log(s − 1) ∞ s = log
s−1 s
 
 1 ∞ s
= log   = log 1 − log( )
1 − 1s s s−1
!
s−1
= log .
s






1 t = 0
6. Find the Laplace transform of the function f (t) =  


0 t , 0
Z ∞ " −st #∞
e −1 1
Solution. L[1] = e−st × 1dt = = [0 − 1] = .
0 −s 0 s s

Part B
" #
3s2 + 16s + 26
13. (a) (i) Find L−1 .
s(s2 + 4s + 13)
3s2 + 16s + 26 A Bs + c
Solution. Let = + 2
s(s2 + 4s + 13) s s + 4s + 13
3s2 + 16s + 26 = A(s2 + 4s + 13) + (Bs + c)s.
When s = 0, 13A = 26 ⇒ A = 2.
.

Equating the coefficients of s2

A+B=3
2+B=3
B = 1.
Equating the coefficients of s

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4A + c = 16
8 + c = 16
c = 8.

3s2 + 16s + 26 2 s+8

∴ = + 2 .
s(s2 + 4s + 13) s s + 4s + 13
" 2 # " #
3s + 16s + 26 −1 2 s+8
L−1 = L +
s(s2 + 4s + 13) s s2 + 4s + 13
" # " #
1 s+8
= 2L−1 + L−1 2
s s + 4s + 13
" #
s+2+6
= 2 · 1 + L−1
(s + 2)2 + 13 − 4
" #
s+2+6
= 2 + L−1
(s + 2)2 + 9
" #
s+6
= 2 + e−2t L−1 2
s +9
"  s  !#
3
= 2 + e−2t L−1 2 + 2L−1 2
s +9 s +9
= 2 + e−2t [cos 3t + 2 sin 3t].
" #
−1 s+1
13. (a) (ii) Find L log .
s−1
s+1
Solution. Let F(s) = log = log(s + 1) − log(s − 1)
s−1
1 1
F ′ (S ) = −
s+1 s−1
1 1
L[t f (t)] = −F ′ (s) = − +
" s + 1 # s − 1 " # " #
1 1 1 1
∴ t f (t) = L −1
− =L −1
−L −1
= et − e−t
s−1 s+1 s−1 s+1
.

et − e−t
∴ f (t) = .
t
" # " #
s 1
13. (b) (i) Find L−1 2 and find L −1
and hence find
" (s +# a2 )2 (s2 + a2 )2
1
L−1 2 .
(s + 9s + 13)2

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Solution.
" #
s t sin at
L−1 2 =
(s + a2 )2 2a
" # " #
1 −1 1 s
L−1 2 = L
(s + a2 )2 s (s2 + a2 )2
" #
F(s) s
= L−1 where F(s) = 2
s (s + a2 )2
Z t " #
s
= L−1 2 dt
0 (s + a2 )2
Z t Z t 
t sin at 1 − cos at 
= dt = td
0 2a 2a 0 a
"  Z t #
1 −t cos at t − cos at 
= − dt
2a a 0 0 a
" !t # " #
1 −t cos at 1 sin at 1 −t cos at 1
= + = + 2 sin at
2a a a a 0 2a a a
1
= 3 [sin at − at cos at] .
2a
" # " #
1 1
L−1 2 = L −1
(s + 9s + 13)2 [(s + 3)2 + 13 − 9]2
" #
−3t −1 1 1
=e L , which is of the form 2 with a = 2.
(s2 + 4)2 (s + a2 )2
" #
1 e−3t
= e−3t (sin 2t − 2t cos 2t) = [sin 2t − 2t cos 2t].
2 × 23 16

d2 y dy
13. (b) (ii) Solve using Laplace transforms, + = t2 + 2t, given
dt2 dt
that y = 4, y′ = −2 when t = 0.
d2 y dy
Solution. The given differential equation is + = t2 + 2t.
dt2 dt
Taking Laplace transform on both sides, we get
.

2 2
s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0) + sL(y) − y(0) − y(0) = +
s3 s2
2(s + 1)
(s2 + s)L[y] − 4s + 2 − 4 =
s3
2(s + 1) 2(s + 1)
s(s + 1)L(y) = 4s + 2 + = 2s + 2 + 2s +
s3 s3

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2(s + 1)
= 2(s + 1) + 2s +
s3
2 2 2
L(y) = + +
s" s + 1 s4 #
2 2 2 2
y = L−1 + + 4 = 2 + 2e−t + t3
s s+1 s 3!
−t 1 3
y = 2 + 2e + t .
3

2.5.7 May/June 2013 [R 2008]

Part A
t
5. Find the Laplace transform of t .
t e
1
Solution. L t = L[e−t t] = [L(t)] s→s+1 = .
e (s + 1)2

6. Verify the initial and final value theorems for the function
f (t) = ae−bt .
Solution. Let f (t) = ae−bt .
a
L[ f (t)] = = F(s).
s+b
lim f (t) = lim ae−bt = a.
t→0 t→0
as as
lim sF(s) = lim = lim = a.
s→∞ s→∞ s+b s→∞ s(1 + bs )
∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).
t→0 s→∞
Hence, the initial value theorem is verified.

Part B

13. (a) (i) Find L[te−3t sin 2t].

.

−d h −3t i
Solution. L[te−3t sin 2t] = L[e sin 2t]
ds " #
−d −d 2
= [L[sin 2t] s→s+3 ] =
ds ds s2 + 4 s→s+3
" #
−d 2
=
ds (s + 3)2 + 4

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" #
−d 2
=
ds s2 + 6s + 9 + 4
" #
−d 2
=
ds s2 + 6s + 13
d
= −2 (s2 + 6s + 13)−1
ds
h i
= −2 (−1)(s2 + 6s + 13)−2 (2s + 6)
" # " #
2s + 6 s+3
=2 2 = 4 .
(s + 6s + 13)2 (s2 + 6s + 13)2

13. (a) (ii) Find the Laplace transform of the square-wave function
(or Meoander function) of period a defined as
 a



1
 when 0 < t <
f (t) =  2


 a
−1 when < t < a.
2
Solution. Since f (t) is a periodic function of period a, we have

Za
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−as
0
 a 
Z2 Za 
1  
=  e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
−st −st
1 − e−as  
0 a
2
 a 
Z2 Za 
1  −st −st


=  e dt + e (−1)dt
1 − e−as  
0 a
2
 !a ! 
 e−st 2 −st a 
1  e 
= − 
1 − e−as  −s 0 −s a 
2

1 h  a  i
.

−2s −as − 2a s
= − e − 1 + e − e
s(1 − e−as )
1 h a i
= −as
1 − 2e− 2 s + e−as
s(1 − e )
 2
1 − e− 2 s ✄
a

  
−✘
=
1 −✘e✘
s ✘
a a
2s 1 + e− 2 s

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a
1 − e− 2 s
as
1 e 4 − e− 4
as
1  as 
=  a
 = · as as = tan h .
s 1 + e− 2 s s e 4 + e− 4 s 4
" #
4
13. (b) (i) Using convolution theorem, find L−1 .
(s2 + 2s + 5)2
Solution.
" # " # " #
−1 4 −1 4 −t −1 4
L =L =e L (1)
(s2 + 2s + 5)2 (s + 1)2 + 4)2 (s2 + 4)2
" # " #
−1 4 −1 2 2
Now, L =L
(s2 + 4)2 s2 + 4 s2 + 4
" # " #
−1 2 −1 2
=L ∗L
s2 + 4 s2 + 4
Z t
= sin 2t ∗ sin 2t = sin 2u sin 2(t − u)du
0
Z t
= (cos{2u − 2(t − u)} − cos{2u + 2t − 2u}) du
"Z0 t Z t #
= cos(4u − 2t)du − cos 2tdu
0 0
" !t #
sin(4u − 2t)
= − cos 2t(u)t0
4 0
" #
sin 2t sin 2t
= + − t cos 2t
4 4
" #
sin 2t
= − t cos 2t .
2
" #
1 1
(1) ⇒ L−1 2 = [sin 2t − 2t cos 2t] e−t .
(s + +2s + 5)2 2
13. (b) (ii) Solve y′′ + 5y′ + 6y = 2 given y′ (0) = 0 and y(0) = 0 using
Laplace transform method.
Solution. y′′ + 5y′ + 6y = 2.
.

Taking Laplace transform both sides we get

L[y′′ ] + 5L[y′ ] + 6L[y] = L[2]

s2 L[y] − sy(0) − y′ (0)+5[sL[y] − y(0)] + 6L[y] = 2 · L[1]
2
L[y][s2 + 5s + 6] =
s
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2
L[y] =
s(s2 + 5s + 6)
2
=
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
" #
2
y= L−1
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
2 A B C
Let = + +
s(s + 2)(s + 3) s s+2 s+3
A(s + 2)(s + 3) + Bs(s + 3) + Cs(s + 2)
=
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
∴ 2 = A(s + 2)(s + 3) + Bs(s + 3) + Cs(s + 2).
1
When s = 0, 6A = 2 ⇒ A = .
3
When s = −2, −2B = 2 ⇒ B = −1.
2
When s = −3, 3C = 2 ⇒ C = .
3
2 1 1 1 2 1
∴ = · − + ·
s(s + 2)(s + 3) 3 s s + 2 3 s + 3
" #
2
Now y = L−1
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
" #
1 1 1 2 1
= L−1 · − + ·
3 s s+2 3 s+3
" # " # " #
1 1 1 2 1
= L−1 − L−1 + L−1
3 s s+2 3 s+3
1 2
= × 1 − e−2t + e−3t
3 3
1 −2t 2 −3t
y= −e + e .
3 3

2.5.8 November/December 2012 [R 2008]

.

Part A
" #
1 − cos t
5. Is the linear property applicable to L ?
t
Solution. Linear property is applicable for continuous
1 − cos t
functions only. Here is not even defined at t = 0.
t
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Hence, for this function, linearity property is not applicable.

1
6. Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
" # (s + 1)(s + 2)
1
Solution. L−1
" (s + 1)(s + 2) #
s + 2 − (s + 1)
= L−1
" (s + 1)(s + 2) #
−1 s+2 s+1
=L −
" (s + 1)(s + 2) # (s + 1)(s + 2)
1 1
= L−1 −
" s + 1 # s + 2" #
−1 1 −1 1
=L −L
s+1 s+2
= e−t − e−2t .

Part B
" #
s2
13. (a) (i) Find L−1 2 2
using Convolution theorem.
"(s + 24) #  s
s s 
Solution. L−1 2 = L −1
·
(s + 4)2 s2 + 4 s2 + 4
 s   s 
= L−1 2 ∗ L−1 2
s +4 s +4
= cos 2t ∗ cos 2t
Zt
= cos 2u · cos 2(t − u)du
0
Zt
= cos 2u cos(2t − 2u)du
0
Zt !
cos(2u + 2t − 2u) + cos(2u − 2t + 2u)
= du
2
.

0
Zt
1
= (cos 2t + cos[4u − 2t])du
2
0
 
 Zt Zt 
1  
= cos 2t du + cos(4u − 2t)du
2 
0 0

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" " #t #
1 sin(4u − 2t)
= cos 2t[u]t0 +
2 4 0
" #
1 1
= t cos 2t + {sin 2t − sin(−2t)}
2 4
" #
1 1
= t cos 2t + 2 sin 2t
2 4
" #
1 sin 2t
= t cos 2t +
2 2
1
= (sin 2t + 2t cos 2t).
4

13. (a) (ii) Find the Laplace transform

 of the half-sine wave rectifier



 sin ωt 0 < t < ωπ
function defined by f (t) = 


 0 π
< t < 2π .
ω ω
Solution. Refer question 13. (a) (i) on of May/June 2014.
" #
cos at − cos bt
13. (b) (i) Find L .
" t # Z ∞
cos at − cos bt
Solution. L = L [cos at − cos bt] ds
t s
Z ∞
s s 
= − ds
s s2 + a2 s2 + b2
1h i∞
= log(s2 + a2 ) − log(s2 + b2 )
2 s
" 2
#
2 ∞
1 s +a 1 s + b2
2
= log 2 2
= log 2 .
2 s +b s 2 s + a2
d2 x dx dx
13. (b) (ii) Solve − 3 + 2x = 2 given x = 0 and = 5 for t = 0
dt2 dt dt
using Laplace transform method.
d2 x dx
Solution. 2 − 3 + 2x = 2.
dt dt
Taking Laplace transform both sides we get
.

" 2 # " #
d x dx
L 2
− 3L + 2L[x] = L[2]
dt dt

s2 L[x] − s✟ ✟ − x′ (0) − 3[sL[x] − ✟

x(0) ✟ + 2L[x] = 2
x(0)]
s
2 2
s L[x] − 5 − 3sL[x] + 2L[x] =
s
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2 5s + 2
L[x][s2 − 3s + 2] = +5=
s s
5s + 2 5s + 2
L[x] = =
s(s2 − 3s + 2) s(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
−1 5s + 2
x=L .
s(s − 1)(s − 2)

5s + 2 A B C
Let = + +
s(s − 1)(s − 2) s s−1 s−2
A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1)
=
s(s − 1)(s − 2)
5s + 2 = A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1).
When s = 0, 2A = 2 ⇒ A = 1.
When s = 1, −B = 7 ⇒ B = −7.
When s = 2, 2C = 12 ⇒ C = 6.
5s + 2 1 7 6
∴ = − + .
s(s − 1)(s − 2) s s−1 s−2
" #
−1 5s + 2
Now, x = L
s(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
−1 1 7 6
=L − +
s s−1 s−2
" # " # " #
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
=L − 7L + 6L
s s−1 s−2
x = 1 − 7et + 6e2t .

2.5.9 May/June 2012 [R 2008]

Part A
.

5. State the first shifting theorem on Laplace transforms.

Statement: If L[ f (t)] = F(s), then L[e−at f (t)] = F(s + a).

6. Verify the initial value theorem for the function

f (t) = 1 + e−t (sin t + cos t).

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Solution.

Let f (t) = 1 + e−t (sin t + cos t).

L[ f (t)] = L[1 + e−t (sin t + cos t)]
= L[1] + L[e−t (sin t + cos t)]
1
=+ L[sin t + cos t] s→s+1
s " #
1 1 s
= +L 2 +
s s + 1 s2 + 1 s→s+1
" #
1 s+1
= + 2
s s + 1 s→s+1
1 s+2
F(s) = +
s (s + 1)2 + 1
lim f (t) = lim[1 + e−t (sin t + cos t)]
t→0 t→0

= 1 + 1 = 2.
" #
s(s + 2)
lim sF(s) = lim 1 +
s→∞ s→∞ (s + 1)2 + 1
s2 (1 + 2s ) 1
= 1 + lim 1 2 1
=1+ = 2.
s→∞ s2 (1 + s) + s2
1

∴ lim f (t) = lim sF(s).

t→0 s→∞

Part B
" #
s
13. (a) (i) Find L−1 using convolution theorem.
(s2 + a2 )2
Solution.

s s 1
Let = 2 . .
(s2 + a2 )2 s + a2 s2 + a2
.

s 1
∴ F(s) = 2 2
, G(s) = 2 .
" # s +a s + a2
s
L−1 2 = L−1 [F(s)G(s)] = L−1 F(s) ∗ L−1G(s)
(s + a2 )2
" # " #
s 1 sin at
= L−1 2 ∗ = cos at ∗
(s + a2 ) (s2 + a2 ) a

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Z
1 t
= cos au sin a(t − u)du
a 0
Z t
1
= 2 sin(at − au) cos audu
2a 0
Z tn o
1
= sin(at − au + au) + sin(at − au − au) du
2a 0
(Z t Z t )
1
= sin atdu + sin(at − 2au)du
2a 0 0
" " #t #
1 cos(at − 2au)
= sin at(u)t0 −
2a −2a 0
" #
1 1
= t sin at + (cos(−at) − cos at)
2a 2a
" #
1 1 t sin at
= t sin at − 0 = .
2a 2a 2a

13. (a) (ii) Find the Laplace transform of the triangular wave



t
 0≤t≤π
function given by f (t) = 



2π − t π ≤ t ≤ 2π
and f (t + 2π) = f (t).
Solution. Since f (t) is of period 2π,we have
Z 2π
1
L[ f (t)] = e−st f (t)dt
1 − e−2πs 0
"Z π Z 2π #
1 −st −st
= e f (t)dt + e f (t)dt
1 − e−2πs 0 π
"Z π Z 2π #
1 −st −st
= e tdt + e (2π − t)dt
1 − e−2πs 0 π
"Z π −st Z 2π #
1 e e−st
= td( ) + (2π − t)d( )
1 − e−2πs 0 −s π −s
 !π Z π −st !2π Z 2π −st 
.

1  e −st
e e−st e 
= −2πs

 t − dt + (2π − t) − (−dt)
1−e −s 0 0 −s −s π π −s
 !π !2π 
1  e −πs
1 e −st
π 1 e −st 
= π + + 0 + e−πs − 
1−e −2πs −s s −s 0 s s −s π 
" #
1 e−πs 1 −πs π −πs 1 −2πs −πs
= −π − (e − 1) + e + (e − e )
1 − e−2πs s s2 s s2

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260 Supplement to Engineering Mathematics - II
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#
1 e−πs 1 −πs 1 e−πs 1 −2πs 1 −πs
= −π − e + + π + e − e
1 − e−2πs s s2 s2 s s2 s2
" −2πs # " #
1 e − e−πs − e−πs + 1 1 1 − 2e−2πs + e−2πs
= =
1 − e−2πs s2 1 − e−2πs s2
1 (1 − e−πs )2 (1 − e−πs )
= −πs −πs
. 2
= 2
(1 − e )(1 + e ) s s .(1 + e−πs )
πs
e 2 − e− 2
πs
1  πs 
=  πs  = 2 tan h .
2 − πs s 2
s e +e 2 2

eat − e−bt
13. (b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of .
t
" # Z∞ h i Z∞ !
eat − e−bt at −bt 1 1
Solution. L = L e −e ds = − ds
t s−a s+b
s s
   s − a ∞
= log(s − a) − log(s + b) ∞ s = log
s+b s
s+b
= log .
s−a

R∞
13. (b) (ii) Find te−2t cos tdt using Laplace transform .
0
Solution. Comparing the definition of the Laplace transform
and the given integral, we observe that

Z∞
d
te−2t cos tdt = L[t cos t] s=2 = − [L(cos t)] s=2
ds
0
" 2 #
d  s  s + 1 − s · 2s
=− = −
ds s2 + 1 s=2 (s2 + 1)2 s=2
" # " #
1 − s2 s2 − 1 4−1 3
=− 2 = = = .
.

(s + 1)2 s=2 (s2 + 1)2 s=2 (4 + 1)2 25

d2 y dy
13. (b) (iii) Solve the differential equation − 3 + 2y = e−t with
dt2 dt
y(0) = 1, and y′ (0) = 0 using Laplace transforms.
d2 y dy t
Solution. 2 − 3 + 2y = e− .
dt dt
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Anna University Solved Question Papers 261
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Taking Laplace transform both sides we get

" 2
# " #
d y dy
L 2
− 3L + 2L[y] = L[e−t ]
dt dt

s2 L[y] − sy(0) − ✟ ✟✟ − 3[sL[y] − y(0)] + 2L[y] = 1

y′ (0)
s+1
1
s2 L[y] − s − 3sL[y] + 3 + 2L[y] =
s+1
1
L[y][s2 − 3s + 2] = +s−3
s+1
1 + (s − 3)(s + 1)
L[y](s − 1)(s − 2) =
s+1
1 + s2 − 2s − 3 s2 − 2s − 2
= =
s+1 s+1
s2 − 2s − 2
L[y] = .
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
−1 s2 − 2s − 2
y= L .
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)

s2 − 2s − 2 A B C
Let = + +
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2) s + 1 s − 1 s − 2
A(s − 1)(s − 2) + B(s + 1)(s − 2) + C(s + 1)(s − 1)
= .
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)
∴ s2 − 2s − 2 = A(s − 1)(s − 2) + B(s + 1)(s − 2) + C(s + 1)(s − 1).
3
When s = 1, −2B = −3 ⇒ B = .
2
1
When s = −1, 6A = 1 ⇒ A = .
6
2
When s = 2, 3C = −2 ⇒ C = − .
3
s2 − 2s − 2 1 1 3 1 2 1
∴ = · + · − ·
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2) 6 s + 1 2 s − 1 3 s − 2
.

" #
−1 s2 − 2s − 2
Now, y = L
(s + 1)(s − 1)(s − 2)
" #
1 1 3 1 2 1
= L−1 · + · − ·
6 s+1 2 s−1 3 s−2
= 1 −t + 3 t 2 2t
y e e − e .
6 2 3
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