Class Notes – AI Project Cycle (Class 10)

Chapter 1: AI Project Cycle

Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, students will be able to:

 Define the AI Project Cycle.

 Explain the six stages of the AI Project Cycle.

 Understand the importance of each stage.

 Apply the AI Project Cycle to solve simple real-life problems.

1. Introduction

We perform many activities in our daily life by following a series of steps. For example, if you
want to make a birthday greeting card for your mother, you will first think of an idea, collect
materials, make the card, correct mistakes if any, and finally give it to her.

Similarly, when developing an Artificial Intelligence (AI) solution, we follow a systematic

process called the AI Project Cycle.

The AI Project Cycle helps us solve problems step by step in an organized manner.

2. What is the AI Project Cycle?

Definition:

The AI Project Cycle is a step-by-step process used to develop an AI-based solution for
solving a real-world problem.

It consists of six stages.

3. Stages of the AI Project Cycle

Problem Scoping

Data Acquisition

Data Exploration
 ↓

Modelling

Evaluation

Deployment

The cycle may be repeated to improve the AI solution.

Stage 1: Problem Scoping

Meaning

Problem Scoping means identifying and understanding the problem that needs to be solved.

Questions to Ask

 What is the problem?

 Who is affected by it?

 Can AI help solve it?

Example

A school wants to predict whether students may need extra academic support based on
their attendance and test scores.

Output

A clear problem statement.

Stage 2: Data Acquisition

Meaning

Data Acquisition means collecting the information (data) required to solve the problem.

Sources of Data

 Surveys

 School records

 Internet
  Sensors

 Mobile apps

Example

Collect:

 Attendance

 Test marks

 Homework scores

Output

A dataset.

Stage 3: Data Exploration

Meaning

Data Exploration means studying and understanding the collected data.

Activities

 Remove incorrect data.

 Find patterns.

 Draw graphs and charts.

Example

Students with higher attendance often score better in exams.

Output

Clean and organized data.

Stage 4: Modelling

Meaning

Modelling is the process of training an AI model using the collected data.

The AI learns from the data and makes predictions.

Example

The AI model predicts whether a student may need additional academic support.
Output

A trained AI model.

Stage 5: Evaluation

Meaning

Evaluation means checking whether the AI model gives correct results.

Questions

 Is the prediction correct?

 How accurate is the model?

 Can it be improved?

Example

If the AI predicts correctly for 90 out of 100 students,

Accuracy = 90%

Output

Performance report.

Stage 6: Deployment

Meaning

Deployment means using the AI model in real life.

Example

The school uses the AI system to identify students who may benefit from extra guidance.

Output

Working AI application.

4. Real-Life Example

Problem

Too much food is wasted in the school canteen.

Stage Example

Problem Scoping Reduce food wastage

Data Acquisition Collect data on daily food prepared and wasted

Data Exploration Find which food items are wasted most

Modelling Predict how much food should be prepared

Evaluation Check whether food wastage is reduced

Deployment Use the AI system every day

5. Another Example

Smart Street Lights

Stage Example

Problem Scoping Save electricity

Data Acquisition Collect information about day and night timings

Data Exploration Study when lights are needed

Modelling Train AI to switch lights ON and OFF automatically

Evaluation Check whether electricity is saved

Deployment Install the system in streets

6. Importance of the AI Project Cycle

 Helps solve problems step by step.

 Makes AI systems more accurate.

 Saves time and effort.

 Improves decision-making.

 Can be used in education, healthcare, farming, transport, and many other fields.

7. Key Terms
Term Meaning

Artificial Intelligence Technology that enables machines to perform tasks requiring human
(AI) intelligence.

Data Facts or information collected for analysis.

Model A program trained using data to make predictions or decisions.

Deployment Using the AI model in the real world.

8. Summary

 AI Project Cycle is a systematic process used to build AI solutions.

 It has six stages:

1. Problem Scoping

2. Data Acquisition

3. Data Exploration

4. Modelling

5. Evaluation

6. Deployment

 The cycle can be repeated to improve the AI system.

9. Quick Revision

Fill in the Blanks

1. The AI Project Cycle has _____ stages.

2. The first stage is _____.

3. Collecting information is called _____.

4. The last stage is _____.

5. The AI learns during the _____ stage.

Answers:

1. Six

2. Problem Scoping
 3. Data Acquisition

4. Deployment

5. Modelling

Short Answer Questions

1. What is the AI Project Cycle?

2. Name the six stages of the AI Project Cycle.

3. What is Problem Scoping?

4. What is Data Acquisition?

5. Why is Data Exploration important?

6. What happens during Modelling?

7. What is Evaluation?

8. What is Deployment?

Activity

Think of a real-life problem in your school (e.g., library book management, attendance, or
water wastage). Write one sentence describing how each stage of the AI Project Cycle
could help solve that problem.

Remember:
AI Project Cycle = Problem Scoping → Data Acquisition → Data Exploration → Modelling →
Evaluation → Deployment. This simple sequence is easy to remember for exams and helps
in understanding how AI solutions are developed.

Chapter 1.2: Introduction to AI Domains

Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, students will be able to:

 Define an AI Domain.

 Identify the three main AI domains.

  Explain Statistical Data, Computer Vision, and Natural Language Processing (NLP).

 Give real-life examples of each AI domain.

1. Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) learns by using data. The type of data given to an AI system
determines what it can do.

For example:

 To recognize faces, AI needs images.

 To understand speech, AI needs language data.

 To predict future trends, AI needs numerical data.

Based on the type of data used, AI is divided into three main domains.

2. AI Domains

Artificial Intelligence

┌───────────────┼────────────────┐

│ │ │

Statistical Data Computer Vision Natural Language

Processing (NLP)

3. Statistical Data

Definition

Statistical Data is the AI domain that deals with numbers, tables, records, and data analysis.
It helps AI collect, organize, and analyze data to make decisions or predictions.

How it Works

1. Collect data.

2. Store data.

3. Analyze data.

4. Find patterns.
 5. Make decisions or predictions.

Examples

 Price comparison websites

 Weather forecasting

 Stock market analysis

 Sales prediction

 Student performance analysis

Example: Price Comparison Website

Suppose you want to buy a mobile phone.

A price comparison website collects prices from different online stores and displays them
together.

Website Price

Store A ₹18,999

Store B ₹18,499

Store C ₹19,250

The AI analyzes the data and helps users choose the best price.

Advantages

 Helps in decision-making.

 Finds hidden patterns in data.

 Predicts future trends.

4. Computer Vision (CV)

Definition

Computer Vision is the AI domain that enables computers to see, understand, and analyze
images and videos, just like humans.

The computer learns from:

 Images

 Photographs
  Videos

 CCTV footage

 Drone images

How it Works

1. Capture an image.

2. Process the image.

3. Identify objects.

4. Understand the scene.

5. Make a decision.

Examples

 Face recognition

 Self-driving cars

 Fingerprint recognition

 QR code scanning

 Medical image analysis

Example 1: Agricultural Monitoring

Farmers use drones to capture images of crops.

The AI system:

 Detects unhealthy plants.

 Finds pests.

 Estimates crop yield.

This helps farmers improve crop production.

Example 2: Surveillance Systems

Computer Vision is used in CCTV cameras to:

 Detect suspicious activities.

 Identify people.
  Track vehicles.

 Send alerts to security staff.

Advantages

 Improves security.

 Reduces human effort.

 Helps in healthcare.

 Supports smart farming.

5. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Definition

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the AI domain that enables computers to understand,
interpret, and respond to human language.

Human language includes:

 Speaking

 Reading

 Writing

 Listening

NLP helps computers communicate with people in a natural way.

How it Works

1. Receive text or speech.

2. Understand the meaning.

3. Process the information.

4. Generate a suitable response.

Examples

 Google Translate
  Voice assistants (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant)

 Chatbots

 Email spam filters

 Speech-to-text systems

Example 1: Machine Translation

Machine Translation converts text from one language to another.

Example:

English: Good Morning

Hindi: शुभ प्रभात

Telugu: శుభోదయం

Google Translate is a popular example.

Example 2: Email Spam Filter

An email spam filter checks incoming emails.

If an email contains suspicious words or unwanted advertisements, it is automatically moved

to the Spam folder.

Advantages

 Makes communication easier.

 Translates languages instantly.

 Filters unwanted emails.

 Powers chatbots and virtual assistants.

6. Comparison of AI Domains
AI Domain Type of Data Purpose Examples

Numbers, Analyze data and make Price comparison,

Statistical Data
tables, records predictions weather forecasting

Images and Recognize and understand Face recognition, CCTV,

Computer Vision
videos visual information self-driving cars

Natural Language Understand and process Google Translate,

Text and speech
Processing (NLP) human language chatbots, email filters

7. Real-Life Applications

Situation AI Domain Used

Comparing mobile phone prices Statistical Data

Face Unlock on mobile phones Computer Vision

Google Translate NLP

CCTV security cameras Computer Vision

Voice Assistant (Alexa/Siri) NLP

Weather Forecast Statistical Data

8. Key Terms

Term Meaning

Machines performing tasks that normally require human

Artificial Intelligence (AI)
intelligence

Statistical Data AI that analyzes numerical data to make decisions

Computer Vision AI that understands images and videos

Natural Language Processing

AI that understands and processes human language
(NLP)

Dataset A collection of related data used to train AI systems

9. Summary

 AI learns from data.

  There are three main AI domains:

1. Statistical Data – works with numbers and data analysis.

2. Computer Vision – works with images and videos.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP) – works with human language.

 Each domain is designed for different types of AI applications.

10. Quick Revision

Fill in the Blanks

1. AI learns from __________.

2. There are __________ main AI domains.

3. Computer Vision works with __________ and __________.

4. NLP stands for ______________________________.

5. Price comparison websites use __________ Data.

Answers:

1. Data

2. Three

3. Images, Videos

4. Natural Language Processing

5. Statistical

Match the Following

Column A Column B

1. Statistical Data a. Google Translate

2. Computer Vision b. Face Recognition

3. NLP c. Price Comparison Website

Answers:

 1→c

 2→b
  3→a

Short Answer Questions

1. What is an AI domain?

2. Name the three AI domains.

3. Define Statistical Data.

4. What is Computer Vision?

5. Define Natural Language Processing.

6. Give two examples of Computer Vision.

7. Name two applications of NLP.

8. What type of data does Computer Vision use?

Think and Apply

Identify the AI domain used in the following applications:

Application AI Domain

Google Translate __________

Face Unlock __________

Price Comparison Website __________

CCTV Camera __________

Weather Forecast __________

Answers:

 Google Translate → Natural Language Processing (NLP)

 Face Unlock → Computer Vision

 Price Comparison Website → Statistical Data

 CCTV Camera → Computer Vision

 Weather Forecast → Statistical Data

Memory Tip
Remember the three AI domains with the mnemonic: "NIV"

 N – Natural Language Processing (NLP) → Language

 I – Images (Computer Vision) → Vision

 V – Values (Statistical Data) → Numbers and Data

Or simply remember:

 📊 Statistical Data → Numbers

 📷 Computer Vision → Images & Videos

 💬 Natural Language Processing (NLP) → Text & Speech

Class Notes – Ethical Frameworks for AI (Class 10)

Chapter 1.3: Ethical Frameworks for AI

Learning Objectives

After studying this chapter, students will be able to:

 Define a framework and an ethical framework.

 Explain why ethical frameworks are important in AI.

 Identify the types of ethical frameworks.

 Understand the principles of Bioethics.

 Apply ethical principles to AI-based real-life situations.

1. Introduction

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to make decisions in many areas such as healthcare,
banking, education, transportation, and online shopping.

Sometimes, AI may make wrong or unfair decisions because of biased data.

To prevent such problems, AI developers use Ethical Frameworks.

2. What is a Framework?

Definition
A Framework is a set of steps or guidelines used to solve a problem in an organized way.

Importance of a Framework

 Provides a step-by-step approach.

 Makes problem-solving easier.

 Ensures all important factors are considered.

 Helps different people work together effectively.

Example

While preparing for an examination, you may follow this framework:

1. Read the syllabus.

2. Prepare notes.

3. Practice questions.

4. Revise.

5. Write the exam.

This is a simple framework for studying.

3. What is an Ethical Framework?

Definition

An Ethical Framework is a set of guidelines that helps us make right and fair decisions
without causing harm to others.

It helps AI systems make decisions that are:

 Fair

 Safe

 Honest

 Responsible

4. Why Do We Need Ethical Frameworks for AI?

AI systems are increasingly used to make important decisions.

If AI is trained with biased or incorrect data, it may produce unfair results.

Example

Suppose a company uses AI to select job applicants.

If the AI is trained using biased data, it may unfairly reject qualified candidates based on
gender, race, or other unrelated factors.

Ethical Frameworks help developers:

 Avoid bias.

 Protect people's rights.

 Reduce harm.

 Build trustworthy AI systems.

5. Factors That Influence Our Decisions

Sometimes, our decisions are influenced without us realizing it.

Some common factors are:

 Personal values

 Religion or beliefs

 Family influence

 Friends

 Emotions

 Culture

 Personal experiences

 Available information

 Bias towards relatives

 Location of people involved

Example

A student may choose to help a friend before helping a stranger because of personal
relationships.

6. Types of Ethical Frameworks

There are two main types of Ethical Frameworks.

 Ethical Frameworks

┌────────────┴────────────┐

│ │

Sector-based Frameworks Value-based Frameworks

A. Sector-based Frameworks

Definition

These frameworks are designed for specific fields or industries.

Examples

 Healthcare

 Banking

 Education

 Agriculture

 Transportation

 Law enforcement

Example

Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare.

It ensures that AI in hospitals is used safely and fairly.

B. Value-based Frameworks

These frameworks are based on human values and moral principles.

There are three types.

1. Rights-based Framework

Meaning

Protects the rights and dignity of every individual.

Focus
  Equality

 Freedom

 Privacy

 Respect

Example

An AI system should never discriminate against people based on gender, religion, or race.

2. Utility-based Framework

Meaning

Chooses the action that provides the greatest benefit to the maximum number of people.

Focus

 Maximum benefit

 Minimum harm

Example

AI helps manage traffic signals to reduce congestion for most commuters.

3. Virtue-based Framework

Meaning

Focuses on good character and moral values.

Values

 Honesty

 Kindness

 Responsibility

 Integrity

 Compassion

Example

An AI developer should create software honestly without hiding errors.

7. Bioethics

Definition

Bioethics is an ethical framework used in healthcare and medical science.

It ensures AI is used safely while protecting patients.

8. Principles of Bioethics

There are four main principles.

1. Respect for Autonomy

Meaning

Every person has the right to know and make decisions about their own treatment.

Example

Patients should know:

 How AI makes decisions.

 What data is used.

 Why a recommendation is given.

2. Do Not Harm (Non-Maleficence)

Meaning

AI should never intentionally cause harm.

If harm cannot be completely avoided, the option causing the least harm should be chosen.

Example

A medical AI should not give incorrect treatment recommendations.

3. Maximum Benefit (Beneficence)

Meaning

AI should always try to provide the greatest benefit to everyone.

Example
A hospital AI should help all patients receive the best possible care.

4. Justice

Meaning

Everyone should be treated fairly, regardless of:

 Gender

 Religion

 Race

 Region

 Economic background

Example

AI should recommend medical treatment equally for all patients.

9. Important Ethical Terms

Term Meaning

Ethics Principles of right and wrong behaviour

Bias Unfair preference toward a person or group

Autonomy Freedom to make one's own decisions

Justice Fair treatment for everyone

Beneficence Doing good and helping others

Non-Maleficence Avoid causing harm

Maleficence Intentionally causing harm

10. Case Study (Simple Explanation)

Situation

A hospital used an AI system to identify patients who needed urgent medical care.

Problem

The AI gave unfair results.

Patients from one region received less medical attention, even though they were seriously
ill.

Reason

The AI was trained using healthcare spending data instead of actual illness data.

As a result, it made incorrect decisions.

Solution

Developers should:

 Use fair and unbiased data.

 Follow Bioethics principles.

 Test AI carefully before using it.

11. Summary

 A Framework provides step-by-step guidance to solve problems.

 An Ethical Framework helps make fair and responsible decisions.

 Ethical Frameworks reduce bias and prevent harm.

 There are two types of Ethical Frameworks:

o Sector-based Frameworks

o Value-based Frameworks

 Bioethics is widely used in healthcare.

 The four principles of Bioethics are:

1. Respect for Autonomy

2. Do Not Harm (Non-Maleficence)

3. Maximum Benefit (Beneficence)

4. Justice

12. Quick Revision

Fill in the Blanks

1. A __________ provides step-by-step guidance to solve a problem.

 2. AI should make __________ and responsible decisions.

3. Bioethics is mainly used in the __________ sector.

4. __________ means avoiding harm.

5. __________ means treating everyone fairly.

Answers

1. Framework

2. Ethical

3. Healthcare

4. Non-Maleficence

5. Justice

Match the Following

Column A Column B

1. Bioethics a. Healthcare

2. Rights-based b. Human Rights

3. Utility-based c. Maximum Benefit

4. Virtue-based d. Honesty

Answers

 1→a

 2→b

 3→c

 4→d

Short Answer Questions

1. What is a framework?

2. What is an ethical framework?

3. Why are ethical frameworks important in AI?

4. Name the two types of ethical frameworks.

 5. What is Bioethics?

6. State the four principles of Bioethics.

7. What is meant by Non-Maleficence?

8. What is Beneficence?

Think and Apply

Situation

A school uses an AI system to select students for a scholarship.

Question: Which Bioethics principle is most important to ensure that every student gets a
fair chance?

Answer: Justice, because all students should be treated fairly without discrimination.

Memory Tip

Remember the Four Bioethics Principles as "A-D-B-J"

 A – Autonomy → Respect people's choices.

 D – Do Not Harm (Non-Maleficence) → Avoid causing harm.

 B – Beneficence → Do the greatest good.

 J – Justice → Treat everyone fairly.

Simple Formula to Remember:

Ethical AI = Fair + Safe + Honest + Responsible