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4 Multiple Integrals

P
4.1 Evaluation of double integrals

AP
Definition. Let f (x, y) be a single
valued and bounded function of two
Y
independent variables x and y which R

is defined in a closed region R of

the xy plane. Divide the region
R
R into rectangles by drawing lines
parallel to the coordinate axes. Let
CO

Ai be the ith rectangle. Let (xi , yi )

X
be any point inside the ith rectangle O
and ∆Ai be its area. Let there be
n rectangles A1 , A2 , . . . , An which lie
U

completely inside R.
ST

Let us consider the sum

n
X
f (x1 , y1 )∆A1 + f (x2 , y2 )∆A2 + · · · + f (xn , yn )∆An = f (xi , yi )∆Ai . (1)
i=1

As n → ∞, the number of rectangles increase indefinitely such that the largest

linear dimension of the rectangle which is the diagonal of ∆Ai tends to zero. The
limit of the sum (1) if exists is defined to be the double integral of f (x, y) over the

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236 Engineering Mathematics - I

"
region R and it is denoted by f (x, y)dA.
R
n
X "
i.e., lim f (xi , yi )∆Ai = f (x, y)dA.
n→∞
∆Ai →0 i=1 R

If A is a typical rectangle whose dimensions parallel to the coordinate axes are dx

and dy then dA = dxdy. Then the above double integral can be written as

P
" " "
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dxdy = f (x, y)dydx.

AP
R R R

In cartesian coordinates the following cases are to be taken into account while
evaluating the double integrals.
Y R
Case (i) Consider the case where
the limits are constants. Let the
R
region R be a rectangle given by
R = {(x, y) : a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}, where
CO

a, b, c, d are constants, then, the double X

O
integral is given by
Zb Zd Zd
   b 
Z Z  Z 

f (x, y)dxdy =  f (x, y)dy dx or =
 
f (x, y)dx  dy.

U


R  
a c c a
i.e., if the limits are constants, the order of integration, is immaterial, provided
proper limits are taken.
ST

Case (ii) Consider the case when Y

the limits of x are constants and
the limits of y are functions of x. h(x)
In this case the region R is given
by R = {(x, y) : a ≤ x ≤ b, g(x) ≤ y ≤ h(x)}, g(x)

where a, b are constants. Now the X

x=a x=b
double integral becomes

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Multiple Integrals 237

" Zb  Zh(x)

 

 
f (x, y)dxdy =  f (x, y)dy dx.
 
R a g(x)
i.e., if the limits of the innermost integral are functions of x, then the order of
evaluation of the integral is, first with respect to y and finally with respect to x.

Case (iii) Consider the case when

P
Y
the limits of y are constants and
y=d
the limits of x are functions of

AP
y. Now the region R is given
g(y) h(y)
by R = {(x, y) : g(y) ≤ x ≤ h(y), c ≤ y ≤ d},
where c, d are constants. The double y=c

integral now takes the form X

R
" Zd  Zh(y)
 

 
f (x, y)dxdy =  f (x, y)dx dy.
 
CO
R c g(y)
i.e., if the limits of the innermost integral are functions of y, the order of
integration is first with respect to x and finally with respect to y.

✎ ☞
U

Worked Examples
✍ ✌
"
Example 4.1. Evaluate dxdy over the region R bounded by x = 0, x = 2, y = 0,
ST

R
y = 2. [Jan 1996]
" Z2 Z2
Solution. dxdy = dxdy.
R 0 0
Since the limits are constants, the order of integration is immaterial.
" Z2 Z2 Z2
∴ dxdy = (x)20 dy = 2dy = 2 dy = 2[y]20 = 4.
R 0 0 0

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238 Engineering Mathematics - I

Z1 Z2
Example 4.2. Evaluate x(x + y)dydx. [Jun 1996]
0 1

Z1 Z2 Z1 Z2
 
 
Solution. x(x + y)dydx =  x(x + y)dy dx
 

0 1 0 1
Z1  !2  Z1
y2 
!!
 2 2 2 1
=  x (y)1 + x  dx = x +x 2− dx
2 1 2

P
0 0
Z1 3 1
!1
3 x2
! !
2 3x x 1 3 13
= x + dx = + = + = .

AP
2 3 0 2 2 0 3 4 12
0

Note. In some cases, the integrand can be expressed as the product of two
quantities which are independent. In that case the evaluation of the double
integral is equivalent to the product of the integrals involving the independent
R
integrands as the following examples suggest.
CO
Za Zb
dxdy
Example 4.3. Evaluate .
xy
1 1

Za Zb Za Zb
dx dy dx dy
Solution. = = (log x)a1 (log y)b1 = log a log b.
U

x y x y
1 1 1 1

Z1 Z1
ST

dxdy
Example 4.4. Evaluate √ p .
1 − x2 1 − y2
0 0

Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
dxdy dx dy
Solution. √ p = √ p
1 − x2 1 − y2 1 − x2 1 − y2
0 0 0 0
π π π2
= (sin−1 x)10 (sin−1 y)10 = = .
22 4

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Multiple Integrals 239

Z2 Z4 Z4 Z2
y
Example 4.5. Prove that (xy + e )dydx = (xy + ey )dxdy
1 3 3 1

Z2 Z4 Z2 !y=4
y y2
Solution. (xy + e )dydx = x + ey dx
2 y=3
1 3 1
Z2 
x 
= (16 − 9) + (e4 − e3 ) dx
2
1

P
Z2 Z2
7
= xdx + (e4 − e3 )dx
2

AP
1 1
!2
7 x2
+ (e4 − e3 )(x)21
=
2 2 1
7 21
= (4 − 1) + (e4 − e3 )(2 − 1) = + e4 − e3 . (1)
4 4
Z4 Z2 Z4 ! x=2
x2
y
R
(xy + e )dxdy = y +e x y
dy
2 x=1
3 1 3
Z4
CO
!
3 y
= y + e dy
2
3
!4
3 y2 y
= +e
22 3
3 21
= (16 − 9) + e4 − e3 = + e4 − e3 .
U

(2)
4 4
From (1) and (2) we have the required result.
√
ST

Z1 Z1+x2
dxdy
Example 4.6. Evaluate .
1 + x2 + y2
0 0
Solution. Since the limits of the innermost integral are functions of x, the order
of evaluation must be, first w.r.t. y and finally w.r.t. x.
√ √ 
Z1 Z1+x2 Z1  Z1+x2 
dxdy  dy 
2 2
= 2 2  dx
1+x +y 1 + x + y 


0 0 0 0

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240 Engineering Mathematics - I

Z1 " # √1+x2
1 y
= √ tan−1 √ dx
1+x 2 1 + x2 0
0
Z1 Z1
1 π 1
= √ (tan−1 1)dx = √ dx
1+x 2 4 1 + x2
0 0
π p
1 π √
= log(x + 1 + x2 )0 = (log(1 + 2)).
4 4
√2 2
Za Za −y q

P
Example 4.7. Evaluate a2 − x2 − y2 dxdy.
0 0

AP
Solution. Since the limits of the innermost integral are functions of x, the order
of evaluation must be first w.r.t. x and finally w.r.t. y.
√ √
2 2 2 2
Za Za −y q Za Za −y q
a2 − x2 − y2 dxdy = (a2 − y2 ) − x2 dxdy
0 0 0 0
R Za  q  x= √a2 −y2
 x a2 − y2 x 
=  a2 − y2 − x2 + sin−1 p  dy
2 2 a2 − y2 x=0
CO
0
Za
a2 − y2 −1
= sin (1)dy
2
0
Za
π
= (a2 − y2 )dy
4
U

0
!a
π 2 y3
= a y−
4 3 0
ST

π 3 a3 π 2a3 πa3
!
= a − = = .
4 3 4 3 6
√
Za Za2 +x2
dxdy
Example 4.8. Evaluate .
x2 + y2 + a2
0 0
Solution. Since the limits of the innermost integral are functions of x, the order
of integration must be first w.r.t. y and finally w.r.t. x.

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Multiple Integrals 241

√ √
Za Za2 +x2 Za Za2 +x2
dxdy dy
∴ = dx.
x2 + y2 + a2 x2 + y2 + a2
0 0 x=0y=0
√
Za Za2 +x2
dy
= √ 2 dx.
x=0 y=0 x2 + a2 + y2
Za ! √a2 +x2

.
1 y

P
= √ tan−1 √ dx.
x2 + a2 x2 + a2 0
x=0
Za

AP
1
= √ (tan−1 1 − tan−1 0)dx
x2 + a2
x=0
Za Za
π π 1 1
= √ dx = · √ dx
2
x +a 2 4 4 x + a2
2
x=0 x=0
π  a
=
R p
log x + x2 + a2
4  0
π p  
= log a + 2a2 − log a
CO
4
πh  √  i
= log a + 2a − log a
4  √ 
π a 1+ 2 π  √ 
= log = log 1 + 2 .
4 a 4
"
U

Example 4.9. Evaluate xydxdy over the positive quadrant of the circle
R
x2 + y2 = a2 . [Jan 2014, Jun 1996]
ST

Solution. The region of integration is bounded by the coordinate axes y = 0, x = 0

and the circle x2 + y2 = a2 . Y
Since the innermost integration is w.r.t.
B(0, a)
x, divide the region into strips parallel
P Q
to the x-axis. Along a typical strip, the

q is constant but x varies

y−coordinate x=0
from 0 to a2 − y2 . Finally y varies from X
(0, 0) y=0 (a, 0)
0 to a.

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242 Engineering Mathematics - I

√2 2 √
" Za Za −y Za " 2 # a2 −y2
x
∴ xydxdy = xydxdy = y dy
2 0
R y=0 x=0 y=0
Za #a
1 2 y2 y4 1 a4 a4 a4 a4
" " # " #
1 2 2 1
= y(a − y )dy = a − = − = 1− = .
2 2 2 4 0 2 2 4 4 2 8
y=0

.
!

P
Example 4.10. Evaluate xydxdy over the region in the positive quadrant
x y
bounded by + = 1.

AP
a b
Solution. The region of integration is bounded by the coordinate axes y = 0, x = 0
x y
and the line + = 1.
a b
Y
Since the innermost integration (0, b) B
is w.r.t. x, divide the region into strips
R x=0 x
a + y
b =1
parallel to the x-axis. Along a typical P Q

strip PQ, x varies from 0 to a 1 − by . y

 
X
CO
(0, 0) y=0 A
varies from 0 to b. a(1− y ) (a, 0)
" Zb Z b
∴ xydxdy = xydxdy
R y=0 x=0
Zb !a(1− by )
x2
U

= y· dy
2 0
y=0
Zb "  #
1 y 2
ST

= y a2 1 − − 0 dy
2 b
y=0
Zb
a2 y2 2y
!
= y 1+ 2 − dy
2 b b
y=0
Zb
a2 y3 2y2
!
= y+ 2 − dy
2 b b
y=0

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Multiple Integrals 243

#b
a2 y2 y4 2y3
"
= + −
2 2 4b2 3b 0
2
" 2 4 2b3
#
a b b
= + 2−
2 2 4b 3b
2
" 2 2 2b2
#
a b b
= + −
2 2 4 3
2
a 6b + 3b − 8b2
" 2 2
#
=
2 12

P
2
a b 2 a b2
2
= =
2 12 24
"

AP
Example 4.11. Evaluate xydxdy where R is the region bounded by the
R
parabola y2 = x, the x−axis and the line x + y = 2 lying on the first quadrant.
Solution. Solving y2 = x and x + y = 2 we get the points of intersection.
y2 + y − 2 = 0 ⇒ (y + 2)(y − 1) = 0 ⇒ y = 1, −2. When y = 1, x = 1.
R
Y
Divide the region into strips parallel to
CO
the x−axis . Along a typical strip, x (0, 2)
y2 = x
varies from y2 to 2−y and finally y varies (1, 1)

from 0 to 1. P Q
(2, 1)
X
U

x=2−y
" Z1 Z2−y Z1 !2−y
x2
xydxdy = xydxdy = y dy
2 y2
R y=0 x=y2 y=0
ST

Z1 Z1 
y  1 
= (2 − y)2 − y4 dy = y 4 + y2 − 4y − y4 dy
2 2
y=0 y=0
Z1 !1
1 
3 2 5
 1 y2 y4 y3 y6
= 4y + y − 4y − y dy = 4 + −4 −
2 2 2 4 3 6 0
0
! " #
1 4 1 4 1 1 24 + 3 − 16 − 2 1 9 3
= + − − = = × = .
2 2 4 3 6 2 12 2 12 8

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244 Engineering Mathematics - I

"
Example 4.12. Evaluate xydxdy where A is the region bounded by x = 2a and
A
the curve x2 = 4ay. [Jan 2006]
Solution.

Y
Let us evaluate this double integral first
w.r.t. y and then w.r.t. x. Divide the

P
region into strips parallel to the y−axis.
PQ is one such strip. x2 = 4ay Q x = 2a
x2

AP
Along this strip, y varies form 0 to
4a
and finally x varies from 0 to 2a. X
P

x2
" Z2a Z4a
xydxdy = xydydx
R
A x=0 y=0
x2
Z2a " 2 # 4a
y
CO
= x dx
2 0
x=0
Z2a Z2a 5
x4
!
x
= x 2
dx = dx
32a 32a2
x=0 x=0
#2a
U

x6 a4
"
1 1 6
= = (64a − 0) = .
32a2 6 0 32a2 × 6 3
"
ST

Example 4.13. Evaluate xy(x + y)dxdy over the area between y = x2 and y = x.
R
Solution. Solving the two equations we get the points of intersection.
y = x2 , y = x.
=⇒ x2 = x =⇒ x2 − x = 0 =⇒ x(x − 1) = 0 =⇒ x = 0 & x = 1.
When x = 0, y = 0, when x = 1, y = 1.
∴ The points of intersection are (0, 0) and (1, 1).

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Multiple Integrals 245

Y
Let us evaluate this double
integral, first w.r.t. y and then w.r.t. x.
y=x (1, 1)
Divide this region into strips parallel to
Q
y = x2
the y−axis. PQ is one such strip. Along
P
this strip, y varies from x2 to x and x X
(0, 0)
varies from 0 to 1.
" Z1 Zx

P
xy(x + y)dxdy = (x2 y + xy2 )dydx
R x=0 y=x2

AP
Z1 !x !x !
y3 2 y2
= x +x dx
3 x2 2 x2
x=0
Z1
x2 2
!
x 3 6 4
= (x − x ) + (x − x ) dx
3 2
0
R Z1
x4 x6 x4 x7
!
= − + − dx.
2 2 3 3
CO
0
!1
x5 x7 x5 x8 1 1 1 1 3
= − + − = − + − = .
10 14 15 24 0 10 14 15 24 56
"
Example 4.14. Evaluate ydxdy over the region R bounded by y = x and
U

R
y = 4x − x2 .
Solution. The equation of the parabola is
ST

y = −(x2 − 4x) = −((x − 2)2 − 4) = −(x − 2)2 + 4

⇒ y − 4 = −(x − 2)2
vertex is (2, 4) and it is open downwards.
Solving the two equations we get
x = 4x − x2 ⇒ x2 + x − 4x = 0 ⇒ x2 − 3x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 3.
When x = 0, y = 0.
When x = 3, y = 12 − 9 = 3.

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246 Engineering Mathematics - I

The points of intersection are (0, 0), (3, 3).

Y
Let us evaluate the double integral first
(2, 4)
w.r.t. y and then w.r.t. x. Divide the Q
(3, 3)
region into strips parallel to the y−axis.
y=x y = 4x − x2
PQ is one such strip. Along this strip, y
P
varies from x to 4x − x2 . Finally x varies X

.
(0, 0)

P
from 0 to 3.

" Z 2
Zx=3 4x−x Z3 2 !4x−x2

AP
y
ydxdy = ydydx = dx
2 x
R x=0 y=x x=0
Z3 Z3 
1 
2 2 1 2
 
= (4x − x ) − x dx = 16x2 + x4 − 8x3 − x2 dx
2 2
x=0 0
!3
x3 x5 x4
35
=
1
15 + −8
R=
1
5×3 + 3
−2×3 4
# "

2 3 5 4 0 2 5
! !
1 9 27 25 + 9 − 30 27 4 54
= .
CO
= 27 5 + − 6 = =
2 5 2 5 2 5 5

4.2 Change of order of integration

Za2 y=g
Z 2 (x)
U

Consider the integral f (x, y)dydx.

x=a1 y=g1 (x)

To evaluate this integral, since the innermost integral has functions of x as

ST

limits, first we integrate w.r.t. y and then we integrate w.r.t x. Sometimes, it is

very difficult to evaluate in this order. By changing the order of integration we
can easily evaluate. In this example the original order of integration is first w.r.t.
y and then w.r.t. x. By the change of order of integration we need to integrate
first w.r.t. x and then w.r.t. y. For this, divide the region into strips parallel to the
x-axis. Consider one such strip. The limits for x will be functions of y which are the

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Multiple Integrals 247

values of x corresponding to the curves in which the ends of the strip lies. Finally
the values of y will be constants according to the movement of this strip along the
given region. If the first integration is with respect to y then divide the region into
strips parallel to the y−axis and then find the corresponding limits for y and x and
then evaluate.
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

P
√
2
Z1 Z x

Example 4.15. Change the order of integration in f (x, y)dydx. [Jan 2014]

AP
0 0 √
Solution. The region of integration is given by y = 0, y = 2 x, x = 0, x = 1.
i.e., y = 0, y2 = 4x, x = 0, x = 1.

Y
By changing the order of
R (1, 2)
integration, the first integration is w.r.t. 4 x
y =
2
x=0
x. Hence, divide the region into strips
CO
P Q
x=1
parallel to the x−axis. PQ is one such
y2 y=0 X
strip. Along this strip, x varies from
4
to 1. Finally y varies from 0 to 2.
√
2
Z1 Z x Z2 Z1
U

∴ f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dxdy.

0 0 y=0 2
x= y4
ST

Za Za
x
Example 4.16. Change the order of integration in dxdy and hence
x2 + y2
0 y
evaluate. [Jan 2014, Jun 2013, Jun 2011]
Solution. The region of integration is given by x = y, x = a, y = 0, y = a.
i.e., the region of integration is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = x
By changing the order of integration, the first integration is w.r.t y. The double

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248 Engineering Mathematics - I

integral takes the form

Za Za "
x x
dxdy = dydx.
x + y2
2 x2 + y2
0 y R

Divide the shaded region into strips parallel to the y-axis. PQ is one such strip.
Along this strip, y varies from 0 to x and finally x varies from 0 to a.

P
Y
y=a
Za Za Za Zx

AP
x x (a, a)
∴ dxdy = dydx Q
x + y2
2 x + y2
2
0 y x=0 y=0
x=0 x=a

y
Za

=
!x

x
1 −1 y
= x tan dx
x x 0 X
x=0 (0, 0) P (a, 0)
Za
R π π πa
= dx = (x)a0 = .
4 4 4
x=0
CO
Z∞ Z∞
e−y
Example 4.17. Evaluate dydx by changing the order of integration.
y
0 x
[May 2011, Jan 1999]
Solution. The region of integration is y = x, y = ∞, x = 0, x = ∞.
U

Here, the first integration is w.r.t y and then we integrate w.r.t x.

Y
ST

By changing the order of integration,

the innermost integration must be
w.r.t.x.
x=0
So, we divide the region of integration
y=x
into strips parallel to the x−axis.
X
Along a typical strip, x varies from 0 to (0, 0) y=0

y and finally y varies from 0 to ∞.

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Multiple Integrals 249

Z∞  Zy −y 
 y 
Z∞ Z∞ Z∞ −y
 
e−y  e Z
e
 
dydx = dx dy =  dx dy
 
∴ 
y y  y
0 x y=0 x=0 y=0 0
Z∞ −y Z∞ !∞
e y e−y
= (x)0 dy = −y
e dy = = −[e−∞ − e0 ] = −[0 − 1] = 1
y −1 0
x=0 0
√
Z3 Z4−y

.
Example 4.18. Evaluate (x + y)dxdy by changing the order of integration.

P
0 1
[Jan 2003]

AP
p
Solution. The region of integration is bounded between x = 1, x = 4 − y and
y = 0, y = 3. i.e.,x = 1, x2 = 4 − y and y = 0, y = 3.
x = 1, x2 = −(y − 4) and y = 0, y = 3.
R
The region is bounded between x = 1
Y
and the parabola x2 = −(y−4) with vertex
(0, 4)
(0, 4) and y = 0 and y = 3. By changing
CO

the order of integration the innermost y=3 (1, 3)

integration is w.r.t.y. Hence, divide this

x=1 x2 = 4−y
region into strips parallel to the y−axis.
X
Along a typical strip y varies from 0 to
U

(0, 0) (1, 0) (2, 0)

y=0
4 − x2 and finally x varies from 1 to 2.
√
Z3 Z4−y 4−x2
Z2 Z Z2 !4−x2
ST

y2
(x + y)dxdy = (x + y)dydx = xy + dx
2 0
0 1 x=1 y=0 x=1
Z2
(4 − x2 )2
!
2
= x(4 − x ) + dx
2
x=1
Z2
16 + x4 − 8x2
!
3
= 4x − x + dx
2
1

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250 Engineering Mathematics - I

!2
x2 x4 1 x5 x3
= 4 − + 8x + −4
2 4 2 5 3 1
1 1 4
= 2(4 − 1) − (16 − 1) + 8(2 − 1) + (32 − 1) − (8 − 1)
4 10 3
15 31 28 840 − 225 + 186 − 560 241
=6− +8+ − = = .
4 10 3 60 60
√
b a2 −x2
Za Za

.
Example 4.19. Change the order of integration in x2 dydx and hence

P
0 0
evaluate it. [Jan 2012]

AP
√
b a2 −x2
Solution. The region of integration is given by y = 0, y = a , x = 0, x = a.
b2
i.e., y = 0, y2 = 2 (a2 − x2 )
a
y2 x2
= 1 −
b2 a2
x2 y2
+
R= 1.
a2 b2
After changing the order of integration,
Y
CO
the first integration is w.r.t. x and finally
x=0
w.r.t. y. Divide the region into strips (0, b)
Q x=a
parallel to the x− axis. PQ is one such P

y=0
X
strip.
q Along this strip x varies from 0 to
2
a 1 − by2 . Finally y varies from 0 to b.
U

r
√ 2
b a2 −x2 a 1− y2
Za Za Zb Z b

x2 dydx = x2 dxdy y = b sin θ

ST

∴
0 0 y=0 x=0
r dy = b cos θdθ
2
Zb 3 a
! 1− y2
x b when y = 0, b sin θ = 0
= dy
3 0
y=0 ⇒θ=0
Zb when y = b, b sin θ = b
1 a3 2
= (b − y2 )3/2 dy π
3 b3 ⇒ sin θ = 1 ∴ θ =
0 2
Zb
a3
= 3 (b2 − y2 )3/2 dy
3b
0

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Multiple Integrals 251

π
Z2
a3
= 3 (b2 − b2 sin2 θ)3/2 b cos θdθ
3b
0
π
Z2
a3
= 3 b3 (1 − sin2 θ)3/2 b cos θdθ
3b
0
π
Z2

.
a3 b

P
= (cos2 θ)3/2 cos θdθ
3
0

AP
π
Z2
a3 b
= cos3 θ · cos θdθ
3
0
π
Z2
a3 b
= cos4 θdθ
3
0
R
a3 b 3 1 π πa3 b
= · · · = .
3 4 2 2 16
√
CO
Za a+ Z a2 −y2

Example 4.20. Change the order of integration in xydxdy and then

0 a−
√
a2 −y2
evaluate it. [Jan 2000]
Solution. The region of integration
q is between
U

q
x = a − a2 − y2 , x = a + a2 − y2 , y = 0, y = a.
i.e.,(x − a)2 = a2 − y2 , (x − a)2 = a2 − y2 , y = 0, y = a.
ST

(x − a)2 + y2 = a2 , (x − a)2 + y2 = a2 , y = 0, y = a.

∴ The region of integration is the circle Y

y=a
with (a, 0) as centre and radius a and
between y = 0 and y = a.
y=0 X
When we change the order of (a, 0)

integration, the inner most integration

must be w.r.t y.

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252 Engineering Mathematics - I

Hence, divide the region into strips parallel to y−axis. Along a typical strip, y
p
varies from 0 to a2 − (x − a)2 and finally x varies from 0 to 2a.
√2 2 √
2 2
Za a+ Z a −y Z2a aZ−(x−a)
xydxdy = xydydx
0
√ 2 2 x=0 y=0
a− a −y
√
Z2a a2 −(x−a)2
y2
!
= x dx
2 0

.
x=0

P
Z2a Z2a
1 2 1 2
= x(a − (x − a) )dx = (a2 x − x(x2 − 2ax + a2 ))dx
2 2

AP
0 0
Z2a  !2a !2a 
1 2 3 2 2 1  x3 x4 
= (a x − x + 2ax − a x)dx = 2a − 
2 2 3 0 4 0 
0
1 2a 3 16a4 a4 16 1 4 2a4
" # " #
= 8a − = − 4 = a4 = .
2 3 4 2 3 2 3 3
R
Example 4.21. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate
Za Za
CO
y2
p dydx.
√ y4 − a2 x2
0 ax
√
Solution. The region of integration is given by y = ax, y = a, x = 0 and x = a.
i.e., y2 = ax, y = a, x = 0 and x = a. By changing the order of integration, the first
U

integration is w.r.t. x.

Y
ST

Hence, we divide the region into strips

y=a
parallel to the x-axis. Along a typical
y2 x=0 y=0
strip x varies from 0 to and finally y y2 = ax
a
varies from 0 to a. X
y2
Za Za Za Za
y2 y2
p dydx = p dxdy
√ y4 − a2 x2 y4 − a2 x2
0 ax y=0 x=0

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Multiple Integrals 253

y2
Za Za
1 y2
= r  dxdy
a y2 2
y=0 x=0
a − x2

Za    ya2
1  2 −1  x 
= y sin  2  dy
a y
y=0 a x=0
Za
1

.
= y2 (sin−1 1)dy

P
a
0
!a
π y3

AP
=
2a 3 0
π a3πa2
= = .
2a 3 6
Note. While changing the order of integration, we may come across situations
where the region has to be divided into several parts and evaluation has to be
R
done accordingly. The following examples illustrate this aspect.
Z1 Z2−y
CO
Example 4.22. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate xydxdy.
0 0
[Dec 2011]
Solution. The region of integration is given by x = 0, x = 2 − y, y = 0, y = 1.
x+y=2
U

Y
The region of integration is
ST

OACE. After changing the order of B(0, 2)

x+y=2
integration, the first integration is w.r.t.
y and final integration is w.r.t. x. E Q C(1, 1)
y=1
Q′
Divide the region into two regions x=0 x=1
A(2, 0)
ODCE and DAC. X
O(0, 0) P D(1, 0) P′
Z1 Z2−y " " y=0
∴ xydxdy = xydydx+ xydydx.
0 0 ODCE DAC

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254 Engineering Mathematics - I

Consider the region ODCE

Divide the region into strips parallel to the y−axis. PQ is one such strip.
Along this strip, y varies from 0 to 1 and finally x varies from 0 to 1.
" Z1 Z1
∴ xydydx = xydydx.
ODCE x=0 y=0
Z1 !1
y2
= x· dx
2 0

.
x=0

P
Z1
1
= x(1 − 0)dx
2

AP
0
Z1
1
= xdx
2
0
!1
1 x2
= ·
2 2 0
R
1
= (1 − 0)
4
1
CO
= .
4
Consider the region DAC
Divide this region into strips parallel to y−axis. P′ Q′ is one such strip.
Along this strip, y varies from 0 to 2 − x and finally x varies from 1 to 2.
" Z2 Z2−x
U

∴ xydydx = xydydx.
DAC x=1 y=0
Z2
ST

!2−x
y2
= x· dx.
2 0
x=1
Z2
1
= x(2 − x)2 dx.
2
1
Z2
1
= x(4 + x2 − 4x)dx.
2
0

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Multiple Integrals 255

Z2
1
= (4x + x3 − 4x2 )dx.
2
0
 !2 !2 !2 
1  x2 x4 x3 
= 4 · + −4· 
2 2 1 4 1 3 1
!
1 1 4
= 2[4 − 1] + [16 − 1] − (8 − 1)
2 4 3
!
1 15 28
= 6+ −

P
2 4 3
!
1 72 + 45 − 112
=
2 12

AP
1 5
= (5) =
24 24
Z1 Z2−y
1 5 6 + 5 11
∴ xydxdy = + = = .
4 24 24 24
0 0
R Z1 Z2−y
Example 4.23. Change the order of integration in xydxdy and hence
0 y
CO
evaluate. [Jan 2001]
Solution. The region of integration is x = y, x = 2 − y, y = 0, y = 1.
i.e.,x = y, x + y = 2, y = 0, y = 1. Solving we get 2x = 2 ⇒ x = 1.
B is (1, 1), A is (2, 0).
U

Y
The region of integration is OAB.
2
ST

After the change of order of integration (0, 2)

y
x+

y
=

the innermost integration is w.r.t.y and

x

B(1, 1)
the next integration is w.r.t.x. x=0
Q
Q′
Divide this region into two regions OCB x=1
A(2, 0)
and CBA. X
O(0, 0) P C(1, 0) P′
Z1 Z2−y " " y=0
xydxdy = xydydx + xydydx.
0 y OCB CBA

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256 Engineering Mathematics - I

Consider the region OCB

Divide this region into strips parallel to the y−axis.
One such strip is PQ.
Along this strip y varies from 0 to x.
Finally x varies from 0 to 1.

" Z1 Zx Z1 !x
y2
xydydx = xydydx = x dx
2

.
0

P
OCB x=0 y=0 x=0
Z1 Z1
1 2 1
= x(x − 0)dx = x3 dx

AP
2 2
0 0
!1
1 x4
=
2 4 0
1
= .
8
R
Consider the region CBA
Divide this region into strips parallel to the y−axis.
CO

One such strip is P′ Q′ . Along this strip y varies from 0 to 2 − x and finally x varies
from 1 to 2.

" Z2 Z2−x Z2 !2−x

y2
xydydx = xydydx = x dx
2 0
U

CBA x=1 y=0 x=1

Z2 Z2
1 1
= x(2 − x)2 dx = x(4 + x2 − 4x)dx
ST

2 2
x=1 x=1
Z2  !2 !2 !2 
1 3 1  x2
2 x4 x3 
= (4x + x − 4x )dx = 4 + −4 
2 2 2 1 4 1 3 1
x=1
" # " #
1 1 4 1 15 28
= 2(4 − 1) + (16 − 1) − (8 − 1) = 6+ −
2 4 3 2 4 3
! !
1 72 + 45 − 112 1 5 5
= = = .
2 12 2 12 24

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Multiple Integrals 257

Z1 Z2−y
1 5 3+5 8 1
∴ xydxdy = + = = = .
8 24 24 24 3
0 y

√a √
Z 2 Za2 −x2
Example 4.24. Evaluate y2 dydx by changing the order of integration.
0 x
p a
Solution. The region of integration is bounded by y = x, y = a2 − x2 , x = 0, x = √ .
2
a

P
i.e.,y = x, x2 + y2 = a2 , x = 0, x = √ .
2 Y
The required region is OAB. Draw AC B(0, a)

AP
P′ Q′  
perpendicular to OB. C A √a , √a
2 2

Divide this region into two parts OAC P Q

X
and CAB. After changing the order of O x= √a
2
x=0
integration, the innermost integration
must be w.r.t.x.
R
√a √
Z 2 Za2 −x2 " "
2 2
∴ y dydx = y dxdy+ y2 dxdy.
CO

0 x OAC CAB

Consider the region OAC

Divide this region into strips parallel to the x−axis.
Let PQ be one such strip.
U

a
Along this strip x varies from 0 to y and finally y varies from 0 to √ .
√a √a 2
" Z 2 Zy Z2
ST

y
y2 dxdy = y2 dxdy = y2 (x)0 dy
OAC y=0 0 y=0
√a
2 ! √a
y4 1 a4 a4
Z
2
3
= y dy = = = .
4 0 4 4 16
0

Consider the region CAB

Divide this region into strips parallel to the x−axis.

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258 Engineering Mathematics - I

p
One such strip is P′ Q′ . Along this strip x varies from 0 to a2 − y2 and finally y
varies from √a to a.
2
√
"
2 2
Za Za −y Za √2 2
a −y
y2 dxdy = 2
y dxdy = 2
y (x)0 dy
CAB y= √a x=0 y= √a
2 2

Za q
= y2 a2 − y2 dy

.
√a

P
2
" #
a 1 π
y = a sin θ, dy = a cos θdθ, when y = √ ⇒ sin θ = √ , θ =
4

AP
2 2
 π
When y = a ⇒ a = a sin θ ⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ =
2
π π
Z2 Z2
= a2 sin2 θa cos θa cos θdθ = a4 sin2 θ cos2 θdθ
π π
4 4
R π
2
π
2
a4 a4
Z Z
2 2
= 4 sin θ cos θdθ = (2 sin θ cos θ)2 dθ
4 4
π π
CO
4 4
π π
Z2 Z2
a4 a4 1 − cos 4θ
= (sin2 2θ)dθ = dθ
4 4 2
π π
4 4
 π π 
4
Z2 Z2 
a 
U


=  dθ − cos 4θdθ
8  
π π
4 4
 !π 
a4  π2 sin 4θ 2 
ST

= (θ) π − 
8  4 4 π
4

a4 π π 1
!
= − − (sin 2π − sin π)
8 2 4 4
a4 π πa4
= = .
8 4 32

a4 πa4 a4
∴ Value of the integral= + = [π + 2].
16 32 32

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Multiple Integrals 259

√
Z1 Z2−x2
x
Example 4.25. Evaluate p dydx by changing the order of
x2 + y2
0 x
integration.
p
Solution. The region of integration is y = x, y = 2 − x2 , x = 0, x = 1.
i.e., y = x, x2 + y2 = 2, x = 0, x = 1. Y

x
After changing the order of √

y=
B(0, 2)
P′ Q′
integration the inner most integration C A(1, 1)

P
is w.r.t.x and the next integration is P Q

y=0
X
w.r.t. y. The given region is OAB. Draw O x=1

AP
x=0
AC perpendicular to OB.
Divide this region into two parts OAC
and CAB.
√
Z1 Z2−x2 " "
x x x
∴ dydx = dxdy+ dxdy
p
x2 + y2
R p
x2 + y2
p
x2 + y2
0 x OAC CAB

Consider the region OAC

CO

Divide this region into strips parallel to the x−axis.

Let PQ be one such strip. Along this strip x varies from 0 to y and finally y varies
from 0 to 1.
" Z1 Zy Z1 Zy
U

x x 1 2x
p dxdy = p dxdy = p dxdy
x2 + y2 2
x +y2 2 x2 + y2
OAC y=0 x=0 y=0 x=0
Z1 Zy Z1  2
ST

1 y
1 2 2 − 21 2 2 1  (x + y2 ) 2 
= (x + y ) d(x + y )dy =  1
 dy
2 2 2
y=0 0 y=0 0

Z1   Z1 √
2 21
= (2y ) − y dy = ( 2y − y)dy
y=0 y=0
√
√ y2 1
!1
y2 2 1 1 √
!
= 2 − = − = ( 2 − 1).
2 0 2 0 2 2 2

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260 Engineering Mathematics - I

Consider the region CAB

Divide this region into strips parallel to the x−axis.
p
One such strip is P′ Q′ . Along this strip x varies from 0 to 2 − y2 and finally y
√
varies from 1 to 2.
√ √ √ √ 2
"
2
Z 2 Z2−y Z 2 2 2 1  2−y
x x 1  (x + y ) 
2 
p dxdy = p dxdy =  1
 dy
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 2 2
CAB y=1 x=0 y=1 0

.
√

P
√
Z2 √ 2
y2
!
1
= (2 − y)dy =
2 2y −
2 1

AP
y=1
√ √ 1 √ √ 1
2( 2 − 1) − (2 − 1) = 2( 2 − 1) −
=
√ 2 2
2−1 √ √ 1
Value of the integral = + 2( 2 − 1) −
√ 2 √ √ 2
2 − 1 + 2 2( 2 − 1) − 1
=
R 2 √
√ √
2−1+4−2 2−1 2− 2
= = .
2 2
CO
Za 2a−x
Z
Example 4.26. Change the order of integration in the integral xydydx and
0 x2
a
evaluate it. [Jan 2013]
x2
Solution. The region of integration is given by y = , y = 2a − x, x = 0, x = a.
U

a
x2 = ay, x + y = 2a, x = 0, x = a.
ST

Y
After changing the order of
B(0, 2a) x2 = ay
integration, the first integration is w.r.t.
Q′
P′
y and the final integration is w.r.t. x. C A(a, a) 2a
y=
OAB is the required region. Divide this P Q x+
X
region into OAC and CAB. y=0 O x=a
x=0
Za 2a−x
Z " "
∴ xydydx = xydxdy+ xydxdy.
0 x2 OAC CAB
a

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Multiple Integrals 261

Consider the region OAC

Divide this region into strips parallel to the x−axis. PQ is one such strip.
√
Along this strip, x varies from 0 to ay and finally y varies from 0 to a.
√
" Za Z ay
∴ xydxdy = xydxdy
OAC y=0 x=0
Za ! √ay
x2
= y dy
2 0

.
y=0

P
Za
1
= y · (ay − 0)dy
2

AP
0
Za !a
a 2 a y3 a 3 a4
= y dy = = ·a = .
2 2 3 0 6 6
0
Consider the region CAB
Divide this region into strips parallel to the x−axis. P′ Q′ is one such strip.
R
" 2a−y
Z2a Z
CO
∴ xydxdy = xydxdy
CAB y=a x=0
Z2a !2a−y
x2
= y dy
2 0
y=a
U

Z2a
1
= y(2a − y)2 dy
2
a
ST

Z2a
1
= y(4a2 + y2 − 4ay)dy
2
a
Z2a
1
= (4a2 y + y3 − 4ay2 )dy
2
a
 !2a !2a !2a 
1  2 y2 y4 y3 
= 4a + − 4a · 
2 2 a 4 a 3 a 

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262 Engineering Mathematics - I

!
1 2 2 2 1 4 4 4a 3 3
= 2a (4a − a ) + [16a − a ] − [8a − a ]
2 4 3
4 4
!
1 15a 28a
= 6a4 + −
2 4 3
1 72a + 45a − 112a4
4 4 a4 5a4
!
= = [72 + 45 − 112] = .
2 12 24 24
Za 2a−x
a4 5a4 4a4 + 5a4 9a4 3a4
Z
∴ xydydx = + = = = .
6 24 24 24 8
0 x2

.
a

P
Z1 Z2−x
Example 4.27. Change the order of integration in the integral xydydx and

AP
0 x2
evaluate it.
Solution. In the above Example, put a = 1.
Z1 Z2−x
3
∴ xydydx = .
8
0
R x2

4.3 Double integral in polar coordinates

CO

Usually the double integral in polar coordinates (r, θ) is of the form

Zθ2 Zf2 (θ)

f (r, θ)drdθ.
U

θ=θ1 r= f1 (θ)

Result. Reduction formula

ST

π π
Z2 Z2
cosn θdθ = sinn θdθ
0 0
n−1n−3 2
= · · · 1 if n is odd
n n−2 3
n−1n−3 1π
= ··· if n is even.
n n−2 22
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌

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Multiple Integrals 263

Zπ Za
Example 4.28. Evaluate rdrdθ. [Jan 2014]
0 0

Zπ Za Zπ !a Zπ
r2 a2 a2 π πa2
Solution. rdrdθ = dθ = dθ = [θ] = .
2 0 2 2 0 2
0 0 0 0

Zπ Z
sin θ

Example 4.29. Evaluate rdrdθ. [Jan 2014]

P
0 0

Zπ Z
sin θ Zπ 2 !sin θ
r

AP
Solution. rdrdθ = dθ
2 0
0 0 0
Zπ
1 11π π
= sin2 θdθ = = .
2 222 8
0

Zπ Z
cos θ
R
Example 4.30. Evaluate rdrdθ.
0 0
CO
Zπ Z
cos θ Zπ 2 !cos θ
r
Solution. rdrdθ = dθ
2 0
0 0 0
Zπ
1
= cos2 θdθ
2
U

0
π
Z2
1 1π π
= 2 cos2 θ = = .
ST

2 22 4
0

Z2 Zπ
Example 4.31. Evaluate r sin2 θdrdθ. [Jan 2013]
0 0

Z2 Zπ
 

r  sin2 θdθ dr

Solution. I =

 
0 0

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264 Engineering Mathematics - I

 π 
Z2  Z2 
 2 
= r 2 sin θdθ dr
 
0 0
Z2 !2
1 π π r2 π
=2 r· · dr = · = · 4 = 4.
2 2 2 2 0 4
0

π
Z2 2Zcos θ
Example 4.32. Evaluate r2 drdθ.

P
−π 0
2

π π π
Z2 !2 cos θ Z2 Z2

AP
r3 1 8 16 2 32
Solution. I = dθ = 8 cos3 θdθ = 2 cos3 θdθ = = .
3 0 3 3 3 3 9
−π −π 0
2 2

π
Z2 aZcos θ p
Example 4.33. Evaluate r a2 − r2 drdθ.
R 0 0

π π
Z2 aZcos θ p Z2 aZcos θ
−1 1
(a2 − r2 ) 2 (−2rdr)dθ
CO
Solution. 2 2
r a − r drdθ =
2
0 0 0 0
π
Z  2 2 3 a cos θ
−1  (a − r2 ) 2 
=  3
 dθ
2 2
0 0
π
U

Z  2
−1 2 2 2 2 3
2 3

= (a − a cos θ) − (a ) 2 2 dθ
2 3
0
ST

π
Z 2
−1
= (a3 sin3 θ − a3 )dθ
3
0
 π π 
 Z2 Z2 
−1  3
sin3 θdθ − a3 dθ

= a
3  
0 0
−a3 2 −a3 2 π
! !
π
= 1− = −
3 3 2 3 3 2

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Multiple Integrals 265

a3 π 2 a3 3π − 4 a3
! !
= − = = (3π − 4).
3 2 3 3 6 18
"
Example 4.34. Evaluate r3 drdθ where A is the area between the circles
A
r = 2 sin θ and r = 4 sin θ. [Jan 2006]
Solution. The region of integration is the shaded portion.

.
θ

P
The first integration is w.r.t. r.
Q
Consider the radius vector PQ. In the

AP
region r varies from 2 sin θ to 4 sin θ. θ x = 4 sin θ
P
varies from 0 to π. 4 x = 2 sin θ
2
" Zπ 4Zsin θ Zπ !4 sin θ θ
3 3 r4 r
r drdθ = r drdθ = dθ O
4 2 sin θ
A θ=0 r=2 sin θ θ=0
Zπ
R
1
= (44 sin4 θ − 24 sin4 θ)dθ
4
θ=0
CO
Zπ
1
= (256 sin4 θ − 16 sin4 θ)dθ
4
θ=0
Zπ Zπ
1 4
= 240 sin θdθ = 60 sin4 θdθ
4
U

θ=0 θ=0
π
Z 2

= 60 × 2 sin4 θdθ
ST

θ=0
3 1 π 45π
= 120 = .
422 2
"
Example 4.35. Evaluate r3 drdθ over the area bounded between the circles
R
r = 2 cos θ and r = 4 cos θ.
Solution.

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266 Engineering Mathematics - I

θ
We first integrate w.r.t. r. Consider the π
θ= 2 P
radial strip OP. Along the strip r varies
−π
from 2 cos θ to 4 cos θ. θ varies from to
2
π r
. O
2
π π
" Z2 4Zcos θ Z2 4 !4 cos θ
3 3 r
r drdθ = r drdθ = dθ

.
4 2 cos θ θ = − π2

P
R −π 2 cos θ −π
2 2
π π
Z2 Z2
1 1

AP
= (44 cos4 θ − 24 cos4 θ)dθ = (256 cos4 θ − 16 cos4 θ)dθ
4 4
−π −π
2 2
π π
Z 2 Z2
1 3 1 π 45π
= 240 cos4 θdθ = 60(2) cos4 θdθ = 120 = .
4 422 2
−π 0
2
R
4.4 Change of Variables in double integral
CO

The evaluation of the double integral can be made easy in several

occasions by changing the variables.
Case"(i) Change of variables from (x, y) to u and v.
Let f (x, y)dxdy be the given double integral.
U

R
Let x = g(u, v) and y = h(u, v). By this transformation the elementary area dxdy is
∂(x, y)
transformed to dxdy = |J|dudv where J = is the Jacobian of the
ST

∂(u, v)
transformation.
" "
f (x, y)dxdy = F(u, v)|J|dudv.
R R

Case (ii) Change of variables from Cartesian to polar coordinates.

Let x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
∂(x, y)
Then dxdy = |J|drdθ, where J = .
∂(u, v)

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Multiple Integrals 267

∂x ∂x
∂r ∂θ cos θ −r sin θ
Now, J = ∂y ∂y
= = r cos2 θ + r sin2 θ = r.
∂r ∂θ sin θ r cos θ
∴ dxdy = rdrdθ. " "
f (x, y)dxdy = F(r, θ)rdrdθ.
R R
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
Example 4.36. By changing into polar coordinates, evaluate the integral

.
√

P
Z 2
Z2a 2ax−x
(x2 + y2 )dydx. [Jan 1999]

AP
0 0 p
Solution. The limits for y are y = 0, y = 2ax − x2 ⇒ y2 = 2ax − x2
x2 + y2 − 2ax = 0 ⇒ (x − a)2 − a2 + y2 = 0 ⇒ (x − a)2 + y2 = a2 .

R
The limits for x are x = 0, 2a.
The region of integration is the upper Y
CO

semi circle, with centre (a, 0) and radius

a. In polar coordinates r = 2a cos θ

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ. x= 0 x = 2a

2 2 2
x + y − 2ax = 0 ⇒ r − 2ar cos θ = 0
U

O (a, 0) y=0
X
⇒ r(r − 2a cos θ) = 0 ⇒ r = 0, r = 2a cos θ.

The limits for r are r = 0, 2a cos θ.

ST

π
θ varies from 0 to .
2
π π
Z2 2aZcos θ Z2 4 !2a cos θ
2 r
∴I= r rdrdθ = dθ
4 0
θ=0 0 0
π
2
3 1 π 3πa4
Z
1
= 24 a4 cos4 θdθ = 4a4 = .
4 422 4
0

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268 Engineering Mathematics - I

√
Z2 Z2x−x2
Example 4.37. Transform the integral (x2 + y2 )dydx into polar coordinates
0 0
and hence evaluate it. [May 2011]
Solution. In the previous problem, put a = 1.

√
Z2 Z2x−x2
x
Example 4.38. Evaluate p dydx by changing into polar

.
x2 + y2

P
0 0
coordinates. √
[Jan 2001]
Z2 Z2x−x2
x

AP
Solution. Let I = p dydx.
x2 + y2
0 0 p
The limits for y are y = 0, y = 2x − x2 ⇒ y2 = 2x − x2 . x varies from 0 to 2.
x2 + y2 − 2x = 0 ⇒ (x − 1)2 − 1 + y2 = 0
⇒ (x − 1)2 + y2 = 1.
R
1
Y
=
CO
It is a circle with centre (1, 0) and radius 2
+y
1) 2

θ
= 1. The region of integration is the os
−

2c
(x

r=

upper semi circle. To change into polar

coordinates we have x= 0 x=2

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and dxdy = rdrdθ.

U

O
X
(1, 0) (2, 0)

y=0
2 2
Now, x + y − 2x = 0
ST

r2 − 2r cos θ = 0 ⇒ r(r − 2 cos θ) = 0

r = 0, r = 2 cos θ.

∴ Limits for r are r = 0, 2 cos θ.

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Multiple Integrals 269

π
θ varies from 0 to .
2
π π
Z2 2Zcos θ Z2 !2 cos θ
r cos θ r2
I= √ rdrdθ = cos θ dθ
r2 2 0
0 0 0
π π
Z 2 Z2
1
= cos θ4 cos2 θdθ = 2 cos3 θdθ
2
0 0

P
2 4
= 2 .1 = .
3 3

AP
Za Za
x2
Example 4.39. Evaluate p dxdy by changing to polar coordinates.
x2 + y2
0 y
Solution. The limits for x are x = y, x = a. Limits for y are y = 0, y = a.
The shaded portion is the region of integration.
Changing into polar coordinates we have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ.
Ra
When x = a, r cos θ = a ⇒ r = .
cos θ
a
∴ r varies from 0 to
CO
cos θ
π
θ varies from 0 to .
4
π a π
Z4 Zcos θ 2 2 Z4 ! a
r cos θ 2 r3 cos θ Y
I= rdrdθ = cos θ dθ
r 3 0 y=a
θ=0 0 0
U

π π
4 Z4 r = cosa θ
a3
Z
1 1
x
y=

2
= cos θ 3 dθ = sec θdθ x= 0
3 cos θ 3 x=a
0 0
ST

a3
π a3  √ 
O X
= log(sec θ + tan θ) 04 = log( 2 + 1) . y=0
3 3

Example
√
4.40. Transform the integral into polar coordinates and hence evaluate
Za Za2 −x2 q
x2 + y2 dydx. [Jun 2012]
0 0
Solution.

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270 Engineering Mathematics - I

√
The limits for y are y = 0, y = a2 − x2
y2 = a2 − x2 Y

2
π/
x2 + y2 = a2 . 2

=
2 =a

θ
x2 + y
The limits for x are x = 0, x = a. P
x=0
By changing into polar coordinates we

0
θ=
O X
have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ.

.
y= 0

P
In the region of integration, r varies x=a
π
from 0 to a and θ varies from 0 to .

AP
2
√ π
Za Za2 −x2 q Z2 Za p
x2 + y2 dydx = r2 rdrdθ
0 0 θ=0 r=0
π π π
Z2 Za Z2 !a Z2
r3 a3 a3 π a3 π πa3
= r2 drdθ = dθ = dθ = · [θ]02 = = .
R 3 0 3 3 3 2 6
0 0 0 0
√
Za Za2 −x2
CO
dxdy
Example 4.41. Transform the integral p into polar
√ a2 − x2 − y2
0 ax−x2
coordinates and then evaluate it. [Jan 2012]
Solution.
Y
U

The limits for y are

p p
y = ax − x2 y= a2 − x2 P
ST

y2 = ax − x2 y2 = a2 − x2 X
O 
a

2,0
2 2 2 2 2
x + y − ax = 0 x +y =a ,

x2 + y2 = a2 is a circle with centre (0, 0),

radius= a. x2 + y2 − ax = 0 is a circle with
a  a
centre , 0 and radius .
2 2
The limits for x are x = 0, x = a.

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Multiple Integrals 271

Consider the curve x2 + y2 − ax = 0

By changing into polar coordinates we have,

r2 − a · r cos θ = 0

r(r − a cos θ) = 0

r , 0 ⇒ r = a cos θ.

P
Consider the equation x2 + y2 = a2 . We have r = a.
In the region of integration we have r varies from a cos θ to a and θ varies
π

AP
from 0 to .
2 √ π
Za Za2 −x2 Z2 Za
dxdy rdrdθ
∴ p = √
√ a2 − x2 − y2 a2 − r2
0 ax−x2 θ=0 a cos θ
π
Z2 Z0
−tdt
R = dθ
π t
Z2 θ=0 r=a sin θ
=− (t)0a sin θ dθ
t2 = a2 − r2
CO
0

Z2
π
2tdt = −2rdr.
=− (0 − a sin θ)dθ rdr = −tdt
0
π when r = a cos θ,
Z2
U

=a sin θdθ t2 = a2 − a2 cos2 θ

0
π
= a2 (1 − cos2 θ)
2
= a (− cos θ)0
ST

= a2 sin2 θ.
 π 
= −a cos − cos 0 = −a(0 − 1) = a.
2 t = a sin θ.

when r = a. t = 0.
" q
Example 4.42. Evaluate a2 − x2 − y2 dxdy where R is the semicircle
R
x2 + y2 = ax in the first quadrant by changing to polar coordinates.

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272 Engineering Mathematics - I

 a 2 a2  a 2 a2
Solution. x2 + y2 − ax = 0 ⇒ x − + y2 − =0⇒ x− + y2 = .
2 4 2 4
By changing into polar coordinates we get x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, dxdy = rdrdθ.
r2 − ar cos θ = 0 ⇒ r(r − a cos θ) = 0 ⇒ r = 0, r = a cos θ.
Limits for r are 0, a cos θ.
π
Limits for θ are 0, .
2
π
" q Z2 aZcos θ p

P
Now I = a2 − x2 − y2 dxdy = a2 − r2 rdrdθ
R 0 r=0

AP
2 2 2
Let t = a − r ⇒ 2tdt = −2rdr ⇒ tdt = −rdr

when r = 0, t = a and when r = a cos θ, t = a sin θ

π π π
Z2 aZsin θ Z2 3 !a sin θ Z2
t −1
I= −ttdtdθ = − dθ = (a3 sin3 θ − a3 )dθ
3 a 3
0 a 0 0
−1 3 2
R π
!
−a3 2 π
!
−a 3 4 − 3π
!
a3
3
= a .1 − a = .1 − = = (3π − 4).
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 6 18
CO
R∞ R∞ 2 +y2 ) R∞ 2
Example 4.43. Evaluate e−(x dxdy and hence evaluate e−x dx.
0 0 0
[Jan 2014, Jun 2011, Jan 2010, Jan 2004]
Z∞ Z∞
2 +y2 )
Solution. Let I = e−(x dxdy.
U

0 0
Y
Since x varies from 0 to ∞ and y varies
from 0 to ∞, the region of integration is
ST

P
x=0
the entire first quadrant. r

Changing to polar coordinates we get

θ
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and dxdy = rdrdθ. O
X
y=0
Here, r varies from 0 to ∞ and θ varies
π
from 0 to .
2

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Multiple Integrals 273

π
Z∞ Z∞ Z2 Z∞
2 +y2 ) 2 dt
∴I= e−(x dxdy = e−r rdrdθ Let r2 = t, 2rdr = dt ⇒ rdr =
2
0 0 0 0
π
Z Z∞2
dt
= e−t dθ When r = 0, t = 0, when r = ∞, t = ∞
2
0 0
π
Z2 !∞
1 e−t

.
= dθ

P
2 −1 0
0
π
Z2

AP
1 1 π π
=− (0 − 1)dθ = (θ)02 = .
2 2 4
0
Z∞
2
To find e−x dx.
0
Z∞ Z∞
R
2 +y2 ) π
We have, e−(x dxdy =
4
0 0
CO
Z∞ Z∞
2 2 π
e−x e−y dxdy =
4
0 0
Z∞ Z∞
−x2 2 π
e dx e−y dy =
4
0 0
U

 ∞ 2
Z
π

−x 2
 e dx =
 
4
ST

0
Z∞ √
−x2 π
e dx = .
2
0

" s
1 − x2 − y2
Example 4.44. Evaluate dxdy over the positive quadrant of the
1 + x2 + y2
circle x2 + y2 = 1.
Solution.

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274 Engineering Mathematics - I

By changing into polar coordinates we

get x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and dxdy = rdrdθ. Y

2
π/
Now x2 + y2 = 1

θ=
=⇒ r2 = 1 P
x=0
i.e., r = 1. For the region of integration,

1
r=

0
θ=
we have r varies from 0 to 1 and θ varies θ
X
O

.
π y=0

P
from 0 to .
2

AP
" s
1 − x2 − y2
Let I = dxdy
1 + x2 + y2
π
Z2 Z1 r
1 − r2
= rdrdθ
1 + r2
0 0
R π
Z Z12
r(1 − r2 )
= √ drdθ
1 − r4
CO
0 0
π
Z Z1
 2

r r3 
 
=  √ − √  drdθ
 1 − r4 1 − r4 
0 0
π 
Z2  Z1 Z1

 1 2r 1 −4r 3 
U

= √ dr + √ dr dθ
 
2 1 − r4 4 1 − r4 
0 0 0
π
Z  Z1 Z1
 2

 1 dt 1 4
d(1 − r ) 
ST


=  √ dr + √  dθ [t = r2 ]
2 4

1 − t2 1 − r4 
0 0 0
π
Z  2 1 1
 
 1 −1 1 1  (1 − r4 ) 2  
=  (sin t)0 +    dθ
2 4 1
0 2 0
π
Z 2 !
1π 1
= + (0 − 2) dθ
22 4
0

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Multiple Integrals 275

π
Z2 !
π 1
= − dθ
4 2
0
!
π 1 π
= − (θ)02
4 2
!
π 1 π
= −
4 2 2
π2 π
= − .

.
8 4

P
"
x2 y2
Example 4.45. By transforming into polar coordinates evaluate dxdy
x2 + y2

AP
over the annular region between the circles x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + y2 = b2 , (b > a)
[Jan 2013]
Y
Solution. By changing into polar
b
coordinates we get x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
x=0
and dxdy = rdrdθ, x2 + y2 = r2 .
R a
In the region of integration we O X
y=0
have r varies from a to b and θ varies
CO

from 0 to 2π.

" Z2π Zb
x2 y2 r2 cos2 θ · r2 sin2 θ
U

dxdy = · rdrdθ
x2 + y2 r2
θ=0 r=a
Z2π Zb
ST

= r3 cos2 θ sin2 θdrdθ

θ=0 r=a
Z2π !b
2 2r4
= cos θ sin θ · dθ.
4 r=a
0
Z2π
1
= cos2 θ sin2 θ(b4 − a4 )dθ
4
0

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276 Engineering Mathematics - I

Z2π
b4 − a4
= (sin θ cos θ)2 dθ
4
0
Z2π !2
b4 − a4 sin 2θ
= dθ
4 2
0
Z2π
b4 − a4
= sin2 2θdθ.
16
0

P
Z2π
b4 − a4 1 − cos 4θ
= dθ
16 2
0

AP
 2π
Z2π

4 4
b − a 
Z 
=  dθ − cos 4θdθ
32  
0 0
 #2π 
b4 − a4  2π sin 4θ  b4 − a4 (b4 − a4 )π
"
= [θ]0 −  = (2π) =
32 4 0 32 16
R
4.5 Area enclosed by plane curves
"
CO

Result. Area of a region R is given by dxdy.

R
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
U

Example 4.46. Find the area of the circle of radius a by double integration.
[Jan 2006]
ST

Solution.
The circle is x2 + y2 = a2 . and finally x varies from 0 to a.
By symmetry Area = 4× area in the first
√
quadrant. Za Za2 −x2 Za √
2 2

Divide the region in the first quadrant ∴ Area = 4 dydx = 4 (y)0 a −x dx

x=0 y=0 x=0
into strips parallel to the y-axis. Along a
√ Za !a
p xp 2 a2 −1  x 
typical strip, y varies from 0 to a2 − x2 =4 a2 − x2 dx =4 a − x2 + sin
2 2 a 0
0

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Multiple Integrals 277

a2 −1 a2 π
!
=4 sin (1) = 4 = πa2 .
2 2 2

Y
(0, a) √
y = a2 − x 2

x=0

P
O X
y= 0 (a, 0)

AP
x2 +y2 = a2

x2 y2
Example 4.47. Find the area of the ellipse + = 1 using double integration.
a2 b2
[Jun 2013]
Solution.
R
Y
CO
Consider the area in the first quadrant.
√
(0, b) y = ab a2 − x 2
Divide this area into strips parallel to
x=0
the y-axis. Along a typical strip, y varies
bp 2 y=0
X
from 0 to a − x2 and finally x varies (a, 0)
a
from 0 to a.
U

By symmetry, Area of the ellipse = 4× Area in the first quadrant.

ST

√
b 2 −x2
Za a Za Za √ Za
b
a2 −x2 bp 2
Area = 4 dydx = 4 a
(y)0 dx = 4 a − x2 dx
a
x=0 y=0 x=0 0
Za p !a
4b 2 2
4b x p 2 2
a2 −1  x 
= a − x dx = a −x + sin
a a 2 2 a 0
0
4b a2 π
= sin−1 (1) = 2ab = πab.
a 2 2

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278 Engineering Mathematics - I

Example 4.48. Using double integral, find the area bounded by the parabola
y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4ay [Jun 2013, May 2011, Jan 2010]
Solution.

Y
To find the points of intersection, solve x2 = 4ay

the two equations.

A(4a, 4a)

.
2

P
y = 4ax (1)

x2 = 4ay (2)
X

AP
y=0 O
x42−y264a3 x = 0
(2)2 ⇒ x4 = 16a
3
= x(x 64a3 ) = 0
16a2 −· 4ax x=0
y2 = 4ax
x=
= 0, x33
64a x− 64a = 0
3

x3 = 64a3 ⇒ x = 4a.
R
When x = 0, y = 0. One point of intersection is O(0, 0).
CO
When x = 4a, 4ay = 16a2
16a2
y= = 4a.
4a
∴ The other point of intersection is A(4a, 4a).
The shaded portion is the required region. Divide the region into strips
y2 p
parallel to the x−axis. Along one such strip, x varies form
U

to 4ay and finally y

4a
varies form 0 to 4a. √
Z4a Z4ay
ST

∴ Required area = dxdy

y=0 2
x= y4a

Z4a √
4ay
= [x] y2 dy
4a
y=0
Z4a " p
y2
#
= 4ay − dy
4a
0

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Multiple Integrals 279

Z4a Z4a
√ 1/2 1
=2 a· y dy − y2 dy
4a
0 0
 4a !4a
√  y3/2  1 y3
= 2 a ·  3  −
  ·
2 0
4a 3 0
√ 2 1
= 2 a × · (4a)3/2 − 64a3
3 12a
√
4 a √ 16a2
= 8a a −

P
3 3
32a2 16a 2 16a2
= − = [Link]
3 3 3

AP
Example 4.49. Find the area common to y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y using double
integration. [Dec 2011]
Solution. Put a = 1 in the previous example.

Example 4.50. Find by double integration, the area between the parabolas
3y2 = 25x and 5x2 = 9y.
R [Jun 2012]
Solution. To find the points of intersection, solve the two equations.
CO
25
y2 = x (1)
3
9 Y
x2 = y (2)
5 x2 = 95 y

2 4 81 2
(2) ⇒ x = y A(3, 5)
U

25
81 × ✚✚
25
✚ 4=
✚
25x x
3
ST

x4 = 27x O(0, 0)
X

x4 − 27x = 0

x(x3 − 27) = 0 y2 = 25
3 x

x = 0, x3 − 27 = 0

x3 = 27

x = 3.

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280 Engineering Mathematics - I

when x = 0, 9y = 0 ⇒ y = 0.
One point of intersection is O(0, 0).
where x = 3, 9y = 5 × 9
y = 5.
∴ The other point of intersection is (3, 5).
The shaded portion is the region of integration. Divide the region √ into strips
3y2 3 y
parallel to the x−axis. Along one such strip, x varies from to √ and finally y

.
25

P
5
varies from 0 to 5. √
3 y
√
Z5 Z 5 Z5 √
3 y

AP
√
5
∴ Area = dxdy = (x) 3y2
dy
25
0 3y2 0
25

Z5
3y2
!
3 √
= √ y− dy
5 25
0

R 5
3  y3/2  3 y3
!5
2 √ 1
= √  3  − · = √ [5 5] − · 53 = 10 − 5 = 5 [Link].
5 2 0 25 3 0 5 25
CO
Example 4.51. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36
and the straight line 2x + 3y = 6. [Jan 2012]
Solution. Solving the given two equations, we get the points of intersection.
U

Y
, 2)
2 2 B(0
4x + 9y = 36 (1) 4x2 +9y2 = 36
ST

2 x+
2x + 3y = 6 (2) 3y=
6

O
X
From (2), 3y = 6 − 2x A(3
, 0)
6 − 2x
i.e., y = .
3
Substituting in (1) we get

9(6 − 2x)2
4x2 + = 36
9

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Multiple Integrals 281

4x2 + 36 + 4x2 − 24x = 36

8x2 − 24x = 0

x2 − 3x = 0

x(x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 3.

6
When x = 0, (2) ⇒ y = = 2.
3
One point of intersection is (0, 2)

P
6−6
When x = 3, y = = 0.
3
The other point of intersection is (3, 0).

AP
The shaded portion is the smaller area. Divide the regionrinto strips parallel to
6 − 2x 4 2
the y−axis. Along one such strip, y varies from to 4 − x and finally x
3 9
varies from 3 to 0.
q
R Z0
4− 94 x2
Z0 q
  4− 94 x2
Z
∴ Area = dxdy = y 6−2x dx
3
CO
x=3 y= 6−2x 3
3

Z0  r !
 4 2 6 − 2x 
=  4 − x −  dx
9 3
3
Z0 r Z0 Z0
4 2
= (9 − x2 )dx − 2dx + xdx
U

9 3
3 3 3
#0 " #0
2 x2
"
2 xp 2
9 −1  x  0
= 9 − x + sin − 2[x]3 +
ST

3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3
" #
2 9π 1 −3π 3π
= 0− − 2(0 − 3) + [0 − 9] = +6−3=3−
3 22 3 2 2
 π  3(2 − π)
=3 1− = [Link].
2 2

Example 4.52. Find the smaller of the areas bounded by y = 2 − x and x2 + y2 = 4

using double integral.

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282 Engineering Mathematics - I

Solution. Solving the given two equations, we get the points of intersection.

We have x2 + y2 = 4 ⇒ x2 + (2 − x)2 = 4 ⇒ x2 + 4 + x2 − 4x = 4 ⇒ 2x2 − 4x = 0

⇒ x2 − 2x = 0 ⇒ x(x − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 2.

Y
When x = 0, y = 2, when x = 2, y = 0.
(0, 2)

.
The points of intersection are (0, 2) and

P
y = 2− x
x=0
(2, 0). The shaded portion is the required
X

AP
region. Divide this region into strips O
y= 0 (2, 0)
parallel to the y-axis. Along one such
√
typical strip, y varies from 2−x to 4 − x2
and finally x varies from 0 to 2.
√
" Z2 Z4−x2 Z2 √ Z2 p
R 4−x2
Now area = dxdy. = dydx = (y)2−x dx = ( 4 − x2 − (2 − x))dx
R x=0 y=2−x x=0 x=0
CO
 x !2 2 2
!
xp 4 x
= 4 − x2 + sin−1 − 2(x)20 +
2 2 2 0 2 0
4 π
= 2 sin−1 (1) − 2(2 − 0) + = 2 − 4 + 2 = π − 2.
2 2

Example 4.53. Find the area bounded by the parabola y2 = 4 − x and y2 = 4 − 4x as

U

a double integral and evaluate it. [Jan 2001]

Solution. The parabola y2 = 4 − x = −(x − 4). Its vertex is at (4, 0).
ST

Consider the parabola y2 = 4 − 4x = −4(x − 1) . Its vertex is at (1, 0).

Both the parabolas are open to the left. Let us solve the two equations to find the
points of intersection, y2 = 4 − x and y2 = 4 − 4x.
∴ 4 − x = 4 − 4x ⇒ 4x − x = 0 ⇒ 3x = 0 ⇒ x = 0 ⇒ y2 = 4 ⇒ y = ±2.

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Multiple Integrals 283

Y
The points of intersection are
(2, 0), (−2, 0). The shaded portion is the
required region. Divide this region into (1, 0) (4, 0)
O X
strips parallel to the x-axis. Along one
y2
typical strip, x varies from 1 − to 4−y2 .
4
Finally y varies from −2 to 2.

P
" x=4−y2
Z2 Z2 Z2
y2
Z !!
4−y2 2
Now area = dxdy. = dydx = (x) 2 dy = 4−y − 1− dy
1− y4 4

AP
R y=−2 2 y=−2 y=−2
x=1− y4

Z2 !2 !2
y2 y3 1 y3
!
2 2 2
= 4−y −1+ dy = 4(y)−2 − − (y)−2 +
4 3 −2 4 3 −2
y=−2
1 1 16 16
= 4(2 + 2) − (8 + 8) − (2 + 2) + (8 + 8) = 16 − −4+
3
R 12 3 12
16 4 12
= 16 − 4 − + = 12 − = 12 − 4 = 8.
3 3 3
CO
Example 4.54. Find the area of the region bounded by y = x − 2 and y2 = 2x + 4.
Solution. The parabola is y2 = 2x + 4 = 2(x + 2).
The vertex is (−2, 0).
To find the points of intersection, let us solve the two equations.
U

The curves are y = x − 2, y2 = 2x + 4.

(x − 2)2 = 2x + 4.
ST

x2 − 4x + 4 − 2x − 4 = 0

x2 − 6x = 0

x(x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 6.
When x = 0, y = −2.
When x = 6, y = 4.

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284 Engineering Mathematics - I

Y
The points of intersection are (0, −2) and
(6, 4). The shaded portion is the required
(6, 4)
region. Divide the region into strips
parallel to the x-axis. Along one such
X
y2 − 4 (−2, 0)
O
strip, x varies from to y + 2 and
2 (0, −2)
finally y varies from −2 to 4.

P
"

AP
Z4 Zy+2 Z4
y+2
Now, Area = dxdy = dxdy = (x) 2 dy
x= y 2−4
R y=−2 2 y=−2
x= y 2−4

Z4 Z4 Z4
y2 y2 y2
!! ! !
= y+2− − 2 dy = y+2− + 2 dy = y+4− dy
2 2 2
−2
R !4
−2 −2

y2 y3 1 1
= + 4y − = (16 − 4) + 4(4 + 2) − (64 + 8) = 6 + 24 − 12 = 18.
2 6 −2 2 6
CO
Area as double integral in polar coordinates
!
Result. Area in polar coordinates is given by rdrdθ.
R
✎ ☞
Worked Examples
✍ ✌
U

Example 4.55. Find the area of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ).
Solution.
ST

Since the curve is symmetric about the θ

initial line, Area = 2× area above the P

θ=π
initial line. r
O θ=0
Along this region, r varies from 0 to
a(1 − cos θ) and θ varies from 0 to π. r = a(1−cos θ)

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Multiple Integrals 285

Zπ Z θ)
a(1−cos Zπ !a(1−cos θ) Zπ
r2
Area = 2 rdrdθ = 2 dθ = a2 (1 − cos θ)2 dθ
2 0
θ=0 r=0 0 0
Zπ Zπ
1 + cos 2θ
= a2 (1 − cos2 θ − 2 cos θ)dθ = a2 (1 + − 2 cos θ)dθ
2
0 0
Zπ !π !
3 cos 2θ 3 1 sin 2θ
=a 2
( + − 2 cos θ)dθ = a2 (θ)π0 + − 2(sin θ)π0
2 2 2 2 2 0

.
0

P
3πa2
!
3π
= a2 = .
2 2

AP
Example 4.56. Find the area of one loop of the lemniscate of Bernoulli
r2 = a2 cos 2θ.
Solution. The curve is symmetric about both the axes. One loop lies to the right
of y-axis and symmetric about the x-axis.
∴ Area = 2× area of the portion which lies above the axis.
R √ π
Along the region r varies√from 0 to a cos 2θ and θ varies from 0 to .
π 4
Z4 a Zcos 2θ
CO
∴ Area = 2 rdrdθ
θ

2θ
4

θ=0 r=0
π/

s
co
θ=

π
4 !a √cos 2θ a2
=
P
r2
r2
Z
=2 dθ
2 0
θ=0 r
O
U

π
Z 4

= a2 cos 2θdθ θ = −π/4

0
ST

! π4
2 sin 2θ a2  π  a2
=a = sin − 0 = .
2 0 2 2 2

Example 4.57. Find the area between r = 2 cos θ andπ r = 4 cos θ. π

Z2 Z2
Solution.π r=4 cos θ 1
Z2 Z
π
Z2 !4 cos θ = (16 cos2 θ − 4 cos2 θ)dθ = 6 cos2 θdθ
r 2 2
−π −π
Area = rdrdθ = dθ 2 2
2 2 cos θ
θ= −π
2
r=2 cos θ θ= −π
2

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286 Engineering Mathematics - I

π
θ
Z2 π
θ= P
2 1π 2
=6×2 cos θdθ = 12 × = 3π.
22
0
O
r

θ = − π2

P
Example 4.58. Find the area inside the circle r = a sin θ but lying outside the
cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ). [Jan 2009]

AP
Solution. The equation of the given curves are r = a sin θ, r = a(1 − cos θ). Solving,
we get a sin θ = a(1 − cos θ) ⇒ sin θ = 1 − cos θ.
⇒ sin θ + cos θ = 1 ⇒ (sin θ + cos θ)2 = 1.
sin2 θ + cos2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = 1 ⇒ 1 + sin 2θ = 1
π
R
⇒ sin 2θ = 0 ⇒ 2θ = 0 or 2θ = π ⇒ θ = 0, θ = .
2
θ
The shaded portion is the required
CO
θ = π/2
region. Consider the radius vector OP.
Q
The limits for r and θ as OP traverses
the required region is as follows. r P r = a sin θ
θ=π
varies from a(1 − cos θ) to a sin θ and θ O θ=0
r
U

π
varies from 0 to .
2 r = a(1−cos θ)
π π
Z 2 Z sin θ
r=a Z 2
2 a sin θ
!
r
ST

Area = rdrdθ = dθ
2 a(1−cos θ)
θ=0 r=a(1−cos θ) θ=0

π π
Z2  Z2 
1 2 2 2 2 a2  
= a sin θ − a (1 − cos θ) dθ = sin2 θ − 1 − cos2 θ + 2 cos θ dθ
2 2
0 0
2 2 a2
!
a 1π π 1π a  π 
= − − + 2.1 = 2− = (4 − π).
2 22 2 22 2 2 4

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Multiple Integrals 287

Example 4.59. Find the area which is inside the circle r = 3a cos θ and outside the
cardioid r = a(1 + cos θ). [Jan 2013]
Solution. The shaded portion is the required area. Solving the two equations we
get the points of intersection, r = 3a cos θ and r = a(1 + cos θ).

3
θ

π/
=
θ
∴ 3a cos θ =a(1 + cos θ)
r

P
3 cos θ =1 + cos θ (3a/2,0) (3a, 0)

2 cos θ =1 π π

AP
Z3 3aZcos θ Z3 " #3a cos θ
1 π π r2
Required area ⇒ θabove
cos θ==2 × area = , − θ .== 2 rdrdθ. = 2 dθ
2 3 3 2 r=a(1+cos θ)
θ=0 r=a(1+cos θ) θ=0
π
Z 3

=2 [9a2 cos2 θ − a2 (1 + cos θ)2 ]dθ

0
R π
Z3
=2 (9a2 cos2 θ − a2 − a2 cos2 θ − 2a2 cos θ)dθ
CO
0
π
Z3
= 2a2 (9 cos2 θ − 1 − cos2 θ − 2 cos θ)dθ
0
π
Z3
= 2a2 (8 cos2 θ − 2 cos θ − 1)dθ
U

0
π
Z3 !
8(1 + cos 2θ)
ST

2
= 2a − 2 cos θ − 1 dθ
2
0
π
Z3
= 2a2 (4 + 4 cos 2θ − 2 cos θ − 1)dθ
0
π
Z3
= 2a2 (3 + 4 cos 2θ − 2 cos θ)dθ
0

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288 Engineering Mathematics - I

 π π π 
 Z3 Z3 Z3 
2 
= 2a 3 dθ + 4 cos 2θdθ − 2 cos θdθ

 
0 0 0
 ! π3 
2
 π
3
sin 2θ π
3

= 2a 3(θ)0 + 4 − 2(sin θ)0 
2 0
π !  π !
2
 2π
= 2a 3 − 0 + 2 sin − sin 0 − 2 sin − sin 0
3 3 3
 √ √ 
3 3 
= 2a2 π + 2 ·  = 2πa2 [Link].

−2·

.
2 2

P
4.6 Triple integral in Cartesian coordinates

AP
Let the function f (x, y, z) be defined in a specific region V in space for all x, y and
z with proper limits. The triple integral of f (x, y, z) w.r.t. x, y and z is defined as
Zz1 Zy1 Zx1
f (x, y, z)dxdydz.
z0 y0 x0
R
The evaluation of the triple integral is as follows.
(i) If all the limits are constants, then the integration can be performed in any
CO
order with proper limits.
g2 (z) fZ
Zb Z 2 (y,z)

(ii) Consider f (x, y, z)dxdydz.

a y=g1 (z) x= f1 (y,z)
First we integrate with respect to x treating y and z as constants. Next we integrate
U

the resulting function of y and z w.r.t.y treating z as constant. Finally integrate the
resulting function of z [Link].
✎ ☞
ST

Worked Examples
✍ ✌
Z1 Z2 Z2
Example 4.60. Evaluate x2 yzdxdydz.
0 0 1
Solution.
Z1 Z2 Z2 Z1 Z2 !2
2 x3
x yzdxdydz = yz dydz
3 1
0 0 1 0 0

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Multiple Integrals 289

Z1 Z2
1
= yz(8 − 1)dydz
3
0 0
Z1 !2 Z1
7 y2 7
= z dz = z4dz
3 2 0 6
0 0
!1
28 z2
=
6 2 0
28 1 7
= = .

P
6 2 3

AP
Za Zb Zc
Example 4.61. Find (x2 + y2 + z2 )dxdydz. [Jun 2009]
0 0 0
Solution.

Za Zb Zc Za Zb !c
x3
2 2
R 2
(x + y + z )dxdydz = + y2 x + z2 x dydz
3 0
0 0 0 0 0
Za Zb
c3
CO
!
2 2
= + cy + cz dydz
3
0 0
Za  3 !b 
 c b y3 2 b

=  3 (y)0 + c 3 + cz (y)0  dz
0
0
U

Za
c3 b cb3
!
2
= + + cz b dz
3 3
0
ST

!a
bc3 a cb3 a z3
= (z)0 + (z)0 + bc
3 3 3 0
abc3 ab3 c a3 bc abc 2
= + + = (a + b2 + c2 ).
3 3 3 3

log 2Zx Z
Z x+y

Example 4.62. Evaluate e x+y+z dxdydz. [Jan 2009]

0 0 0

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290 Engineering Mathematics - I

Solution.
log 2Zx Z
Z x+y log 2Zx Z
Z x+y log 2Zx
Z
 x+y 
 Z 
e x+y+z dxdydz = e x ey ez dxdydz = e x ey  ez dz dxdy
 
 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Z 2Zx
log Z 2Zx
log
x+y
= e x ey (ez )0 dxdy = e x ey (e x+y − 1)dxdy
0 0 0 0
Z 2Zx
log

= (e2x+2y − e x ey )dxdy

P
0 0
Z 2 Zx
log Zx
 
 

AP
= e2x e2y dy − x y 
e e dy dx
 
 
0 0 0
log 2 !x
e2y
Z !
= e2x x y x
− e (e )0 dx
2 0
0
Z 2
log
e2x 1
R = e 2x
−
!
x x
!
− e (e − 1) dx
2 2
0
log 2
CO
e4x e2x
Z !
2x x
= − − e + e dx
2 2
0
Z 2
log
e4x 3e2x
!
x
= − + e dx
2 2
U

0
!log 2 !log 2
1 e4x 3 e2x log 2
= − + (e x )0
2 4 0 2 2 0
ST

1 3
= [16 − 1] − (4 − 1) + (2 − 1)
8 4
15 9
= − +1
8 4
15 − 18 + 8 5
= = .
8 8
Z1 Z1−xZx+y
Example 4.63. Evaluate ez dzdydx. [Jan 1996]
0 0 0

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Multiple Integrals 291

Solution.
Z1 Z1−xZx+y Z1 Z1−x Z1 Z1−x
z z
x+y
e x+y − 1 dydx


e dzdydx = e 0 dydx =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
Z Z1−x Z1  Z1−x Z1−x 
 
e x ey − 1 dydx =
 x
ey −


= e dy dx
 
0 0 0 0 0
Z1  

1−x
= e x ey 0 − (y)1−x
0 dx

P
0
Z1   Z1
x 1−x
= e (e − 1) − (1 − x) dx = (e − e x − 1 + x)dx

AP
0 0
!1
x2 1
= e(x)10 − (e x )10 − (x)10 + = e − (e − 1) − 1 +
2 0 2
1 1
=e−e+1−1+ = .
2 2
R
Z3 Z1 Z xy
√

Example 4.64. Evaluate xydzdydx. [Jan 2001]

CO
1 1 0
x
Solution.
√
Z3 Z1 Z xy Z3 Z1 √ Z3 Z1 Z3 Z1
xy √ 3 3
xydzdydx = xy(z)0 dydx = xy xydydx = x 2 y 2 dydx
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x
U

Z3  5 1
 y 2  Z3  ! 25 
3 2 3 
 1 
= x  5  dx =
2 x 2 1 −  dx
2 1
5 x 
1 x 1
ST

Z3  5 3 ! 
2 1 2  x 2 
3

= x − dx =  5  − (log x)31 
2
5 x 5 2 1
1
2 2 √
! !
2 2 5
= (3 2 − 1) − log 3 = (9 3 − 1) − log 3 .
5 5 5 5
2
Z1 Z1−x (x+y)
Z
Example 4.65. Evaluate xdzdydx. [Jan 1996]
0 0 0

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292 Engineering Mathematics - I

Solution.
2
Z1 Z1−x (x+y)
Z Z1 Z1−x Z1 Z1−x
(x+y)2
xdzdydx = x(z)0 dydx = x(x + y)2 dydx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Z1 3 1−x
! Z1
(x + y) 1
= x dx = x((x + 1 − x)3 − x3 )dx
3 0 3
0 0
Z1 Z1  !1 !1 
1 1 1  x2 x5 

.
3 4
= x(1 − x )dx = (x − x )dx =  −

P

3 3 3 2 0 5 0
0 0
! !
1 1 1 1 5−2 1

AP
= − = = .
3 2 5 3 10 10

log 2Zx x+log

Z Z y
Example 4.66. Evaluate e x+y+z dzdydx. [Jun 2013]
0 0 0
Solution.
R
log 2Zx x+log
Z Z y log 2Zx
Z
 x+y+z  x+log y
e x+y+z dzdydx = e 0 dydx
CO
0 0 0 0 0
Z 2Zx
log
 
= e x+y+x+log y − e x+y dydx.
0 0
Z 2Zx
log
U

 
= e2x ey+log y − e x · ey dydx
0 0
Z 2Zx
log
ST

 
= e2x · ey · elog y − e x ey dydx
0 0
Z 2Zx
log
 
= e2x yey − e x ey dydx
0 0
log 2
 Zx Zx

Z 
 2x y x y 
= e ye dy − e e dy  dx


0 0 0

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Multiple Integrals 293

log 2
 Zx

Z 
 2x y x y x
= e yd(e ) − e (e )0  dx


0 0
log 2
Z 

Zx
 

   
 2x  y  x
 y   − e x (e x − 1)

= 
e 

 ye 0 − e dy  
 dx

   

0 0
Z 2
log
 

x

= e2x xe x − ey 0 − e2x + e x dx
0

P
log 2
Z
= {e2x (xe x − e x + 1) − e2x + e x }dx

AP
0
Z 2
log
 
= xe3x − e3x + e2x − e2x + e x dx
0
log 2
Z  
= xe3x − e3x + e x dx
R 0
Z 2
log log 2
Z log 2
Z
3x 3x
= xe dx − e dx + e x dx.
CO

0 0 0
log 2 !log 2
e3x e3x
Z !

log 2
= xd − + ex 0
3 3 0
0
!log 2 log 2
xe3x e3x
U

Z
1 
= − dx − e3 log 2 − 1 + (elog 2 − 1)
3 0 3 3
0
3x
!log 2
8 e
1
ST

= log 2 · − − [8 − 1] + (2 − 1)
30 3 9
!
8 8 1 7
= log 2 − − − +1
3 9 9 3
!
8 7 7
= log 2 − + −1
3 9 3
!
8 7 + 21 − 9
= log 2 −
3 9

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294 Engineering Mathematics - I

8 19
= log 2 − .
3 9
$
dxdydz
Example 4.67. Evaluate p for all positive values of x, y, z for
1 − x2 − y2 − z2
which the integral is real. [Jan 2013, Jan 2012]
Solution. The integral is real for all values of x2 + y2 + z2 < 1.
√ √
$ 1−x 2 2
Z1 Z1−x2 Z −y
dxdydz 1
= dzdydx

.
∴

P
p p
1 − x2 − y2 − z2 1 − x2 − y2 − z2
0 y=0 z=0
 √1−x2 −y2
√
Z1 Z1−x2

AP
 −1
sin p z 
=  dydx
1 − x2 − y2 0
0 0
√
Z Z1−x2
1

= (sin−1 1 − sin−1 0)dydx

0 0
√
R Z1 Z1−x2
π
= dydx
2
0 0
CO
Z1 √
π 2
= [y]0 1−x dx
2
0
Z1 p
π
= 1 − x2 dx
2
U

0
" #1
π xp 2
1 −1
= 1 − x + sin x
2 2 2
ST

0
" #
π 1 −1
= sin 1 − 0
2 2
π 1 π π2
= · · = .
2 2 2 8
√ √ 2 −x2 −y2
Za Za2 −x2 aZ
1
Example 4.68. p dzdydx. [Dec 2011]
a2 − x2 − y2 − z2
0 0 0

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Multiple Integrals 295

Solution.
√2 2 2
 √a2 −x2 −y2
√ √
Za Za2 −x2 aZ−x −y Za Za2 −x2
1  −1 z 
p dzdydx = sin p  dydx
a2 − x2 − y2 − z2 a2 − x2 − y2 0

0 0 0 0 0
√
Za Za2 −x2  
= sin−1 1 − sin−1 0 dydx
0 0
√
Za Za2 −x2
π

P
= dydx.
2
0 0
Za √

AP
π 2 −x2
= [y]0 a dx
2
0
Za p
π
= a2 − x2 dx
2
0
" 2 #a
π a −1 x xp 2
R = sin + a −x 2
2 2 a 2 0
π a2 −1
" #
= sin 1 − 0
CO
2 2
πa2 π π2 a2
= · = .
4 2 8
$
dxdydz
Example 4.69. Evaluate , where V is the region bounded by
(x + y + z + 1)3
V
U

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1. [Jan 2014, Dec 2011]

Solution. The limits for x, y and z are as follows.
ST

z : 0 to 1 − x − y

y : 0 to 1 − x

x : 0 to 1

$ Z1 Z1−x 1−x−y
Z
dzdydz
∴ = (1 + x + y + z)−3 dzdydx
(1 + x + y + z)3
V 0 0 0

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296 Engineering Mathematics - I

Z1 Z1−x" #1−x−y
(1 + x + y + z)−2
= dydx
−2 0
0 0
Z1 Z1−x
1 
=− 2−2 − (1 + x + y)−2 dydx
2
0 0
Z1 Z1−x !
1 1 −2
=− − (1 + x + y) dydx
2 4
0 0

P
Z1  #1−x 
(1 + x + y)−1
"
1  1 1−x 
=−  [y]0 −  dx
2 4 −1 0
0

AP
Z1 !
1 1
=− (1 − x) + 2−1 − (1 + x)−1 dx
2 4
0
 !1 
1  1 1 1 x2 1 1 1

= −  (x)0 − · + [x]0 − (log(1 + x))0 
2 4 4 2 0 2
R 1 1 1 1
!
=− − + − log 2
2 4 8 2
!
1 2−1+4
CO
=− − log 2
2 8
!
1 5 1 5
=− − log 2 = log 2 − .
2 8 2 16
$
Example 4.70. Find the value of xyzdxdydz through the positive spherical
U

octant for which x2 + y2 + z2 ≤ a2 . [Jan 2014, Jun 2010]

Solution. The limits for x, y, z are as follows.
ST

q
z : 0 to a2 − x2 − y2
p
y : 0 to a2 − x2

x : 0 to a.

√ √
$
2 −x2 −y2
aZ
Za Za2 −x2
∴ xyzdxdydz = xyzdzdydx.
x=0 y=0 z=0

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Multiple Integrals 297

√ √
Za Za2 −x2 a2 −x2 −y2
z2
" #
= xy · dydx.
2 0
x=0 y=0
√
Za Za2 −x2
1
= xy · (a2 − x2 − y2 )dydx
2
0 0
√
Za Za2 −x2
1  
= a2 xy − x3 y − xy3 dydx
2

.
0 0

P
Za " 2 2 4
# √a2 −x2
1 y y y
= a2 x · − x3 − x dx
2 2 2 4 y=0

AP
0
Za
a2 x 2 x3 2
!
1 2 2 x 2 2 2
= (a − x ) − (a − x ) − (a − x ) dx
2 2 2 4
0
Za
a4 x a2 x3 a2 x3 x5 x 4
!
1 4 2 2
= − − + − (a + x − 2a x ) dx
2 2 2 2 2 4
R 0
Za
a4 x5 a4 x5 a2 3
!
1 2 3
= x−a x + − x− + x dx
2 2 2 4 4 2
CO
0
!a 4 a
!a !a !a !a !
1 a4 x2 1 x6 a4 x2 1 x6 a2 x4
!
2 x
= −a + − − +
2 2 2 0 4 0 2 6 0 4 2 0 4 6 0 2 4 0
1  a6✁ a6✁ a6 a6✁ a6 a6✁
 
=  ✁ − ✁ + − ✁ − + ✁ 
2 ✁4 ✁4 12 ✁8 24 ✁8
U

!
1 6 1 1
= ×a −
2 12 24
a6 2 − 1
!
ST

=
2 24
a 6
= .
48

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298 Engineering Mathematics - I

4.7 Volume as triple integral

Result. If V is the volume bounded by a definite$ region D in space, then the

volume is calculated by the triple integral V = dxdydz with proper limits.
D

x2 y2 z2
Example 4.71. Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + = 1 using triple
a2 b2 c2

P
integral.
Solution. We know that the ellipsoid is symmetric about the
$ coordinate planes.

AP
∴ Volume of the ellipsoid = 8×Volume in the first octant = 8 dxdydz.
V
x2 y2 z2
The ellipsoid is given by 2 + 2 + 2 = 1
a b c r
x2 y2
In the first octant, z varies from 0 to c 1− −
a2 b2
r
R x2
y varies from 0 to b 1 − 2
a
and x varies from 0 to a.
CO

r
2 2
1− x2 − y2
q
2
a b 1− x2 c a b
Z Z a Z
∴ Volume = 8 dzdydx
x=0 y=0 z=0
U

q
2
b 1− x r
Za Z a2 c
2
1− x2 − y2
2
a b
=8 (z)z=0 dydx
ST

x=0 y=0
q
2
b 1− x
Za Z a2 r
x2 y2
= 8c 1− − dydx
a2 b2
x=0 y=0
q
2
b (1− x )
Za Z a2 s !
1 x2
= 8c b2 1 − 2 − y2 dydx
b a
x=0 y=0

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Multiple Integrals 299

q
2
 b 1− x2
Za  2 x2
s a
 b (1 − ) 2
! 
8c a2 −1 y y x 
=  sin q  +2 b2 1 − 2 − y2  dx
b 2 x 2 a
b2 1 −
 
x=0 a2 0
Za b2 1 − 
x2
8c a2
= sin−1 1dx
b 2
0
Za
x2
!
π
= 4bc 1 − 2 dx
2 a

.
0

P
!a
x3
= 2πbc x − 2
3a 0

AP
 a  4πabc
= 2πbc a − = .
3 3

x2 y2 z2
Note. The volume of the portion of the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 which lies in
a b c
1 1 4πabc πabc
the first octant is × Volume of the ellipsoid = × = .
8 8 3 6
R
Example 4.72. Find the volume of the sphere x2 +y2 +z2 = a2 using triple integrals.
CO
[Jan 2006]
Solution. We know that the sphere is symmetric about the coordinate planes.
∴ Volume of the sphere = 8× Volume of the portion of the sphere
that lies in the first octant.
U

The sphere is given by x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 .

p
In the first octant z varies from 0 to a2 − x2 − y2 .
√
y varies from 0 to a2 − x2 .
ST

and x varies from 0 to a.

$
Volume of the sphere = 8 × dzdydx.
V
√ √ 2 −x2 −y2
Za Za2 −x2 aZ

=8 dzdydx
x=0 y=0 z=0

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300 Engineering Mathematics - I

√
Za Za2 −x2 √2 2 2
a −x −y
=8 (z)0 dydx
x=0 y=0
√
Za Za2 −x2 q
=8 a2 − x2 − y2 dydx
x=0 y=0
√
Za ! a2 −x2
a2 − x2 y y
q
=8 sin−1 √ + 2 2
a −x −y2 dx
2 a2 − x2 2 0
x=0

P
Za
a2 − x2 −1
=8 sin (1)dx
2

AP
x=0
Za
π
=4 (a2 − x2 )dx
2
x=0
!a
2 x3
= 2π a x −
3 0
R 3 a 3
!
4πa3
= 2π a − = .
3 3
CO

Note
The volume of the portion of the sphere that lies in the first octant is
1 1 4πa3 πa3
× Volume of the sphere = × = .
8 8 3 6
U
ST

Example 4.73. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane
x y z
+ + = 1 and the coordinate planes. [Jun 2006]
a b c
Solution. Let D be the region in space bounded by the tetrahedron.
x y z
The region of integration is given by + + = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
a b c  x y
Along the region of integration z varies from 0 to c 1 − − .
a b
 x
y varies from 0 to b 1 − .
a

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Multiple Integrals 301

and x varies from 0 to a.

x x y
Za b(Z1− a ) c(1−
Za−b)
∴ Volume = dzdydx.
x=0 y=0 z=0
1− ax
Za b(Z )
c(1− x − y )
= (z)0 a b dydx.
x=0 y=0
x
Za b(Z1− a ) 

P
x y
= c 1 − − dydx.
a b
x=0 y=0

AP
Za !b(1− ax )
xy y2
=c y− − dx.
a 2b 0
x=0
Za n  x x  x 1 2  x 2 o
=c b 1− − b 1− − b 1− dx
a a a 2b a
x=0
R Za 
bc x 2
= 1− dx
2 a
x=0
CO
 a
 1 − x 3 

bc 
=   a  
2  3 −1 
a 0
−abc
= [0 − 1]
6
U

abc
= .
6

Example 4.74. Find the volume of the portion of the cylinder x2 +y2 = 1 intercepted
ST

between the plane x = 0 and the paraboloid x2 + y2 = 4 − z. [Jun 2012]

Solution. The surfaces are x2 + y2 = 1, x = 0 and x2 + y2 = 4 − z.
For the required volume integral
x varies from 0 to 1
√
y varies from 0 to 1 − x2
z varies from 0 to 4 − x2 − y2 .

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302 Engineering Mathematics - I

√ 2 −y2
Z1 Z1−x2 4−x
Z
Volume = 4 dzdydx
x=0 y=0 z=0
√
2
Z1 Z1−x
4−x2 −y2
= 4 [z]0 dydx
x=0 y=0
√
Z1 Z1−x2
=4 (4 − x2 − y2 )dydx

P
x=0 y=0
Z1  √ √ 3
! √1−x2 
y

AP
2 2 
4(y)0 1−x − x2 (y)0 1−x −

=4  dx.
3 0 
x=0

x = sin θ.
Z1
(1 − x2 )3/2
p !
2 2
=4 (4 − x ) 1 − x − dx. dx = cos θdθ.
3
0
Zπ/2
R When x = 0, sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0.
(cos2 θ)3/2
!
π
=4 (4 − sin2 θ) cos θ − cos θdθ When x = 1 sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = .
3 2
CO
0
Zπ/2
cos3 θ
!
2
=4 4 cos θ − sin θ cos θ − cos θdθ
3
0

Zπ/2
cos4 θ
!
U

2 2 2
=4 4 cos θ − sin θ cos θ − dθ
3
0
Zπ/2
ST

cos4 θ
!
=4 4 cos2 θ − sin2 θ(1 − sin2 θ) − dθ
3
0
Zπ/2
cos4 θ
!
2 2 4
=4 4 cos θ − sin θ + sin θ − dθ
3
0
 π/2
Zπ/2 Zπ/2 Zπ/2

 Z 
1
= 4 4 cos2 θdθ − sin2 θdθ + sin4 θdθ − cos4 θdθ
 
 3 
0 0 0 0

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Multiple Integrals 303

" #
1 π 1 π 3 1 π 1 3 1 π
=4 4· · − · + · · − · · ·
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 3 4 2 2
" #
1 π 3 1
=4· · 4−1+ −
2 2 4 4
" #
3 1
7=π 3+ −
4 4
" #
1
=π 3+
2

.
7π

P
= Cubic units.
2

AP
Example 4.75. Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x2 +y2 = 4 and the planes
y + z = 4 and z = 0. [May 2011]
Solution.

The given surface is x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and

R
y + z = 4.
In the region, x varies from −2 to 2,
CO
√ √
y varies from − 4 − x2 to 4 − x2 , z
varies from 0 to 4 − y.
√
Z2 Z4−x2 Z4−y
∴ Volume = dzdydx
U

√
x=−2 y=− 4−x2 z=0
√
Z2 Z4−x2
4−y
ST

= [z]0 dydx.
√
x=−2 y=− 4−x2
√
Z2 Z4−x2
= (4 − y)dydx.
√
x=−2 y=− 4−x2

Z2  √ " 2 # √4−x2 

2 y 
4(y) √4−x 2 −
  dx.
= √
− 4−x 2 − 4−x2 
x=−2

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304 Engineering Mathematics - I

Z2 "  p p  1 #
2 2 2 2
= 4 4 − x + 4 − x − 4 − x − (4 − x ) dx.
2
−2
Z2 p
= 8 4 − x2 dx.
−2
Z2 p
=8×2 4 − x2 dx.

.
0

P
" p #2
x 2
4 −1  x 
= 16 4 − x + sin
2 2 2 0

AP
h i
= 16 2 sin−1 1
π
= 16 × 2 ×
2
= 16π Cubic units.
R
Example 4.76. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the cylinders x2 + y2 = a2
and x2 + z2 = a2 .
CO
Solution. The surfaces are the cylinders x2 + y2 = a2 and x2 + z2 = a2 .

In the given region,

U

x varies from −a to a,
√ √
y varies from − a2 − x2 to a2 − x2 and
√ √
z varies from − a2 − x2 to a2 − x2 .
ST

√ √
Za Za2 −x2 Za2 −x2
Volume = dzdydx.
√ √
x=−a y=− a2 −x2 z=− a2 −x2
√
Za Za2 −x2 √
2 2
= [z] √a −x dydx.
− a −x2
2
√
x=−a y=− a2 −x2

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Multiple Integrals 305

√
Za Za2 −x2  p p 
= a2 − x2 + a2 − x2 dydx.
x=−a y=− √a2 −x2
√
Za Za2 −x2 p
= 2 a2 − x2 dydx
x=−a y=− √a2 −x2

Za p √
2 2
=2 a2 − x2 (y) √a −x
2 2
dx
− a −x

.
x=−a

P
Za p p p 
=2 2
a −x 2 2 2 2 2
a − x + a − x dx

AP
x=−a
Za p p
=2 a2 − x2 · 2 a2 − x2 dx.
x=−a
Za !a #
x3
"
2 2 2 a
=4 (a − x )dx. = 4 a · (x)−a −
3 −a
x=−a
R
2a3 4a3 16a3
" # " #
2 1 3 3 3
= 4 a (a + a) − (a + a ) = 4 2a − =4× = Cubic units.
3 3 3 3
CO

Example 4.77. Find the volume of the region bounded by the surfaces y2 = 4ax
and x2 = 4ay and the plane z = 0 and z = 3.
Solution. Let us find the common points of the region bounded by
U

y2 = 4ax (1)

and x2 = 4ay. (2)

ST

x2
(2) ⇒ y = .
4a
Substituting in (1) we get
x4
= 4ax.
16a2
x4 = 64a3 x.

x4 − 64a3 x = 0

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306 Engineering Mathematics - I

x(x3 − 64a3 ) = 0

x = 0, x3 = 64a3

x = 4a.

For the given region,

x varies from 0 to 4a,
x2 √
y varies from to 4ax,
4a

.
z varies from 0 to 3.

P
√
Z4a Z4axZ3
∴ Volume = dzdydx

AP
x=0 y= x2 z=0
4a
√ √
Z4a Z4ax Z4a Z4ax
3
= [z]0 dydx. = 3dydx.
x=0 y= x2 x=0 y= x2
4a 4a
R Z4a √
=3 [y] x24ax dx.
4a
x=0
CO
Z4a √ x2
!
=3 4ax − dx.
4a
0
 √ x3/2 4a 1
 " # " 3 #4a 
x 
= 3 2 a − · 
3/2 0 4a 3 0 
U

!
√ 2 3/2 1 3
= 3 2 a (4a) − · 64a
3 12a
√
√ 16a2
!
4 a
ST

=3 · 4a 4a −
3 3
16a2
!
16a √ √
=3 a·2 a−
3 3
2 2 16a2
!
32a 16a
=3 − =3× = 16a2 Cubic units.
3 3 3
Example 4.78. Find the volume of the solid bounded by the surfaces y2 = x and
the planes x + y + z = 2 and z = 0.

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Multiple Integrals 307

Solution. The given region is bounded by

y2 = x (1)

x+y+z=2 (2)

z = 0. (3)

Whenz = 0, (2) ⇒ x + y = 2

x = 2 − y.

Substituting in (1) we get

P
y2 = 2 − y

y2 + y − 2 = 0

AP
(y − 1)(y + 2) = 0

∴ y = −2, 1.

For the given region we have,

y varies from −2 to 1,
R
x varies from y2 to 2 − y and
z varies from 0 to 2 − x − y.
CO

Z1 Z2−y 2−x−y
Z
∴ Volume = dzdxdy
y=−2 x=y2 z=0

Z1 Z2−y
2−x−y
U

= [z]0 dxdy
y=−2 x=y2

Z1 Z2−y
ST

= (2 − x − y)dxdy
y=−2 x=y2

Z1  " 2 #2−y 
 2−y x 2−y 

= 2 · [x]y2 − − y[x]y2  dy
2 y2
y=−2
Z1 !
2 1 2 4 2
= 2{2 − y − y } − {(2 − y) − y } − y{2 − y − y } dy.
2
−2

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308 Engineering Mathematics - I

Z1 !
1
= 4 − 2y − 2y2 − [4 + y2 − 4y − y4 ] − [2y − y2 − y3 ] dy
2
−2
Z1
y2 y4
!
2 2 3
= 4 − 2y − 2y − 2 − + 2y + − 2y + y + y dy
2 2
−2
Z1
3y2 y4
!
3
= 2 − 2y − +y + dy
2 2
−2

.
#1 " #1 " 4 #1 " #1

P
y2 3 y3 1 y5
"
y
= 2[y]1−2 −2 − + +
2−2 2 3 −2 4 −2 2 5 −2
1 1 1

AP
= 2(1 + 2) − (1 − 4) − (1 + 8) + (1 − 16) + (1 + 32)
2 4 10
9 15 33
=6+3− − +
2 4 10
9 15 33 180 − 90 − 75 + 66 81
=9− − + = = Cubic units.
2 4 10 20 20
R
CO
U
ST

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