PCEET502
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
Syllabus
Syllabus
Course Outcomes
Text Books
MODULE I
Coordinate Systems
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
1. Cartesian Coordinates
Or
Rectangular Coordinates
P (x, y, z)
2. Cylindrical Coordinates
P (ρ, Φ, z)
3. Spherical Coordinates
P (r, θ, Φ)
Cylindrical coordinate system (ρ,φ,z)
Cylindrical coordinate system (ρ,φ,z)
Cylindrical coordinate system (ρ,φ,z)
Unit vector transformation
Spherical coordinate system (r,θ,φ)
Spherical coordinate system (r,θ,φ)
Unit vector transformation
Cylindrical- spherical transformation
Cylindrical- spherical transformation
1. Given point P(-2,6,3) and vector A=yax + (x+z)ay,
express P and A in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Evaluate A at P in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical
systems
1. Given point P(-2,6,3) and vector A=yax + (x+z)ay,
express P and A in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
Evaluate A at P in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical
systems
1. Given point P(-2,6,3) and vector A=yax + (x+z)ay,
express A in spherical coordinates. Evaluate A at P in
spherical system
2. Express the vector B=(10/r)ar + r cosθ aθ + aφ, in
cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Evaluate B(-3,4,0)
and B(5,π/2,-2)
2. Express the vector B=(10/r)ar + r cosθ aθ + aφ, in
cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Evaluate B(-3,4,0)
and B(5,π/2,-2)
2. Express the vector B=(10/r)ar + r cosθ aθ + aφ, in
cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Evaluate B(-3,4,0)
and B(5,π/2,-2)
2. Express the vector B=(10/r)ar + r cosθ aθ + aφ, in
cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. Evaluate B(-3,4,0)
and B(5,π/2,-2)
Constant coordinate surfaces
Vector calculus
Differential length, area and volume
Cartesian coordinates
Differential displacement
Differential normal area
Differential volume
Differential length, area and volume
Cylindrical coordinates
Differential displacement
Differential normal area
Differential volume
Differential length, area and volume
Spherical coordinates
Differential displacement
Differential normal area
Differential volume
Line, surface and volume integrals
Line integral
Integral of the tangential component of A along curve L
Circulation of A around L
Line, surface and volume integrals
Surface integral
Surface integral or the flux of vector field A through surface
S
For a closed surface S defining a volume, net outward flux
of A from S is
Line, surface and volume integrals
Volume integral
Volume integral of scalar over volume v
Del operator(Vector differential operator)
Gradient of a scalar
Gradient of a scalar V is a vector which represents
both the magnitude and direction of maximum space
rate of increase of V
Gradient in three coordinate systems
Homework problems
Divergence of a vector
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward
flux per unit volume as the volume shrinks about P
Divergence in three coordinate systems
Homework problem
Curl of a vector
Curl of A is an axial(or rotational) vector whose
magnitude is the maximum circulation of A per unit area
as the area tends to zero and whose direction is the normal
direction of the area when the area is oriented to make the
circulation maximum
The curl provides the maximum value of circulation of
field per unit area (circulation density) and indicates the
direction along which this maximum value occurs
Physical significance of curl
Curl of a vector
Curl of A at a point P is a measure of the circulation or
how much the field curls around P
Curl of a vector in Cartesian system
Curl of a vector in Cylindrical system
Curl of a vector in Spherical system
Determine the curl of the vector fields
Determine the curl of the vector fields
Ans
Determine the curl of the vector fields
Ans
Homework problem
Determine the curl of the following vector fields and
evaluate them at the specific points
Classification of vector fields
Gauss divergence theorem
The divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of a
vector field A through a closed surface S is the same as the
volume integral of the divergence of A
Homework problem
Stokes’ theorem
The Stokes’ theorem states that the circulation of a
vector field A through a (closed) path L is equal to
the surface integral of the curl of A over the open
surface S bounded by L
Homework problem
Laplacian of a scalar – Laplacian of a scalar
field V is the divergence of the gradient of V
Solenoidal field
Irrotational or conservative field
ELECTROSTATICS
Coulomb’s law
Coulomb’s law states that the force F between two point charges
Q1 and Q2 is
Along the line joining them
Directly proportional to the product Q1Q2 of the charges
Inversely proportional to the square of the distance R between
them
Coulomb’s law
Like charges repel and unlike charges attract
Charges should be point charges and static
Sign of charges should be taken while applying Coulomb’s law
Electric field intensity
Electric field intensity E is the force that a unit positive charge
experiences when placed in an electric field
Homework problem
Continuous charge distributions
Electric flux and Electric flux density
Electric flux through an area is the total amount of electric
lines of force passing through the area
Gauss’s law
Total electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the
total charge enclosed by that surface
Gauss’s law
Applications of Gauss’s Law
1. Point charge
Applications of Gauss’s Law
2. Infinite line charge
Applications of Gauss’s Law
3. Infinite sheet of charge
Homework problem
Applications of Gauss’s Law
4. Uniformly charged sphere
Applications of Gauss’s Law
4. Uniformly charged sphere
Applications of Gauss’s Law
4. Uniformly charged sphere