Using Multivariate Statistics (7th Edition)

[Link]

This Book is Available on [Link]

 Using Multivariate Statistics (7th Edition)

SEVENTH EDITION
[Link]

Using Multivariate
Statistics

Barbara G. Tabachnick
CaliforniaState University, Northridge

Linda S. Fidell
CaliforniaState University, Northridge

@ Pearson
This Book is Available on [Link]
330 Hudson SLrccL, NY NY 10013
 Using Multivariate Statistics (7th Edition)
Contents
P reface xiv 2.1.3 Prediction of Group Membership 20
[Link] One-Way Discriminant Analysis 20
1 Introdu ction 1
[Link] [Link] Sequential One-Way Discriminant
20 Analysis
1.1 Multivariate Statistics: Why? 1 [Link] Multi way Frequency Analysis
1.1.1 The Domain of Multivariate Statistics: (Logit) 21
Numbers of IVs and DVs 2 [Link] Logistic Regression 21
1.1.2 Experimental and Nonexperimental [Link] Sequential Logisbc Regression 21
2 [Link] Factorial Discriminant Analysis 21
1.1.3 Computers and Multivariate Statistics 3 [Link] Sequential Factorial Discriminant
1.1.4 Ga rbage In, Roses Out? 4 Analysis 22

1.2 So m e Useful Definitions 5 2 .1.4 Structu re 22

[Link] Principal Components 22
1.2. 1 Cont inuous, Discrete, a nd Dichoto m o us
5 [Link] Factor Analysis 22
[Link] Stmc tural Equation Mode ling 22
1.2.2 Samp les a nd Populations 6
2.1.5 Tim e Course of Eve nts 22
1.2.3 Desc rip tive a nd Infe rential Statis tics 7
[Link] Survival/Failure Analys is 23
1.2.4 O rlh ogo na li ty : Stand a rd and Sequentia l
[Link] Time-Series Ana lysis 23
A na lyses 7
2.2 Som e Furth e r Co m pa riso ns 23
1.3 Linea r Co m b inatio ns o f Varia bles 9
2.3 A Decisio n Tree 24
1.4 N u m ber a nd Na ture of Variables to In clu de 10
2 .4 Techn iq ue Chap ters 27
1.5 Statistical Power 10
2.5 Prelimina ry Check of the Data 28
1.6 Data Appropria te fo r Multivaria te Statistics 11
1.6.1 The Data Matrix 11
1.6.2 The Correlation Matrix 12
3 Review of Uni variate and
1.6.3 The Variance-Covariance Matrix 12
Bivariat e Statistics 29
1.6.4 The Sum-of-Squares and Cross-Products 3.1 Hypothesis Tes ting 29
Matrix 13 3.1.1 One-Sample z Test as Prototype 30
1.6.5 Residuals 14 3.1.2 Power 32
1.7 Organization of the Book 14 3.1.3 Extensions ofthe Model 32
3.1.4 Controversy Surrounding Significance
2 A Guide to Statis tical Techniques: Testing 33
Using the Book 15 3.2 Analysis of Variance 33
2.1 Research Questions and Associated Techniques 15 3.2 .1 One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA 34
2.1.1 Degree of Relationship Among Varia bles 15 3.2 .2 Factorial Between-Subjects ANOVA 36
[Link] Bivariate r 16 3.2.3 Withi n -Subjects ANOVA 38
[Link] Multiple R 16 3.2 .4 Mixed Between-Within-S ubjects ANOVA 40
[Link] Sequentia l R 16 3.2 .5 Design Comp lexity 41
[Link] Canonica l R 16 [Link] Nest ing 41
[Link] Multiway Frequency Analysis 17 [Link] Latin-Squa re Designs 42
[Link] Multilevel Mode ling 17 [Link] Unequa l 11 and Nonor thogona lity 42
2.1.2 Sig n ifica nce o f C ro up Diffe rences 17 [Link] Fixed and Rando m Eff<>cts 43
2.1.2.t One-Way ANOVA and I Test 17 3.2 .6 Specific Com pari so ns 43
[Link] One-Way ANCOVA 17 [Link] Weigh ting Coefficients for
[Link] Factorial ANOVA 18 Comparisons 43
[Link] Factorial ANCOVA 18 [Link] Orthogonality of Weighting
[Link] lfotelling's T 2 18 Coefficients 44
[Link] One-Way MANOVA 18 [Link] Obtained F for Comparisons 44
[Link] One-Way MANCOVA 19 [Link] Critical F for PLmned Comparisons 45
[Link] Factorial MANOVA 19 [Link] Critical F for Post Hoc Comparisons 45
[Link] Factorial MANCOVA 19 3.3 Parameter Estimation 46
This Book is Available on [Link]
[Link] Profile Analysis of Repeated Measures
3.4 Effect Size 19 47
iii
iv Contents

Using Multivariate
48 Statistics
3.5 Bivariate Statistics: Correlation and Regression (7th
5 Multi ple Edition)
Regress ion 99
3.5.1 Correlation 48
3.5.2 Regression 49 5.1 General Purposeand Description 99
3.6 Chi-Square Analysis 50 5.2 Kinds of Research Questions 101
5.2.1 Degreeof Relationship 101
4 Cleaning Up Your Act: Screening 5.2.2 Importance offVs 102
Data Prior to Anal ysis 52 5.2.3 Adding IVs 102
[Link]
4.1 Important Iss ues in Da ta Screening 53 5.2.4 Changing lVs 102
4.1.1 Accu racy o f Data File 53 5.2.5 Contingencies Amo ng IVs 102
4.1.2 Hones t Correla tions 53 5.2.6 Comparing Sets of IVs 102
[Link] Inflated Correlation 53 5.2.7 Predicting DV Scores
[Link] Deflated Correlation 53 for Membe rs of a New Sample 103
4.1.3 Missing Data 54 5.2.8 Parameter Estimates 103
[Link] Deleting Cases or Variables 57 5.3 Limitations to Regression Analyses 103
[Link] Estimating Missing Data 57 5.3.1 Theoretical Issues 103
[Link] Using a Missing Data Correlation 5.3.2 Practical Issues 104
Matrix 61 5 .3 .2 .1 Ratio of Cases to IVs lOS
[Link] Treating Missing Data as Data 61 5 .3 .2 .2 Absence of Outliers Among
[Link] Repeating Analyses with and without the IVs and on the DV 105
Missing Data 61 [Link] Absence of Multicollinearity and
[Link] Choosing Among Methods for Singula rity 106
Dealing with Missing Datn 62 [Link] Normality, Linearity, and
4.1.4 O utl iers 62 Homoscedasticity of Residuals 106
[Link] Detecting Univariate and [Link] Independence of Errors 108
Multivariate Outliers 63 [Link] Absence of Outliers in the Solution 109
[Link] Describing Outliers 66 5.4 Fundamental Equations for Multiple
[Link] Reducing the Influence 109
Regression
of Outliers 66
5.4.1 General Linear Equations 110
[Link] Outliers in a Solution 67
5.4.2 Matrix Equations 111
4.1.5 Normality, Linearity, and
Homoscedasticity 67 5.4.3 Computer Analyses of Small-Sample
[Link] Normality
Example 113
68
[Link] Linearity 72 5.5 Major Types of Multiple Regress ion 115
[Link] Homoscedasticity, Homogeneity 5.5.1 Standard Mu ltiple Regress ion 115
of Variance, and Homogeneity of 5.5.2 Seque nti al Mu ltip le Regress ion 116
Variance-Covar iance Mntriccs 73
5.5.3 Statistica l (Stepwise) Regression 117
4.1.6 Common Da ta Transformations 75
5.5.4 Choosing Among Regression
4.1.7 Multico llinearity and Singularity 76 Strategies 121
4.1.8 A Checklist and Some Practical 5.6 Some Important Issues 121
Recommendations 79
5.6.1 Importance of IVs 121
4.2 Complete Examples of Data Screening 79 5.6. 1.1 Standard Multiple Regression 122
4.2.1 Screening Ungrouped Data 80 5.6. 1.2 Sequential or Statistical Regression 123
[Link] Accuracy of Input, [Link] Data, 5.6 .1.3 Commonality Analysis 123
Distribu tions, and Univariate Outliers 81
5 .6 .1.4 Relative Importance Analysis 125
[Link] Linearity and Homoscedasticity 84
5.6.2 Statistica l Inference 128
[Link] Transformation 84
5.6.2. 1 Test for Multiple R 128
[Link] Detecting Outliers 84
[Link] Test of Regression Components 129
[Link] Variables Causing Cases to Be Outliers 86
[Link] Test of Added Subset of IVs 130
[Link] Multicollinearity 88
[Link] Confidence Limits 130
4.2.2 Screening Gro u ped Data 88 [Link] Comparing Two Sets of Predictors 131
42.21 Accuracyof Missing0.1ta,
Distributions, Homogeneityof Variance, 5.63 Adjustment of R2 132
and UnivariateOutliers 89 5.6.4 Suppressor Variables 133
[Link] Linearity 93 5.6.5 Regression Approach to ANOVA 134
4.22.3 Multivariate Outliers 93 5.6.6 Cen tering When Interactions
[Link] VariablesCausing Cases to Be Outliers 94 and Powers of IVs Are Included 135
[Link] Multicollinearity 97 5.6.7 Mediation in Causal Sequence 137
This Book is Available on [Link]
 Contents v

Using Multivariate Statistics

5.7 Complete Examples of Regression Analysis
138 (7th Edition)
[Link] SpecificComparisons and
5.7.1 Evaluation of Assumptions 139 Trend Analysis ISS
[Link] Ratio of Cases to IVs 139 [Link] EffectSize 187
5.7.12 Normality, Linearity, 6.5.5 Alternatives to ANCOVA 187
Homoscedasticity, and 6.6 Complete Example of Analysis of Covariance 189
Independence of Residuals 139 6.6.1 Evaluation of Assumptions 189
[Link] Outliers 142 [Link] Unequal 11 and Missing Oat• 189
[Link] Multicollinearityand Singularity 144
[Link]
5.7.2 Standard Multip le Regression 144
[Link] Normality 189
[Link] Linearity 191
5.7.3 Sequential Regression 150 [Link] Outliers 191
5.7.4 Examp le of Standard Multip le [Link] Multicollinearityand Singularity 192
Regression with Missing Values [Link] Homogeneity of Variance 192
Multiply Imputed 154 [Link] Homogeneity of Regression 193
5.8 Comparison of Programs 162 [Link] Reliabilityof Covariates 193
5.8.1 ffiM SPSS Package 163 6.6.2 Analysis of Covariance 193
5.8.2 SAS System 165 [Link] Main Analysis 193
5.8.3 SYSTATSystem 166 [Link] Evaluation of Covariates 196
[Link] Homogeneity of Regression Run 196
6 Ana lysis of Covariance 167 6.7 Comparison of Programs 200
6.1 Genera l Purp ose and Description 167 6.7.1 IBM SPSS Package 200
6.7.2 SAS System 200
6.2 Kinds of Research Questions 170
6.7.3 SYSTATSystem 200
6.2.1 Main Effects of !Vs 170
6.2.2 In teractions Among IVs 170
6.2.3 Specific Comparisons and Trend
7 Multivar iate Analysis of
Analysis 170 Variance and Covariance 203
6.2.4 Effects of Covariates 170 7.1 General Purpose and Description 203
6.2.5 Effect Size 171 7 2 Kinds of Research Questions 206
6.2.6 Parameter Estimates 171 7.2.1 Main Effects ofiVs 206
6.3 Limitations to Analysis of Covariance 171 7.2.2 Interactions Among IVs 207
6.3.1 Theoretical Issues 171 7.2.3 Importance of DVs 207
6.3.2 Practical Issues 172 7.2.4 Parameter Estimates 207
[Link] Unequal Sample Sizes, Missing 7.2.5 Specific Co mparisons
Data, and Ratio of Cases to IVs 172 and Trend Analysis 207
[Link] Absence of Outliers 172 7.2.6 Effect Size 208
[Link] Absence of Multicollinearity
7.2.7 Effects of Covariates 208
and Singularity 172
[Link] Normality of Sampling Distributions 173 7.2.8 Re peated-Measures Analysis
of Variance 208
[Link] Homogeneity of Variance 173
6.32.6 Linearity 173 7.3 Limitations to Multivariate Analysis
6.32.7 Homogeneity of Regression 173 of Variance and Covariance 208
[Link] Reliabilityof Co,•ariatcs 174 7.3.1 Theoretical Issues 208
6.4 Fundamental Equations for Analysi s 7.3.2 Practica I Issues 209
of Covariance 174 [Link] Unequal Sample Sizes,
Missing Data, and Power 209
6.4.1 Sums of Squares and Cross-Products 175
[Link] Multivariate Normality 210
6.4.2 Significance Test and Effect Size 177
[Link] Absenceof Outliers 210
6.4.3 Co mpu ter Analyses of Small-Sample
[Link] Homogeneity of Variance-
Exam ple 178 Covariance Matrices 210
6.5 Some Important Issues 179 [Link] Linearity 211
6.5.1 Choosing Covariate s 179 [Link] Homogeneity of Regression 211
6.5.2 Evaluation of Covariales 180 [Link] Reliabilityof Covariates 211
6.5.3 Test for Homogeneity of Regression 180 [Link] Absenceof Multicollinearity
and Singularity 211
6.5.4 Design Complexity 181
65.4.1 Wiiliin-Subjectsand Mixed 7.4 Fundamental Equations for Multivariat e
Wiiliin-BetweenDesigns 181 Anal ys is of Variance and Covariance 212
6.5.42 Unequal Sample Sizes 182 7.4.1 Multivariate Analysis of Variance 212
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vi Contents

Using Multivariate Statistics (7th

7.4.2 Computer Analyses [Link] Edition)
Multivariate Normality 260
of Small-Sample Example 218 [Link] Absence of Outliers 260
7.4.3 Multivariate Analysis [Link] Homogeneityof
of Covariance 221 Variance-CovarianceMatrices 260
7.5 Some Important Issues 223 [Link] Linearity 260
[Link] Absenceof Multicollinearity
7.5.1 MANOVA Versus ANOVAs 223
and Singularity 260
7.5.2 Criteria for Statistica l Inference 223
8.4 Fundamenta l Equations for Profile Ana lysis 260
[Link]
7.5.3 Assess ing DVs 224
8.4.1 Differences in Leve ls 262
[Link] Univariate F 224
8.4.2 Paral lelism 262
[Link] Roy-Bargmann Stepdown Analysis 226
[Link] Using Discriminant Analysis 226 8.4.3 Flatness 265
[Link] Choosing Among Strategies 8.4.4 Computer Analyses of Small-Samp le
for Assessing DVs 227 Example 266
7.5.4 Specific Comparisons and Trend 8.5 Some Important Issues 269
Analysis 227 8.5.1 Univariate Versus Multivariate
7.5.5 Design Complexity 228 Approach to Repeated Measures 269
[Link] Within-Subjectsand Between- 8.5.2 Contrasts in Profile Analysis 270
Within Designs 228 [Link] P=llelism and Flatness
[Link] Unequal Sample Sizes 228 Significant,Levels Not Significant
7.6 Comp lete Exam ples of Multivariate (Simple-EffectsAnalysis) 272
Ana lysis of Variance and Covar iance 230 [Link] ParatleUsmand LevelsSignificant,
FlatnessNot Significant
7.6.1 Evalua tion of Assum pti ons 230 (Simple-EffectsAnalysis) 274
[Link] Unequal Sample Sizes [Link] Parallelism, Levels, and Flatness
and Missing Data 230 Significant(Interaction Contrasts) 275
[Link] Multivariate Normality 231 [Link] Only Parallelism Significant 276
[Link] Linearity 231 8.5.3 Doubly Multivariate Designs 277
[Link] Outliers 232
8.5.4 Classifying Profiles 279
[Link] Homogeneity of Variance-
Co,rariance Matrices 233
8.5.5 Imputation of Missing Values 279
[Link] Homogeneity of Regression 233 8.6 Complete Examples of Profile Analysis 280
[Link] Reliabilityof Covariates 235 8.6.1 Profile Analysis of Subscales
[Link] Multicollinearityand Singularity 235 of the WISC 280
7.6.2 Multivar iate Ana lysis of Variance 235 [Link] Evaluationof Assumptions 280
[Link] ProfileAnalysis 282
7.6.3 Multiva riate Ana lysis of Covar iance 244
[Link] Assessing Covariates 244 8.6.2 Doubly Multiva r iate Ana lys is
of Reaction Time 288
[Link] Assessing DVs 245
[Link] Evaluation of Assumptions 288
7.7 Compariso n of Programs 252
[Link] Doubly Multivariate Analysis
7.7.1 IBMSPSSPackage 252 of Slope and Intercept 290
7.7.2 SAS System 255 8.7 Comparison of Programs 297
7.7.3 SYSTAT System 255 8.7.1 IBM SPSS Package 297
8.7.2 SAS System 298
8 Profile Analysis : The Multivaria te 8.7.3 SYSTATSystem 298
Approach to Repea ted Measures 256
8.1 Genera l Purpose and Description 256
9 Discriminan t Analys is 299
8.2 Kinds of Research Questions 257 9.1 Genera l Purpose an d Description 299
8.2.1 Para llelism of Profiles 258 9.2 Kinds of Researc h Ques tions 302
8.2.2 Overall Difference Among Groups 258 9.2.1 Significance of P rediction 302
8.2.3 Flatness of Profiles 258 9.2.2 Number of Significan t
8.2.4 Contrasts Following Profile Analysis 258 Discriminant Functions 302
8.2.5 Parameter Estimates 258 9.2.3 Dimensions of Discrimination 302
8.2.6 Effect Size 259 9.2.4 Classification Functions 303
8.3 limitations to Profile Analysis 259 9.2.5 Adequacy of Classification 303
8.3.1 Theoretical Issues 259 9.2.6 Effect Size 303
8.3.2 Practical Issues 259 9.2.7 Importance of Predictor Variables 303
[Link] Sample Size, Missing Data, 9.2.8 Significance of Prediction with Covariates 304
This Book is Available
and Power 259
on 9.2.9
[Link]
Estimation of Group Means 304
 Conte nts v ii

Using Multivariate Statistics

9.3 Limitations to Discriminant Analysis 304 (7thticEdition)
9.3.1 Theoretical issues 304
10 Logis Regress ion 346
9.3.2 Practical issues 304 10.1 General Purpose and Description 346
[Link] Unequal Sample Sizes, Missing 10.2 Kinds of Research Questions 348
Data, and Power 304 10.2.1 Prediction of Group Membership
[Link] Multivariate Normality 305 or Ou tcome 348
[Link] Absence of Outliers 305
10.2.2 Importance of Predictors 348
[Link]
9.324
305
of
Varianc:e--CovarianceMatrices
10.2.3 Interactions Among Predictors 349
[Link] Linearity 306 10.2.4 Parameter Estimates 349
[Link] Absence of Multicollinearity 10.2.5 Classification of Cases 349
and Stngularity 306 10.2.6 Significance of Prediction with
9.4 Fundamental Equations for Covariates 349
Discriminant Analysis 306 10.2.7 Effect Size 349
9.4.1 Derivation and Test of 10.3 Limitations to Logistic Regression Analysis 350
Discriminant Functions 10.3.1 Theoretica l Issues 350
9.4.2 C lassification 309 10.3.2 Practica l Issues 350
9.4.3 Computer Analyses of [Link] Ratio of Cases to Variables 350
Sma ll-Samp le Exam ple 311 103.2.2 Adequacy of Expected
9.5 Types of Discrim ina nt Analyses 315 Frequencies nnd Power 351
9.5.1 Direct Discri min a nt Ana lys is 315 [Link] Linearity in the Logit 351
[Link] Absence of Mult icollinea rity 351
9.5.2 Sequential Disc rimi nan t Analys is 315
[Link] Absence of Outl iers in the Solution 351
9.5.3 Stepwise (Sta tistical) Discri minant
[Link] Independence of Erro rs 352
Ana lysis 316
10.4 Fun damenta l Equations for
9.6 Some Important Iss ues 316
Logistic Regress ion 352
9.6.1 Statist ical lnference 316
10.4.1 Testing and Interpre ting Coefficie n ts 353
[Link] Criteria for Overall Statistical
Significance 317 10.4.2 Goodness of Fit 354
[Link] Stepping Methods 317 10.4.3 Comparing Models 355
9.6.2 Number of Discriminant Functions 317 10.4.4 Interpretation and Analysis of
9.6.3 Interpreting Discriminant Functions 318 Residuals 355
[Link] Discriminant Function Plots 318 10.4.5 Computer Analyses of
[Link] Structure Matrix of Loadings 318 Small-Sample Example 356
9.6.4 Evaluating Predictor Variables 320 105 Types of Logistic Regression 360
9.6.5 Effect Size 321 105.1 Direct Logistic Regression 360
9.6.6 Design Complexity: Factorial Designs 321 105.2 Sequential Logistic Regression 360
9.6.7 Use of Classification Procedures 322 10.5.3 Statistical (Stepwise) Logistic
[Link] Cross-Validation and New Cases 322 Regression 362
[Link] jackknifed Classification 323 105 .4 Probit and Other Analyses 362
[Link] Evaluating Improvement in 10.6 Some Important Issues 363
Classification 323 10.6.1 Statistica l Inference 363
9.7 Comp lete Examp le of Discriminan t Analysis 324 [Link] Assessing Goodness of Fit
9.7.1 Evalua tion of Assum pti ons 325 of Models 363
[Link] Unequa l Sample Sizes [Link] Tests of Ind ividua l Pred ictors 365
and Miss ing Data 325 10.6.2 Effect Sizes 365
9.7. 1.2 Multiva ria te No rma lity 325 [Link] Effect Size for n Mode l 365
[Link] Linea rity 325 [Link] Effect Sizes for l'n.>dictors 366
[Link] Outliers 325 10.6.3 lnterprelalio n of Coefficie n ts
[Link] l lomogeneity of Variance- Using Odds 367
Covariance Matrices 326 10.6.4 Coding Outcome and Predicto r
[Link] Multicollinearity and Singula rity 327 Ca tegories 368
9.7.2 Direct Discrin1inan t Ana lysis 327 10.6.5 Number and Type of Outcome
9.8 Comparison of Programs 340 Ca tegories 369
9.8.1 IBM SPSS Package 344 10.6.6 Classification of Cases 3n
9.8.2 SAS System 344 10.6.7 Hierarchical and Nonhierarchical
9.8.3 SYSTATSystem 345 Analysis
This Book is Available on [Link]
viii Contents

Using Multivariate
10.6.8 Importance of Predictors 373 Statistics (7th
11.4.2 Edition)
Standard Error of Cumu lative
10.6.9 Logistic Regression for M a tched Proportion Surviving 408
Groups 374 11.4.3 Hazard and Density Functions 408
10.7 Complete Examples of Logistic Regression 374 11.4.4 Plo t of Life Tables 409
10.7 .1 Evaluation of Limitations 374 11.4.5 Test for Group Differences 410
t0.7. t.t Ratio of Cases to Variables 11.4.6 Computer Analyses of Small-Sample
and Missing Data 374 Example 411
[Link]
t0.7. 1.2 Multicollinearity
11.5 Types of Survival Analyses376
415
t0.7.1.3 Outli ers in the Solution 376 11.5.1 Actuarial and Product-Limit Ufe
10.7.2 Direct Logistic Regression with Tables and Survivor Functions 415
Two-Category Outcome and 11.5.2 Prediction of Group Survival Times
Continuous Predictors 377 from Covariates 417
[Link] Umitation : Unearity in the [Link] 377 [Link] Direct, Sequential,
[Link] Direct Logistic Regression with and Statistical Analy sis 417
Two-Category Outcome 377 [Link] Cox Proportional -Hazard s Model 417
10.7.3 Sequential Logistic Regression [Link] Accelerated Failure-Time Mode ls 419
with Three Categories of Outcome 384 [Link] ChOObinga Method 423
[Link] Limitations of Multinomial
Logistic Regression 384 11.6 Some Important Issues 423
[Link] Sequential Multinomial 11.6.1 Proportionality of Hazards 423
Logistic Regressio n 387 11.6.2 Censored Data 424
10.8 Comparison of Programs 396 [Link] Right-Censored Data 425
10.8 .1 IBM SPSS Package 396 [Link] Other Forms of Ce nso ring 425
10.8.2 SAS Sys te m 399 11.6.3 Effect Size and Power 425
10.8.3 SYSTAT Sys tem 400 11.6.4 Statistical C riteria 426
[Link] Test Statistics for Group
Differences in Survival Functions 426
11 Survival/Failure Analysis 401 11.6.4 .2 Test Statisti cs for Prediction
from Covariates 427
11.1 General Purpose and Description 401
11.6.5 Predicting Survival Rate 427
11.2 Kinds of Research Questions 403
11.65.1 Regression Coefficients
11.2.1 Proportions Surviving at (Parameter Estim.1tes) 427
Various Times 403
t 1.65.2 [Link] Ratios 427
11.2.2 Group Differences in Survival 403 11.65.3 Expected Survival Rates 428
11.2.3 Survival Time with Covariates 403
11.7 Complete Example of Survival Analysis 429
[Link] Treatment Effects 403
11.7.1 Evaluation of Assumptions 430
[Link] Importance of Covariates 403
[Link] Accuracy of Input, Adequacy
[Link] Parameter Estimates 404 of Sample Size, Missing Data,
[Link] Contingencies Among and Di>tributions 430
Covariates 404 [Link] Outliers 430
[Link] Effect Size and Power 404 [Link] Differences Between
11.3 Limitations to Survival Analysis 404 Withdrawn and Remaining
11.3.1 Theoretica l Issues 404 Cases 433
[Link] Change in Survival
11.3.2 Practical Issues 404
Experience over Time 433
[Link] Snmple Size nnd
Missing Data 404
[Link] Proportionality of ll azards 433
[Link] Nonnal ity of Samplin g [Link] MulticollineMity 434
Dis tribut ions, Linearity, and 11.7.2 Cox Regr essio n S urviv a l Analysis 436
l lomoscedas ticity 405 [Link] Effect of Drug Treatment 436
[Link] Absence of Ou tliers 405 [Link] Evaluation of Other
[Link] Differences Between Cova riates 436
Withdrt1wn and Remaining 11.8 Comparison of Programs 440
Cases 405
11.8.1 SAS System 444
[Link] Change in Survival
Conditions over 1ime 405 11.8.2 IBM SPSS Package 445
[Link] Proportionality of Hazards 405 11.8.3 SYSTATSys tem 445
[Link] Absence of Multicollinearity 405
11.4 Fundamental Equations for
12 Canonical Correlation 446
Survival Analysis 405 12.1 General Purpose and Description 446
11.4 .1 Life TablesThis Book is Available
406 on [Link]
12.2 Kinds of Research Questions 448
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Using Multivariate Statistics

12.2.1 Number of Canonical Variate Pairs
448 (7th Edition)
133.2.5 Absence of Multicollinearity
12.2.2 Interpretation of Canonical Variates 448 and Singularity 482
[Link] Factorability of R 482
12.2.3 Importance of Canonical Variates
and Predictors 448 133 .2.7 Absence of Outliers Among
Variables 483
12.2.4 Canonical Variate Scores 449
13.4 Fundamental Equations for Factor
12.3 Limitations 449
Analysis 483
12.3.1 Theoretical Limitations 449
13.4.1 Extractio n
485
[Link]
12.3.2 Practica l Issues
450
13.4.2 Orthogona l Rotation
487
[Link] Ratio of Cases to IVs 450
13.4.3 Communali ties, Variance, and
[Link] Norma lity, Linearity, and
Covariance 488
Homoscedasticity 450
123.23 Missing Data 451 13.4.4 Factor Scores 489
123.24 Absence of Outliers 451 13.4.5 Oblique Rotation 491
123.2.5 Absence of Multicollinearity 13.4.6 Computer Analyses of
and Singularity 451 Small-Sample Example 493
12.4 Fundamental Equations for 13.5 Major Types of Factor Analyses 496
Canonical Correlation 451 135.1 Factor Extraction Techniques 496
12.4.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 452 [Link] PCA Versus FA 496
12.4.2 Matrix Equations 454 [Link] Principal Components 498
12.4.3 Pro portions of Variance Extracted 457 t3.5.1.3 Principal Factors 498
12.4.4 Comp uter A nalyses of t3.5.1.4 Image Factor Extraction 498
Sm all-Sa m ple Examp le 458 t3.5.1.5 Maximum Likelihood
Factor Extraction 499
12.5 Some ln1portant Issues 462
[Link] Unweighted Least
12.5.1 Importance of Canonical Variates 462 Squares Factoring 499
12.5.2 Interpretation of Canonical Variates 463 [Link] Generalized (Weighted)
12.6 Complete Example of Canonical Correlation 463 Least Squares Factoring 499
[Link] Alpha Factoring 499
12.6.1 Evaluation of Assumptions 463
[Link] Missing Data 463 135.2 Rotation 500
[Link] Normality. Linearity, and [Link] Orthogonal Rotation 500
Homoscedasticity 463 [Link] Oblique Rotation 501
[Link] Outliers 466 [Link] Geometric Interpretation 502
[Link] Multicollinearity 13.5.3 Some Practical Recommendations 503
and Singu larity 467 13.6 Some Impor tant Issues 504
12.6.2 Can o nical Correia tion 467 13.6.1 Estimates of Communalities 504
12.7 Compariso n of Programs 473 13.6.2 Adequacy of Extraction and
12.7.1 SAS System 473 Number of Factors 504
12.7.2 ffiM SPSS Package 474 13.6.3 Adequacy of Rotation and
12.7.3 SYSTATSystem 475 Simple Structure 507
13.6.4 Importance and Internal
13 Princi p al Components Consistency of Factors 508
13.6.5 Interpretation of Factors 509
and Factor Analysis 476
13.6.6 Factor Scores 510
13.1 General Purpose and Description 476 13.6.7 Comparisons Among Solutions
13.2 Kinds of Research Questions 479 and Groups 511
13.2.1 Number of Factors 479 13.7 Comple te Example of FA 511
13.2.2 Natu re o f Factors 479 13.7.1 Eva luatio n o f Limita tions 511
13.2.3 Importance of Solutions and Factors 480 [Link] Samp le Size and
Missing Data 512
13.2.4 Testing Theory in FA 480
[Link] Normality 512
13.2.5 Estimating Scores on Factors 480
[Link] Linearity 512
13.3 Limitations 480 [Link] Outliers 513
13.3.1 Theoretical Issues 480 [Link] Multicollinearity
13.3.2 Practical Issues 481 and Singularity 514
133.21 Sample Size and Missing Data 481 [Link] Factorability of R 514
[Link] Normality 482 [Link] Outliers Among Variables 515
[Link] Linearity 482 13.7.2 Principal Factors Extraction with
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[Link] Absence of Outliers Among Cases 482 Varimax Rotation 515