Nodejs Complete Basics
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musicpeymanNodejs Complete Basics
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musicpeyman1.
Initialize a Project
Every [Link] project starts with npm init (npm = Node Package Manager).
npm init -y
This creates a [Link] file.
ES Module Setup:
{
"type": "module"
}
■ Tip: Using "type": "module" lets you use modern import/export syntax instead of require/[Link].
// With "type": "module"
import fs from "node:fs";
// Without (CommonJS style)
const fs = require("fs");
2. Basic HTTP Server
import http from "node:http";
const PORT = 3000;
const content = "<h1>Hello [Link]</h1>";
const server = [Link]((req, res) => {
[Link] = 200;
[Link]("Content-Type", "text/html");
[Link](content);
});
[Link](PORT, () =>
[Link](`■ Server running at [Link]
);
Alternative header syntax:
[Link](200, { "Content-Type": "text/html" });
■ Always set the Content-Type header so the browser knows how to handle your response (HTML, JSON, CSS, etc.).
3. Serving Static Files
Steps: Identify request → Build path → Read file → Send response
import http from "node:http";
import path from "node:path";
import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises";
import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
const __filename = fileURLToPath([Link]);
const __dirname = [Link](__filename);
const server = [Link](async (req, res) => {
const requestedResource = [Link];
const filePath = [Link](
__dirname,
"public",
requestedResource === "/" ? "[Link]" : requestedResource
);
try {
const content = await readFile(filePath, "utf8");
[Link](200, { "Content-Type": "text/html" });
[Link](content);
} catch (err) {
[Link](404, { "Content-Type": "text/plain" });
[Link]("File not found");
}
});
[Link](3000, () => [Link]("■ Server running on port 3000"));
■ Place static files (HTML, CSS, JS, images) in a public/ folder.
4. Working with Paths
import path from "node:path";
import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises";
import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
const __filename = fileURLToPath([Link]);
const __dirname = [Link](__filename);
const pathToResource = [Link](__dirname, "public", "[Link]");
const content = await readFile(pathToResource, "utf8");
[Link](content);
[Link]("CWD:", [Link]());
■ Use [Link]() for paths relative to where you run the app. Use __dirname for paths relative to the script file.
5. File System (FS)
Operations: Read, Create, Update, Delete, Rename
import { readFile, writeFile, appendFile, unlink, rename } from "node:fs/promises";
const filePath = "./[Link]";
async function fileOps() {
try {
await writeFile(filePath, "Hello [Link]\n");
[Link]("■ File created");
const content = await readFile(filePath, "utf8");
[Link]("■ File content:", content);
await appendFile(filePath, "This is an update.\n");
[Link]("✏■ File updated");
await rename(filePath, "./[Link]");
[Link]("■ File renamed");
await unlink("./[Link]");
[Link]("■■ File deleted");
} catch (err) {
[Link]("■ Error:", err);
}
}
fileOps();
Callbacks vs Promises vs Async/Await
// 1. Callback
import fs from "node:fs";
[Link]("[Link]", "utf8", (err, data) => {
if (err) [Link]("■ Callback Error:", err);
else [Link]("■ Callback read:", data);
});
// 2. Promises
import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises";
readFile("[Link]", "utf8")
.then((data) => [Link]("■ Promise read:", data))
.catch((err) => [Link]("■ Promise Error:", err));
// 3. Async/Await
import { readFile } from "node:fs/promises";
async function readMyFile() {
try {
const data = await readFile("[Link]", "utf8");
[Link]("■ Async/Await read:", data);
} catch (err) {
[Link]("■ Async/Await Error:", err);
}
}
readMyFile();
■ Prefer async/await for readability.
6. Content Type Handling
function getContentType(ext) {
const types = {
".js": "text/javascript",
".css": "text/css",
".json": "application/json",
".png": "image/png",
".jpg": "image/jpeg",
".jpeg": "image/jpeg",
".gif": "image/gif",
".svg": "image/svg+xml",
};
return types[[Link]()] || "text/html";
}
[Link](getContentType(".css")); // text/css
7. Handling POST Requests
import http from "node:http";
const server = [Link](async (req, res) => {
if ([Link] === "/submit" && [Link] === "POST") {
let body = "";
for await (const chunk of req) body += chunk;
try {
const data = [Link](body);
[Link](201, { "Content-Type": "application/json" });
[Link]([Link](data));
} catch (err) {
[Link] = 400;
[Link]("Invalid JSON");
}
}
});
8. Data Sanitization
Install: npm install sanitize-html
import sanitizeHtml from "sanitize-html";
const dirty = '<script>alert("hack")</script>';
const clean = sanitizeHtml(dirty);
[Link]("Clean:", clean);
const sanitizedData = {};
for (const [key, value] of [Link](data)) {
sanitizedData[key] =
typeof value === "string"
? sanitizeHtml(value, { allowedTags: ["b"], allowedAttributes: {} })
: value;
}
9. EventEmitter
import { EventEmitter } from "node:events";
const emitter = new EventEmitter();
[Link]("greet", (name) => [Link](`Hello ${name}! ■`));
[Link]("greet", "Ali");
■ EventEmitter is widely used internally in [Link] (e.g., streams, HTTP).
10. Server-Sent Events (SSE)
import http from "node:http";
const server = [Link]((req, res) => {
if ([Link] === "/events") {
[Link](200, {
"Content-Type": "text/event-stream",
"Cache-Control": "no-cache",
Connection: "keep-alive",
});
[Link]("data: Connected to server\n\n");
[Link]("close", () => [Link]());
} else {
[Link](404, { "Content-Type": "text/plain" });
[Link]("Not Found");
}
});
[Link](3000, () => [Link]("■ SSE server started on port 3000"));
const es = new EventSource("[Link]
const list = [Link]("events");
[Link] = (event) => {
const li = [Link]("li");
[Link] = [Link];
[Link](li);
};
[Link] = () => {
const li = [Link]("li");
[Link] = "■■ Connection lost";
[Link](li);
};
[Link]("beforeunload", () => [Link]());
■ Best Practices
• Use ES modules (import/export) in modern [Link] projects.
• Always handle errors in async operations.
• Sanitize user input to prevent XSS attacks.
• Use .writeHead() for multiple headers in one step.
• Use [Link]() and [Link] for cross-platform paths.
• Prefer async/await for cleaner async code.