•Why do you think countries need to work

together in today’s world?

•Can you think of a recent global issue that

required multiple countries to cooperate?

•In your opinion, who should have the most

power in global governance—governments,
businesses, or citizens?
 •It refers to the various intersecting processes
that create order.
DEFINITION •It is the purposeful order that emerges from
OF institutions, processes, norms, formal
GLOBAL agreements, and informal mechanisms that
GOVERNANC regulate action for the common good.
E •It is a movement towards political integration
of transnational actors aimed at negotiating
responses to problems that affect more than one
state or region.
 • harmonization of laws among states

METHODS OF • international regimes

GLOBAL • global policy issue networks
GOVERNANC
E: • hybrid institutions
There are many sources of global governance:
• States sign treaties and form organizations, in the
process legislating public international law.

• International non-governmental organizations

(INGOs), though not having formal state power,
can lobby individual states to behave in certain
way.
 • International Organizations

KEY • Regional Organizations

ELEMENTS • Non-governmental Organizations
OF GLOBAL
GOVERNANC • Multinational Corporations
E: • Global Norms and Agreements
 • Maintains Peace & Security
Why does • Encourages Economic Growth
Global
Governance • Protects Human Rights
Matter?
• Solves Global Problems
• How can ordinary people contribute to
Global Governance?
 THE UNITED NATIONS
• The United Nations is the most prominent
International Organization in the contemporary
world. It was founded shortly after World War II.
After the collapse of the League of Nations at the
end of the World War II, countries that worried
about another global war began to push for the
formation of a more lasting international league.

• Although the organization is far from perfect, it

should be emphasized that it has so far achieved its
primary goal of averting another global war.
• Motto: “Peace, Dignity, and Equality on a Healthy
Planet”
• Headquarters: New York City, USA
• Number of Member States: 193
• Official Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French,
Russian, Spanish
 1. Maintain International Peace and Security.
-Prevent wars and mediate conflicts.
FUNCTIONS
OF THE
UNITED
NATIONS
 2. Promote Human Rights.
-Protect freedom, equality, and dignity worldwide.
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
• The UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC)
• UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR)
FUNCTIONS
OF THE
UNITED
NATIONS
 3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid.
-Aids in disaster relief and emergency response
FUNCTIONS
OF THE
UNITED
NATIONS
 4. Support Sustainable Development and Climate Action.
-Implements the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

FUNCTIONS
OF THE
UNITED
NATIONS
 5. Uphold International Law
-Develops and enforces treaties and conventions

FUNCTIONS
OF THE
UNITED
NATIONS
 FIVE ACTIVE ORGANS OF THE
UNITED NATIONS
1. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
(GA)
•the UN’s main deliberative policy making
and representative organ.
•Annually, the General Assembly elects a
GA President to serve a one-year term of
office.” All member states (currently at
193) have seats in the GA.
•The President of the United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA) is Annalena
Baerbock of Germany.
 • Disarmament and International Security Committee
(First Committee)
THE GENERAL • Economic and Financial Committee (Second
ASSEMBLY (GA)
Committee)
• Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (Third
The Six Main Committee)
Committees: • Special Political and Decolonization Committee
(Fourth Committee)
• Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth
Committee)
• Legal Committee (Sixth Committee)
THE GENERAL
ASSEMBLY (GA) •African States
•Asia-Pacific States
The Regional •Eastern European States
Groupings: •Latin American and Caribbean States
•Western European and other States
2. SECURITY COUNCIL (SC)
-Although the GA is the most representative
organization in the UN, many commentators
consider the Security Council (SC) to be the
most powerful.
-has primary responsibility, under the UN
Charter, for the maintenance of international
peace and security. It has 15 Members (5
permanent and 10 non-permanent members).
 NON-PERMANENT
PERMANENT COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES
Bahrain (2027)
Colombia (2027)
Democratic Republic of
• China the Congo (2027)
• France Denmark (2026)
• Russia
• United Kingdom
Greece (2026)
• United States Latvia (2027)
Liberia (2027)
Pakistan (2026)
Panama (2026)
Somalia (2026)
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
COUNCIL (ECOSOC)
-It is the principal body for coordination, policy
review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on
social and environmental issues, as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed
development goals.
• Current ECOSOC President (2025-2026): Lok
Bahadur Thapa (Nepal)
 ECOSOC is responsible for:
• promoting higher standards of living, full employment, and
economic and social progress;
• identifying solutions to international economic, social and
health problems;
• facilitating international cultural and educational cooperation;
and
• encouraging universal respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms.
 4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF
JUSTICE
-which task is to settle, in accordance with
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by
states and to give advisory opinions referred to it
by authorized United Nations organs and
specialized agencies.
-The major cases of the court consist of
disputes between states that voluntarily submit
themselves to the court for arbitration.
• President: Judge Yuji Iwasawa (Japan) • Vice-President: Judge Julia Sebutinde
Elected as President on March 3, 2025. (Uganda) Elected as Vice-President on
February 6, 2024
5. THE SECRETARIAT
-who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as mandated by
the General Assembly and the organization’s other principal
organs.
FUNCTIONS:
•To gather and prepare background information on various issues so that
government delegates can study the facts and make recommendations;
•To help carry out the decisions made by the different organs of the United
Nations;
•To organize international conferences;
•To translate speeches and distribute documents into the UN’s official
languages;
•To keep the public informed about the work of the United Nations.
 • The secretary-general, the principal administrative officer
of the United Nations, is elected for a five-year renewable
term by a two-thirds vote of the General Assembly and by
the recommendation of the Security Council and the
approval of its permanent members.

FUNCTIONS:
•Bringing any problem that threatens world peace to the
attention of the Security Council;
António Guterres, the •Proposing issues to be discussed by the General Assembly
ninth Secretary-General of
the United Nations, took or any other organ of the United Nations; and
office on 1st January 2017. •Acting as a “referee” in disputes between Member States
 Challenges of Global Governance in the Twenty-first Century
• Global governance in the 21st century faces numerous challenges
due to rapid technological advancements, geopolitical tensions,
environmental crises, and socio-economic disparities.
• Geopolitical Conflicts and Power Struggles
• Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
• Economic Inequality and Globalization Challenges
• Cybersecurity Threats and Digital Governance Issues
• Public Health Crises and Pandemic Preparedness
• Migration and Refugee Crises
• Artificial Intelligence and Ethical Dilemmas