CHAPTER 8 RESERVE PROBLEMS
The following problems have been reserved for your use in assignments and testing and do not
appear in student versions of the text.
Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 1
For a normal population with the known variance , answer the following questions.
a) What value of confidence level gives equal to 2.10?
b) What value of confidence level gives equal to 2.37?
c) What value of confidence level gives equal to 1.08?
SOLUTION
a) The confidence level for is determined by the value of
which is 2.10. and the confidence level is
.
b) The confidence level for is determined by the value of
which is 2.32. and the confidence level is
.
c) The confidence level for is determined by the value of
which is 1.08. and the confidence level is
.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 2
Consider the one-sided confidence interval expressions for a mean of normal population.
a) What confidence level will cause be equal to 1.93?
b) What confidence level will cause be equal to 1.18?
c) What confidence level will cause be equal to 1.45?
SOLUTION
a) One-sided confidence interval with . Therefore, and confidence
coefficient equals .
b) One-sided confidence interval with . Therefore, and confidence
coefficient equals .
c) One-sided confidence interval with . Therefore, and confidence
coefficient equals .
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 3
Nate Diaz, a UFC fighter, has landed 1044 significant strikes in his previous 12 UFC fights.
Assume that the number of significant strikes is normally distributed with .
Find the 95% two-sided confidence interval on the mean number of strikes.
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 4
During the independent research 30 women were chosen to measure their weight. The mean
value of weight is 66 kg and it is known from the previous experience that the weight is normally
distributed with .
a) Find a 95% two-sided confidence interval on the mean weight.
b) Find a 90% two-sided confidence interval on the mean weight.
c) Which interval is wider?
SOLUTION
a)
b)
c) 95% two-sided confidence interval is wider than 90% two-sided confidence interval.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 5
If is the sample mean of a random sample of size n from a normal population with known
variance ,a CI on is given by , where
is the upper percentage point of the standard normal distribution.
(a) What value of gives 98% confidence?
(b) What value of gives 80% confidence?
(c) What value of gives 75% confidence?
SOLUTION
(a)
A would result in a 98% two-sided confidence interval.
(b)
A would result in a 80% two-sided confidence interval.
(c)
A would result in a 75% two-sided confidence interval.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 6
A random sample has been taken from a normal distribution and the following confidence
intervals constructed using the same data: (25.53, 37.87) and (23.59, 39.81).
(a) What is the value of the sample mean?
(b) One of these intervals is a 99% CI and the other is a 95% CI. Which one is the 95% CI?
SOLUTION
(a) Sample mean from the first confidence interval
Sample mean from the second confidence interval
(b) The 99% CI is (23.59, 39.81and the 95% CI is (25.53, 37.87). The higher the confidence
level, the wider the CI.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 7
Following are two confidence interval estimates of the mean of the cycles to failure of an
automotive door latch mechanism (the test was conducted at an elevated stress level to accelerate
the failure).
(a) What is the value of the sample mean cycles to failure?
(b) One of these intervals is a 95% CI and the other is a 99% CI. Which one is the 95% CI?
SOLUTION
(a)
The sample means are the same.
(b) Interval (1): was calculated with 95% confidence because it has a
smaller half-length, and therefore a smaller confidence interval. The 99% confidence level
widens the interval.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 8
The life in hours of a 75-watt light bulb is known to be normally distributed with hours.
A random sample of 21 bulbs has a mean life of hours.
(a) Construct a 95% two-sided confidence interval on the mean life.
(b) Construct a 95% lower-confidence bound on the mean life. Compare the lower bound of this
confidence interval with the one in part (a).
SOLUTION
(a) 95% two-sided CI on the true mean life of a 75-watt light bulb.
For , and , ,
(b) 95% one-sided CI on the true mean life of a 75-watt light bulb.
For , and , ,
The lower bound of the one-sided confidence interval is greater than the lower bound of the two-
sided interval even though the level of significance is the same. This is because for a one-sided
confidence interval the probability in the left tail ( ) is greater than the probability in the left tail
of the two-sided confidence interval ( ).
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 1 Problem 9
Dairy cows at large commercial farms often receive injections of bST (Bovine Somatotropin), a
hormone used to spur milk production. Bauman et al. (Journal of Dairy Science, 1989) reported
that 12 cows given bST produced an average of 28.0 kg/d of milk. Assume that the standard
deviation of milk production is 2.25 kg/d.
(a) Find a 99% confidence interval for the true mean milk production.
(b) If the farms want the confidence interval to be no wider than ±0.95 kg/d, what level of
confidence would they need to use?
SOLUTION
(a) 99% CI for , , , ,
(b) Width is .
Therefore, .
Therefore, so that the confidence is 93%.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 1
Consider results of 20 randomly chosen people who have run a marathon. Their times, in
minutes, are as follows: 137, 146, 150, 163, 166, 179, 186, 193, 196, 213, 218, 225, 236, 239, 254,
269, 271, 279, 282, 295.
Calculate a 90% upper confidence bound on the mean time of the race. Assume distribution to be
normal.
SOLUTION
Consider results of 20 randomly chosen people who have run a marathon. Their times, in
minutes, are as follows: 137, 146, 150, 163, 166, 179, 186, 193, 196, 213, 218, 225, 236, 239,
254, 269, 271, 279, 282, 295.
Calculate a 90% upper confidence bound on the mean time of the race. Assume distribution to be
normal.
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 2
Calculate a 90% upper confidence bound on the mean time of the ultra-marathon
race. Assume distribution to be normal.
Women:
1674, 1622, 1637, 1838, 1964, 1836, 1728, 1913, 1885,
1932;
Men: 1852, 2403, 2383, 2336, 2597, 2581, 2169, 2120.
Calculate a 95% confidence interval on the mean for women and men separately. Assume
distribution to be normal.
SOLUTION
Women:
1674, 1622, 1637, 1838, 1964, 1836, 1728, 1913, 1885,
1932;
Men: 1852, 2403, 2383, 2336, 2597, 2581, 2169, 2120..
Calculate a 95% confidence interval on the mean for women and men separately. Assume
distribution to be normal.
Women:
Men:
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 3
Twenty-five wooden beams were ordered for a construction project. The sample mean and the
sample standard deviation were measured: , . Calculated confidence
interval for the mean is .
Which confidence level was chosen? Assume distribution to be normal.
SOLUTION
Solve for using . There is only one unknown and
two equations, thus only oneside of the equation need to be used.
leading to . Looking on Table V in the appendix on the
line n – 1 = 24 shows the CLis 90%. Interpolating between (1.318,0.10) and (1.711, 0.05) gives a
89.92% CL.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 4
The number of steps to cover the same distance was measured for 41 randomly chosen people.
The sample mean is steps and the sample standard deviation is steps. Assume
distribution to be normal.
a) Construct a 90% two-sided confidence interval on the mean.
b) Construct a 90% lower confidence bound on the mean.
c) Construct a 90% upper confidence bound on the mean.
SOLUTION
a) 90% confidence interval on the mean:
For and ,
b) 90% lower confidence bound on the mean:
For and ,
c) 90% upper confidence bound on the mean:
For and ,
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 5
A random sample has been taken from a normal distribution. Output from a software package
follows:
Variabl Mea
N SE Mean StDev Variance Sum
e n
x ? ? 1.55 6.02 ? 757.90
(a) Fill in the missing quantities.
(b) Find a 95% CI on the population mean.
SOLUTION
(a) , therefore
(b) 95% confidence interval on mean
Since the sample size (n=15) is less than 40, the Gaussian approximation of the CI cannot be
used. Instead, the T statistics has to be used. This gives:
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 6
A particular brand of diet margarine was analysed to determine the level of polyunsaturated fatty
acid (in percentages). A sample of six packages resulted in the following data: 16.8, 17.2, 17.4,
16.9, 16.5, 17.1.
(a) Choose the correct normal probability plot for these data.
A
B
C
Is it reasonable to assume that the level of polyunsaturated fatty acid is normally distributed?
(b) Calculate a 99% confidence interval on the mean .
SOLUTION
(a) The data appear to be normally distributed based on the normal probability plot below.
(b) 99% CI on the mean level of polyunsaturated fatty acid.
For ,
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 2 Problem 7
Ishikawa et al. (Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 2012) studied the adhesion of various
biofilms to solid surfaces for possible use in environmental technologies. Adhesion assay is
conducted by measuring absorbance at . Suppose that for bacterial strain Acinetobacter, five
measurements gave readings of 2.69, 5.76, 2.67, 1.62 and 4.12 dyne-cm2.
(a) Choose the correct normal probability plot for these data.
B
C
Is it reasonable to assume that the data are normally distributed?
(b) Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean adhesion.
SOLUTION
(a) The following normal probability plot is used to evaluate the distribution.
There is no obvious deviation from normality.
(b) 95% CI for , , , ,
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 1
Determine the confidence level for a one-sided limit that requires the following percentiles.
a) , degrees of freedom = 12, lower confidence limit.
b) , degrees of freedom = 19, lower confidence limit.
c) , degrees of freedom = 23, lower confidence limit.
SOLUTION
a) . Therefore, and confidence level is .
b) . Therefore, and confidence level is .
c) . Therefore, and confidence level is .
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 2
A lady on a diet measures her weight every week. The sample standard deviation is 0.7 kg, the
number of measurements is 7. Construct a 95% two-sided confidence interval for .
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 3
In the 16/17 season, Valencia CF (Spanish soccer club) had 19 home games. The number of fans
visited 10 football matches at the Mestalla stadium (home stadium of Valencia CF) is shown in
the table below.
43602 34456
42070 20512
30823 27446
43333 20570
25694 32221
Enter your answers in scientific notation using three significant figures ( e. g. 9.87E+ 6).
a) Construct a 90% two-sided confidence interval for .
b) Calculate 90% lower confidence limit for .
c) Calculate 90% upper confidence limit for .
SOLUTION
a)
b)
c)
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 4
The percentage of alcohol in the cough syrup was measured in 101 randomly selected samples.
The sample standard deviation is .
Construct a 90% two-sided confidence interval for .
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 5
Determine the percentile that is required to construct each of the following CIs.
(a) Confidence level = 95%, degrees of freedom = 23, one-sided (upper)
(b) Confidence level = 99%, degrees of freedom = 13, one-sided (lower)
(c) Confidence level = 90%, degrees of freedom = 24, two-sided.
SOLUTION
(a) 95% upper CI and degrees of freedom = 23
(b) 99% lower CI and degrees of freedom = 13
(c) 90% CI and degrees of freedom = 24
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 6
A rivet is to be inserted into a hole. A random sample of parts is selected, and the hole
diameter is measured. The sample standard deviation of the hole diameter measurements is
millimeters.
Find a 99% lower confidence bound on the standard deviation.
SOLUTION
99% lower confidence bound for .
For and ,
One may take the square root of the variance bound to obtain the confidence bound for the
standard deviation.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 3 Problem 7
A healthcare provider monitors the number of CAT scans performed each month in each of its
clinics. The most recent year of data for a particular clinics follows (the reported variable is the
number of CAT scans each month expressed as the number of CAT scans per thousand members
of the health plan):
2.31, 2.09, 2.36, 1.95, 1.98, 2.25, 2.16, 2.07, 1.88, 1.94, 1.97, 2.02.
Find a two-sided 95% confidence interval for the standard deviation. What should you do to
address any reservations about the confidence interval you found?
SOLUTION
95% two-sided confidence interval for , ,
A normal probability plot can be used to check the normality assumption.
The following plot does not indicate serious departures from a normal distribution.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 1
During an independent research, 2500 randomly selected people were interviewed whether they
visit their dentist for a regular dental checkup or not. Only 2000 gave a positive answer.
Calculate a 95% two-sided confidence interval on the proportion of people who regularly have a
dental checkup.
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 2
According to an independent research, a point estimate of the proportion of U.S. consumers of
black tea is . Calculate the sample size needed to be 95% confident that the error in
estimating the true value of Pp is less than 0.015?
SOLUTION
,
as the initial estimate of p,
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 3
According to fast food restaurant statistics, 1020 of 1500 randomly selected people report eating
out at least once a week. Calculate a 90% two-sided Agresti-Coull CI on the proportion of
regular visitors of fast food restaurants.
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 4
A study is to be conducted of the percentage of popcorn seeds that collapse during cooking. How
large a sample is required if we wish to be at least 95% confident that the error in estimating this
quantity is less than 0.025, regardless of its true value?
SOLUTION
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 5
The fraction of defective integrated circuits produced in a photolithography process is being
studied. A random sample of 260 circuits is tested, revealing 10 defectives.
Compute a 95% two-sided Agresti-Coull CI on the propotion of defective circuits.
SOLUTION
The AC confidence interval follows.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 6
An article in Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy [“Arthroscopic Meniscal Repair
with an Absorbable Screw: Results and Surgical Technique” (2005, Vol. 13, pp. 273–279)]
showed that only 25 out of 37 tears (67.6%) located between 3 and 6 mm from the meniscus rim
were healed. Compute a 95% two-sided Agresti-Coull CI on the proportion of tears that will
heal.
SOLUTION
The AC confidence interval follows.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 7
The U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has used optical character recognition (OCR) since the mid-
1960s. In 1983, USPS began deploying the technology to major post offices throughout the
country ([Link]). Suppose that in a random sample of 580 handwritten zip code
digits, 541 were read correctly. Compute a 95% two-sided Agresti-Coull CI on the proportion of
correct digits that can be automatically read.
SOLUTION
The AC confidence interval follows.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 4 Problem 8
Information on a packet of seeds claims that 93% of them will germinate. Of the 220 seeds that I
planted, only 189 germinated. Compute a 95% two-sided Agresti-Coull CI on the proportion of
seeds that germinate. Use as a point estimator the proportion of seeds that germinated during
the experiment.
SOLUTION
The AC confidence interval follows.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 5 Problem 1
The Bureau of Meteorology of the Australian Government provided the mean annual rainfall (in
millimeters) in Australia in 1900 - 1919 as follows:
523.3, 427.3, 377.9, 442.1, 425.2, 386.5,
533.8, 579.5, 433.1, 361.1, 513.6, 548.0, 420.9, 411.6, 402.4,
425.3, 422.9, 422.8, 356.9, 372.0..
Compute a 99% prediction interval on the rainfall for the next year.
Compute a 99% confidence interval on the population mean.
Compare the length of the prediction interval with the length of the 99% CI on the population
mean.
SOLUTION
99% prediction interval on the rainfall for the next year:
The length of the prediction interval is 381.8.
99% confidence interval on the population mean:
The length of the 99% CI on the population mean is 83.3158.
The length of the 99% prediction interval is greater than the length of the 99% CI on the
population mean.
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 5 Problem 2
Consider a random sample with , , and .
Compute the tolerance interval for capturing at least 90% of the values in a normal distribution
with the confidence level of 95%.
SOLUTION
The tolerance factor k for , , and 95% confidence is .
The desired tolerance interval is
or
which reduces to .
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 6 Problem 1
The wall thickness of 25 aquariums was measured by a quality-control engineer. The sample
mean was millimeters, and the sample standard deviation was millimeters.
Compute a 95% tolerance interval on the glass-wall thickness that has the confidence level of
95%.
SOLUTION
The tolerance factor k for , , and 95% confidence is .
The desired tolerance interval is
or
which reduces to .
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 6 Problem 2
An Izod impact test was performed on 27 specimens of PVC pipe. The sample mean is
and the sample standard deviation is .
Compute a 99% prediction interval on the impact strength of the next specimen of PVC pipe
tested.
SOLUTION
99% prediction interval on the Izod data
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 6 Problem 3
A particular brand of diet margarine was analysed to determine the level of polyunsaturated fatty
acid (in percentages). A sample of six packages resulted in the following data: 16.8, 17.2, 17.4,
16.9, 16.5, 17.1. Compute a 99% prediction interval on the polyunsaturated fatty acid in the next
package of margarine that is tested.
SOLUTION
99% prediction interval on the polyunsaturated fat
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 6 Problem 4
The Bureau of Meteorology of the Australian Government provided the mean annual rainfall (in
millimeters) in Australia 1983–2002 as follows
([Link]
499.2, 555.2, 398.8, 391.9, 453.4, 459.8, 483.7, 417.6, 469.2, 452.4, 499.3, 340.6, 522.8, 469.9,
527.2, 565.5, 584.1, 727.3, 558.6, 338.6. Compute a 95% tolerance interval that has confidence
level 95%.
SOLUTION
95% tolerance interval on the rainfall that has a confidence level of 95%
The desired tolerance interval is
or
which reduces to .
Reserve Problems Chapter 8 Section 7 Problem 1
How might you explain that the prediction interval is considerably longer than the confidence
interval?
SOLUTION
The prediction interval for will always be longer than the confidence interval for
because more variability is associated with the prediction error than with the error of estimation.
This is easy to see because the prediction error is the difference between two random variables
, and the estimation error in the CI is the difference between one random variable and
a constant . As n gets larger , the length of the CI decreases to zero, essentially
becoming the single value , but the length of the PI approaches . So as n increases, the
uncertainty in estimating goes to zero, although there will always be uncertainty about the
future value , even when estimating any of the distribution parameters is not necessary.
Therefore, the correct answer is "because the confidence interval is an estimate of a parameter,
but the prediction interval is an interval estimate of a single future observation".
Reserve Supplemental Exercises Chapter 8 Problem 1
A normal population has a known mean of 50 and unknown variance.
(a) A random sample of is selected from this population, and the sample results are
and . What is the probability of observing a sample average as large as 52 (or
larger) if the known, underlying mean is actually 50?
(b) A random sample of is selected from this population, and the sample results are
and . What is the probability of observing a sample average as large as 52 (or
larger) if the known, underlying mean is actually 50?
(c) A random sample of is selected from this population, and the sample results are
and . What is the probability of observing a sample average as large as 52 (or
larger) if the known, underlying mean is actually 50?
SOLUTION
(a)
The P-value for , degrees of freedom = 15, is between 0.10 and 0.25. Thus, we conclude
that the results are not very unusual.
(b)
The P-value for , degrees of freedom = 29, is between 0.05 and 0.10. Thus, we conclude
that the results are somewhat unusual.
(c) (with , the standard normal table can be used for this problem)
The P-value for is 0.00621. Thus, we conclude that the results are very unusual.
For constant values of and s, increasing only the sample size, we see that the standard error of
decreases and consequently a sample mean value of 52 when the true mean is 50 is more
unusual for the larger sample sizes.
Reserve Supplemental Exercises Chapter 8 Problem 2
The article “Mix Design for Optimal Strength Development of Fly Ash Concrete” (Cement and
Concrete Research, 1989, Vol. 19(4), pp. 634–640) investigates the compressive strength of
concrete when mixed with fly ash (a mixture of silica, alumina, iron, magnesium oxide, and
other ingredients). The compressive strength for nine samples in dry conditions on the 28th day
are as follows (in megapascals):
40.2, 30.4, 28.9, 30.5, 22.4, 25.8, 18.4, 14.2, 15.3
(a) Given the following probability plot of the data, what is a logical assumption about the
underlying distribution of the data?
(b) Find a 99% lower one-sided confidence interval on mean compressive strength.
(c) Find a 98% two-sided confidence interval on mean compressive strength.
(d) Find a 99% upper one-sided confidence interval on the variance of compressive strength.
(e) Find a 98% two-sided confidence interval on the variance of compression strength.
(f) Suppose that it was discovered that the largest observation 40.2 was misrecorded and should
actually be 20.8. Now the sample mean and the sample variance . Use
these new values and repeat parts (c) and (e).
Find a 98% two-sided confidence interval on mean compressive strength.
Find a 98% two-sided confidence interval on the variance of compression strength.
(g) Suppose, instead, that it was discovered that the largest observation 40.2 is correct but that
the observation 25.8 is incorrect and should actually be 24.8. Now the sample mean
and the standard deviation . Use these new values and repeat parts (c) and (e).
Find a 98% two-sided confidence interval on mean compressive strength.
Find a 98% two-sided confidence interval on
mean compressive strength.
SOLUTION
(a) The probability plot shows that the data appear to be normally distributed.
(b) 99% lower confidence bound on the mean
(c) 98% two-sided confidence interval on the mean
(d) 99% one-sided upper bound on the confidence interval on of comprehensive strength
(e) 98% two-sided confidence interval on of comprehensive strength
(f) 98% two-sided confidence interval on the mean
98% two-sided confidence interval on of comprehensive strength
Fixing the mistake decreased the values of the sample mean and the sample standard deviation.
Because the sample standard deviation was decreased, the widths of the confidence intervals
were also decreased.
(g) 98% two-sided confidence interval on the mean
98% two-sided confidence interval on of comprehensive strength
Fixing the mistake did not affect the sample mean or the sample standard deviation. They are
very close to the original values. The widths of the confidence intervals are also very similar.
Reserve Supplemental Exercises Chapter 8 Problem 3
The maker of a shampoo knows that customers like this product to have a lot of foam. Ten
sample bottles of the product are selected at random and the foam heights observed are as
follows (in millimeters): 210, 215, 194, 195, 211, 201, 198, 204, 208, and 196.
(a) Choose the correct probability plot for these data.
A
B
C
Is there evidence to support the assumption that foam height is normally distributed?
(b) Find a 95% CI on the mean foam height.
(c) Find a 95% prediction interval on the next bottle of shampoo that will be tested.
(d) Find an interval that contains 95% of the shampoo foam heights with 99% confidence.
SOLUTION
(a) The data appear to be normally distributed.
(b) 95% confidence interval on the mean
(c) 95% prediction interval on a future sample
(d) 95% tolerance interval on foam height with 99% confidence,
The desired tolerance interval is
or
which reduces to .
Reserve Supplemental Exercises Chapter 8 Problem 4
The tar content in 30 samples of cigar tobacco follows:
1.542 1.585 1.532 1.466 1.499 1.611
1.622 1.466 1.546 1.494 1.548 1.626
1.440 1.608 1.520 1.478 1.542 1.511
1.459 1.533 1.532 1.523 1.397 1.487
1.598 1.498 1.600 1.504 1.545 1.558
(a) Given the following probability plot of the data, what is a logical assumption about the
underlying distribution of the data?
(b) Find a 99% CI on the mean tar content.
(c) Find a 99% prediction interval on the tar content for the next observation that will be taken
on this particular type of tobacco.
(d) Find an interval that will contain 99% of the values of the tar content with 95% confidence.
SOLUTION
(a) The probability plot shows that the data appear to be normally distributed.
(b) 99% CI on the mean tar content
(c) 99% prediction interval on the tar content for the next observation
(d) 99% tolerance interval on the values of the tar content with a 95% level of confidence,
The desired tolerance interval is
or
which reduces to .
Reserve Supplemental Exercises Chapter 8 Problem 5
An article in the Journal of Applied Physiology [“Humidity Does Not Affect Central Nervous
System Oxygen Toxicity” (2001, Vol. 91, pp. 1327–1333)] reported that central nervous system
(CNS) oxygen toxicity can appear in humans on exposure to oxygen pressures >180 kPa. CNS
oxygen toxicity can occur as convulsions (similar to epileptic seizures, grand mal) and loss of
consciousness without any warning symptoms. CNS oxygen toxicity is a risk encountered in
several fields of human activity, such as combat diving with closed-circuit breathing apparatus
and diving with mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen (nitrox) or nitrogen, oxygen, and helium
(trimix) in sport and professional diving to depths >30m. The risk of oxygen toxicity is always
considered when deep diving is planned. The following data demonstrate shortened latencies in a
dry atmosphere (<10% humidity) in 11 rats at O2 of 507 kPa. The data collected are as follows:
22, 26, 19, 27, 37, 27, 14, 19, 23, 18, 18.
(a) Given the following probability plot of the data, what is a logical assumption about the
underlying distribution of the data?
(b) Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean.
(с) Find the 95% confidence interval for the variance.
SOLUTION
(a) The data appear to follow a normal distribution based on the normal probability plot. The
data fall along a straight line.
(b) 95% confidence interval for the mean
(c) 95% confidence interval for the variance
and