MODULE 2: PUMPS AND ACTUATORS
Pumps: Classification of pumps, pumping theory of positive displacement pumps,
construction and working of Gear pumps, Vane pumps, Piston pumps, fixed and variable
displacement pumps, Pump performance characteristics, pump selection factors, problems on
pumps.
Accumulators: Types, selection/ design procedure, applications of accumulators. Types of
Intensifiers, Pressure switches /sensor, Temperature switches/sensor, Level sensor.
Actuators: Classification cylinder and hydraulic motors, Hydraulic cylinders, single and
double acting cylinder, mounting arrangements, cushioning, special types of cylinders,
problems on cylinders. Construction and working of rotary actuators such as gear, vane,
piston motors, and Hydraulic Motor. Theoretical torque, power, flow rate, and hydraulic
motor performance; numerical problems. Symbolic representation of hydraulic actuators
(cylinders and motors).
PUMPS
A pump, which is the heart of hydraulic system, converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy. The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump using a prime mover such as an
electric motor. Due to the mechanical action, the pump creates a partial vacuum at its inlet.
This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through the inlet line and into the pump.
The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.
CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS:
Pumps are broadly classified into two types
1) Dynamic (non-positive displacement) pumps
2) Positive displacement pumps
1) Dynamic (non-positive displacement) pumps: This type is generally used for low-
pressure, high-volume flow applications. Because they are not capable of withstanding high
pressures, they are of little use in the fluid power field. Normally their maximum pressure
capacity is limited to 250-300psi. This type of pump is primarily used for transporting fluids
from one location to another. The two most common types of dynamic pumps are the
centrifugal and axial flow propeller pumps.
2) Positive displacement pumps: This type is universally used for fluid power systems. As
the name implies, a positive displacement pump ejects a fixed amount of fluid into the
hydraulic system per revolution of pump shaft rotation. Such a pump is capable of
overcoming the pressure resulting from the mechanical loads on the system as well as the
resistance to flow due to friction.
Positive displacement pumps are further classified into:
i) Fixed displacement pumps: It is the one in which the amount of fluid ejected per
revolution (displacement) cannot be varied.
ii) Variable displacement pumps: In this type of pumps, the displacement can be varied by
changing the physical relationships of various pump elements. This change in pump
displacement produces a change in pump flow output even though pump speed remains
constant.
The advantages of positive displacement pumps over non-positive displacement pumps
are as follows:
1. They can operate at very high pressures of up to 800 bar (used for lifting oils from very
deep oil wells).
2. They can achieve a high volumetric efficiency of up to 98%.
3. They are highly efficient and almost constant throughout the designed pressure range.
4. They are a compact unit, having a high power-to-weight ratio.
5. They can obtain a smooth and precisely controlled motion.
6. By proper application and control, they produce only the amount of flow required to move
the load at the desired velocity.
7. They have a great flexibility of performance. They can be made to operate over a wide
range of pressures and speeds.
PUMPING THEORY OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS:
Pumps operate on the principle whereby a partial vaccum is created at the pump inlet due to
the internal operation of the pump. This allows atmospheric pressure to push the fluid out of
oil tank (reservoir) and into the pump intake. The pump then mechanically pushes the fluid
out the discharge line. This action can be best described by reference to a simple piston pump
shown in Fig.
1. As the piston moves to the left, a partial vacuum is created in the pump chamber that holds
the outlet valve in place against its seat and induces flow from the reservoir that is at a higher
(atmospheric) pressure. As this flow is produced, the inlet valve is temporarily displaced by
the force of fluid, permitting the flow into the pump chamber (suction stroke).
2. When the piston moves to the right, the resistance at the valves causes an immediate
increase in the pressure that forces the inlet valve against its seat and opens the outlet valve
thereby permitting the fluid to flow into the system. If the outlet port opens directly to the
atmosphere, the only pressure developed is the one required to open the outlet valve (delivery
stroke).
CLASSIFICATION OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS:
1. Gear Pumps
External Gear pump
Internal Gear pump
Lobe Pump
Gerotor Pump
Screw Pump
2. Vane Pumps
Balanced vane pump
Unbalanced vane pump
3. Piston Pumps
Axial type
Radial type
GEAR PUMPS:
Gear pumps are less expensive but limited to low pressures. It is noisy in operation than
either vane or piston pumps. Gear pumps are invariably of fixed displacement type, which
means that the amount of fluid displaced for each revolution of the drive shaft is theoretically
constant.
EXTERNAL GEAR PUMPS:
External gear pumps are the most popular hydraulic pumps in low-pressure ranges due to
their long operating life, high efficiency and low cost. They are generally used in a simple
machine. The external gear pump consists of a pump housing in which a pair of precisely
machined meshing gears runs with minimal radial and axial clearance. One of the gears,
called a driver, is driven by a prime mover. The driver drives another gear called a follower.
As the teeth of the two gears separate, the fluid from the pump inlet gets trapped between the
rotating gear cavities and pump housing. The trapped fluid is then carried around the
periphery of the pump casing and delivered to outlet port. The teeth of precisely meshed
gears provide almost a perfect seal between the pump inlet and the pump outlet.
INTERNAL GEAR PUMPS:
Internal Gear Pumps consist of two gears: An external gear and an internal gear. The crescent
placed in between these acts as a seal between the suction and discharge. When a pump
operates, the internal gear drives the external gear and both gears rotate in the same direction.
The fluid fills the cavities formed by the rotating teeth and the stationary crescent. Both the
gears transport the fluid through the pump. The crescent seals the low-pressure pump inlet
from the high-pressure pump outlet. These pumps have a higher pressure capability than
external gear pumps.
LOBE Pump
ADVANTAGES OF GEAR PUMPS:
1. They are self-priming.
2. They give constant delivery for a given speed.
3. They are compact and light in weight.
DISADVANTAGES OF GEAR PUMPS:
1. The liquid to be pumped must be clean, otherwise it will damage pump.
2. Variable speed drives are required to change the delivery.
3. If they run dry, parts can be damaged because the fluid to be pumped is used as lubricant.
VANE PUMPS:
Vane Pumps are classified into
1. Unbalanced vane pump
Fixed displacement type
Pressure compensated variable displacement type
2. Balanced vane pump
UNBALANCED FIXED DISPLACEMENT VANE PUMP:
The main components of the pump are the cam surface and the rotor. The rotor contains
radial slots splined to drive shaft. The rotor rotates inside the cam ring. Each radial slot
contains a vane, which is free to slide in or out of the slots due to centrifugal force. The cam
ring axis is offset to the drive shaft axis. When the rotor rotates, the centrifugal force pushes
the vanes out against the surface of the cam ring. The vanes divide the space between the
rotor and the cam ring into a series of small chambers. During the first half of the rotor
rotation, the volume of these chambers increases, thereby causing a reduction of pressure.
This is the suction process, which causes the fluid to flow through the inlet port. During the
second half of rotor rotation, the cam ring pushes the vanes back into the slots and the trapped
volume is reduced. This positively ejects the trapped fluid through the outlet port. The
delivery rate of the pump depends on the eccentricity of the rotor with respect to the cam
ring.
UNBALANCED PRESSURE COMPENSATED VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT VANE PUMP:
Variable displacement feature can be brought into vane pumps by varying eccentricity
between the rotor and the cam ring. Here in this pump, the stator ring is held against a spring
loaded piston. The system pressure acts directly through a hydraulic piston on the right side.
This forces the cam ring against a spring-loaded piston on the left side. If the discharge
pressure is large enough, it overcomes the compensated spring force and shifts the cam ring
to the left. This reduces the eccentricity and decreases the flow. If the pressure continues to
increase, there is no eccentricity and pump flow becomes zero.
BALANCED VANE PUMP:
The constructional features of a balanced vane pump is as shown in the fig. The rotor and the
casing are on the same centre line. Vanes are provided in the slots of the rotor. There are two
inlet and outlet chambers around the elliptical cam ring surface. The inlet and outlet
chambers are positioned diagonally opposite to each other. The cam ring is elliptical in shape,
so that the vanes stroke twice per revolution of the pump shaft. Thus the volume increase and
decrease at the inlet and outlet chambers also occur twice per revolution. In fact, the inlet and
outlet ports are connected to a common inlet and outlet within the pump housing. In
operation, due to the elliptical shape of the cam ring, the oil suction at the inlets and the
pumping at the outlets occurs simultaneously. This situation results in equal pressure on the
opposite sides of the pump shaft, and the net force acting on bearing will be zero. Thus, it is
termed the balanced vane pump.
PISTON PUMPS:
It works on the principle that a reciprocating piston can draw in fluid when it retracts in a cylindrical bore
and discharge it when it extends.
Piston pumps are of following types
1. Axial Piston Pump
Bent axis type piston pump
Swash plate type piston pump
2. Radial Piston Pump
BENT AXIS TYPE PISTON PUMP:
In construction it consists of a cylinder block with arrayed cylindrical openings, housing,
pistons and drive shaft. The housing design is such that it creates an offset angle between the
centreline of the drive shaft and the centre line of the cylinder block. The pistons are
connected to the drive plate with ball and socket joints. The drive plate and the cylinder block
are connected with an universal joint, so that the motion is transmitted through the bent axis.
The bent axis of the drive shaft leads to the reciprocatory motion of the pistons in the cylinder
block. The housing end at the cylinder block is sealed with an end cap, having inlet and outlet
ports with feed grooves. Offset Angle can vary from 0o to 40o.
SWASH PLATE TYPE PISTON PUMP:
In this type, the cylinder block and drive shaft are located on the same center line. The
pistons are connected to a show plate that bears against an angled swash plate. As the
cylinder rotates, the pistons reciprocate because the piston shows follow the angled surface of
the swash plate. The outlet and inlet ports are located in the valve plate so that the pistons
pass the inlet as they are being pulled out and pass the outlet as they are being forced back in.
This type of pump can also be designed to have a variable displacement capability.
RADIAL PISTON PUMP
Eccentricity
The piston pump has pistons aligned radially in a cylindrical block. It consists of a pintle, a cylinder
barrel with pistons and a rotor containing a reaction ring. The pintle directs the fluid in and out of
the cylinder. The eccentricity determines the stroke of the pumping piston. Each piston is connected
to inlet port when it starts extending while it is connected to the outlet port when start retracting.
PUMP PERFORMANCE:
The performance of a pump is a function of the precision of its manufacture. An ideal pump
is one having zero clearance between all mating parts. Since this is not possible, working
clearances should be as small as possible while maintaining proper oil films for lubrication
between rubbing parts. The performance of a pump is determined by the following
efficiencies:
1) Volumetric efficiency ( v ): It is the ratio of actual flow rate of the pump to the
theoretical flow rate of the pump.
Actual flow rate
v = 100
Theoretical flow rate
Q
= A 100
QT
2) Mechanical Efficiency ( m): It refers to the efficiency of the pump due to energy losses
other than due to leakages.
Pump output power (no leakage condition)
m = 100
Actual power input to pump
PQT
= 100
2NT
Where, P = Pump discharge pressure, Pa
QT = Theoretical flow rate, m3/s
T = Torque input to pump, N.m
N = Pump speed, rps
3) Overall Efficiency ( o ): Overall efficiency refers to the overall performance of the
pump considering possible losses including the leakage loss, friction loss, etc. it is given
by the relation:
Actual power output by pump
o = 100
Actual power input to pump
It can also be given by,
o = v m
100
PQA
o = 100
2NT
PUMP SELECTION FACTORS:
The main parameters affecting the selection of a particular type of pump are as follows:
1) Maximum operating pressure.
2) Maximum delivery.
3) Type of control.
4) Pump drive speed.
5) Type of fluid.
6) Pump contamination tolerance.
7) Pump noise.
8) Size and weight of a pump.
9) Pump efficiency.
10) Cost.
11) Availability and interchangeability.
12) Maintenance and Spares.
ACCUMULATORS:
A hydraulic accumulator is a device that stores the potential energy of an incompressible
fluid held under pressure by an external source. The stored potential energy in the
accumulator is a quick secondary source of fluid power capable of doing useful work.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATORS:
1) Weight loaded or gravity accumulator
2) Spring-loaded accumulator
3) Gas-loaded accumulator
a) Non-seperator type
b) Seperator type
i) Piston type
ii) Diaphragm type
iii) Bladder type
WEIGHT LOADED OR GRAVITY ACCUMULATOR:
It is a vertically mounted cylinder with a large weight. When the hydraulic fluid is pumped
into it, the weight is raised. The weight applies a force on the piston that generates a pressure
on the fluid side of piston. The advantage of this type of accumulator over other types is that
it applies a constant pressure on the fluid throughout its range of motion. The main
disadvantage is its extremely large size and heavy weight. This makes it unsuitable for
mobile application.
SPRING LOADED ACCUMULATOR:
A spring-loaded accumulator stores energy in the form of a compressed spring. A hydraulic
fluid is pumped into the accumulator, causing the piston to move up and compress the spring.
The compressed spring then applies a force on the piston that exerts a pressure on the
hydraulic fluid. This type of accumulator delivers only a small volume of oil at relatively low
pressure.
GAS LOADED ACCUMULATOR:
A gas-loaded accumulator is popularly used in industries. Here the force is applied to the oil
using compressed air. A gas accumulator can be very large and is often used with water or
high water-based fluids using air as a gas charge.
There are two types of gas-loaded accumulators:
Non-separator-type accumulator: Here the oil and gas are not separated. Hence, they
are always placed vertically.
Separator-type accumulator: Here the oil and gas are separated by an element. Based
on the type of element used to separate the oil and gas, they are classified as follows:
a) Piston type accumulator: It consists of a cylinder with a freely floating piston with
proper seals. Its operation begins by charging the gas chamber with a gas (nitrogen) under
a pre-determined pressure. This causes the free sliding piston to move down. Once the
accumulator is pre-charged, a hydraulic fluid can be pumped into the hydraulic fluid port.
As the fluid enters the accumulator, it causes the piston to slide up, thereby compressing
the gas that increases its pressure and this pressure is then applied to the hydraulic fluid
through the piston.
b) Diaphragm type accumulator: In this type, the hydraulic fluid and nitrogen gas are
separated by a synthetic rubber diaphragm. The advantage of a diaphragm accumulator
over a piston accumulator is that it has no sliding surface that requires lubrication and can
therefore be used with fluids having poor lubricating qualities. It is less sensitive to
contamination due to lack of any close-fitting components.
c) Bladder type accumulator: Here the gas and the hydraulic fluid are separated by a
synthetic rubber bladder. The bladder is filled with nitrogen until the designed pre-charge
pressure is achieved. The hydraulic fluid is then pumped into the accumulator, thereby
compressing the gas and increasing the pressure in the accumulator.
Selection procedure:
When selecting an accumulator for a particular application, both system and
performance criteria should be taken into account. To ensure long and satisfactory service
life, the following factors should be taken into account.
1. Flow rate
2. External forces
3. Fluid type
4. Safety
5. Sizing information
6. Shock suppression
7. Temperature effect
8. Failure modes
9. Response time
Applications of accumulators
The main sectors and areas of application are industrial hydraulics, process
technology and mobile systems.
1. Die casting machinery
2. Plastic machinery
3. Steel industry
4. Machine tools
5. Cranes vehicles
6. Energy power plants
7. Chemical industry
8. Construction mobile machinery
9. Automotive applications
10. Agriculture machinery
Intensifiers (Hydraulic pressure boosters)
A pressure intensifier is used to increase the pressure in a hydraulic system to a value
above the pump discharge pressure. It accepts a high volume flow at relatively low
pump pressure and converts a portion of this flow to high pressure.
They always work powered by a pump, which is operating at a set pressure and from
this the intensifier simply generates a higher output pressure.
Types of Intensifiers
1. Simple Hydraulic Intensifier
A common piston rod connects the pistons of two cylinders of different bore. Lower
pressure fluid, acting on the larger piston, exerts a force that is transferred
mechanically by the rod to the smaller piston.
The smaller piston generates a higher pressure in the fluid in its bore: the pressure
ratio is inversely proportional to the areas ratio.
2. Co-axial type intensifier
Another form of intensifier is the coaxial type the arrangement consists of a fixed
cylinder, a movable hollow cylindrical ram and a fixed ram. Initially, the low-
pressure liquid enters through the fixed ram and enters into the hollow of the
movable ram. This pushes the sliding ram onwards till it reaches its full stroke
length. Now the low pressure inlet valve is closed and the low pressure liquid supply
is let into the fixed cylinder that pushes the sliding ram (downwards in the figure)
causing the liquid in it to escape through the fixed ram to the outlet. The action is
similar to that of syringe. This action causes the out flowing liquid to have a higher
pressure. The ratio of the area of outer fixed cylinder to the area fixed ram is the
intensification ratio. Note that the co axial intensifier described is single acting, as it
supplies high pressure during downward stroke only. The other design available is
double acting, which provides continuous supply of high pressure liquid.
Location of Accumulator and Intensifier
In a hydraulic system operating a machine, the intensifiers are located after the
accumulator and before the machine.
The hydraulically driven machine (such as a press, crane, winch) is supplied with
pressure liquid from the supply reservoir through the action of a pump. The pump is
driven by an electric motor or an IC engine. Accumulators and intensifiers are
provided on the main line in the sequence as shown in the figure. Normally, the
pump runs continuously and the working of the accumulator and intensifier is based
on the load on the machine
Pressure switches :
A pressure switch is an instrument that automatically senses a change in pressure and
opens or closes an electrical switching element when a predetermined pressure point
is reached.
Bellow or diaphragm is used to sense the change of pressure. The two main types of
pressure switches used in fluid power system industry are available in either contact
or noncontact versions.
Contact means the unit is physically placed within the unit to gauge the pressure,
while non- contact means the unit uses advanced technology to measure the pressure
based on other types of sensors while remaining outside of the container.
Bellows or Diaphragm is used to expand or contract in response to increase or
decrease of pressure. When the pressure is applied at the inlet and when the preset
pressure is reached, the diaphragm expands and pushes the spring loaded plunger to
make/break contact.
Temperature switches/sensor
Temperature switches automatically senses a change in temperature and opens or
closes an electrical switch when a predetermined temperature is reached.
This switch can be wired either normally open or normally closed. Temperature
switches can be used to protect a fluid power system from serious damage when a
component such as a pump or strainer or cooler begins to malfunction.
Temperature sensors such as bimetallic strips, thermocouples, thermistors are widely
used in fluid power industry.
Level sensor
A level sensor is a device for determining the level or amount of fluids, liquids or
other substances that flow in an open or closed system.
Level sensors are widely used in fluid power industry. They can also be found in
industrial storage tanks, for slurries, and in household appliances such as coffee
machines. There are two types of level measurements, namely, continuous and point
level measurements.
Continuous level sensors are used for measuring levels to a specific limit, but they
provide accurate results. Point level sensors, on the other hand, only determine if the
liquid Level is high or low.
The level sensors are usually connected to an output unit for transmitting the results
to a monitoring system. Current technologies employ wireless transmission of data to
the monitoring system, which is useful in elevated and dangerous locations that
cannot be easily accessed by common workers.
The following are the major types of level sensors:
1. Ultrasonic Level Sensors
2. Capacitance Level Sensors
3. Optical Level Sensors
ACTUATORS:
An actuator is used to convert the energy of fluid back into the mechanical power. The
amount of output power developed depends upon the flow rate, the pressure drop across the
actuator and its overall efficiency. Thus, hydraulic actuators are devices used to convert
pressure energy of the fluid into mechanical energy.
Depending on the type of actuation, hydraulic actuators are classified as follows:
1) Linear actuator: For linear actuation (hydraulic cylinders)
2) Rotary actuator: For rotary actuation (hydraulic motor)
Hydraulic linear actuators, as their name implies, provide motion in a straight line. They are
usually referred to as cylinders, rams and jacks. The function of hydraulic cylinder is to
convert hydraulic power into linear mechanical force or motion. Hydraulic cylinders extend
and retract a piston rod to provide a push or pull force to drive the external load along a
straight-line path.
Hydraulic cylinders are of the following types:
Single-acting cylinders
Double-acting cylinders
Double rod cylinders
Tandem cylinders
Telescopic cylinders
Cushioned cylinders
Rodless cylinders
SINGLE-ACTING CYLINDERS:
A single-acting cylinder is simplest in design and consists of a piston inside a cylindrical
housing called barrel. On one end of the piston there is a rod, which can reciprocate. At the
opposite end, there is a port for the entrance and exit of oil. Single-acting cylinders produce
force in one direction by hydraulic pressure acting on the piston during extension stroke. The
retraction is done either by gravity or by a spring.
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDERS:
(a)
(b)
Figure shows the operation of a double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on one side. To
extend the cylinder, the pump flow is sent to the blank-end port as in Fig.(a). The fluid from
the rod-end port returns to the reservoir. To retract the cylinder, the pump flow is sent to the
rod-end port and the fluid from the blank-end port returns to the tank as in Fig.(b).
DOUBLE ROD CYLINDERS:
A double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on both sides is a cylinder with a rod extending
from both ends. This cylinder can be used in an application where work can be done by both
ends of the cylinder, thereby making the cylinder more productive. Double-rod cylinders can
withstand higher side loads because they have an extra bearing, one on each rod, to withstand
the loading.
TANDEM CYLINDERS:
A tandem cylinder is used in applications where a large amount of force is required from a
small-diameter cylinder. Pressure is applied to both pistons, resulting in increased force
because of the larger area. The drawback is that these cylinders must be longer than a
standard cylinder to achieve an equal speed because flow must go to both pistons.
CUSHIONED CYLINDERS:
When the cylinder piston is actuated, the fluid enters the cylinder port and flows through the
little check valve so that the entire piston area can be utilized to produce force and motion.
For the prevention of shock due to stopping loads at the end of the piston stroke, cushion
devices are used. Cushions may be applied at either end or both ends. They operate on the
principle that as the cylinder piston approaches the end of stroke, an exhaust fluid is forced to
go through an adjustable needle valve that is set to control the escaping fluid at a given rate.
This allows the deceleration characteristics to be adjusted for different loads.
TELESCOPIC CYINDERS:
It has multiple cylinders that are mounted concentrically one within the other. The design is
such that the inner most cylinder extends first, while the next cylinder extends after
completion of the full stroke of the cylinder. Thus, each cylinder extends in stage, one after
the other. Each stage of the cylinder has a sleeve that fits into the previous stage of the
cylinder. The total stroke length achieved will be sum of the strokes of all the stages.
RODLESS CYINDERS:
In this type of cylinders a piston follower will be mounted on the outside of the cylinder,
which will be a magnetic external follower to track the magnetic piston. The maximum force
that his type of cylinder can provide is set by the breakaway force between the piston and the
follower.
The connection between these two is more complex. The connection passes through a slot in
the cylinder wall which is sealed by magnetic strip seals. This type of cylinder is capable of
providing the full force. Drawback is seal is exposed to dust particles which may cause leaks
from seals.
Mounting arrangements
Cylinder mounting is determined by the application. Two basic types are shown in
Figure. The clamp of Figure 2.29a requires a simple fixed mounting. The pusher of
Figure 2.29b. Requires a cylinder mount which can pivot.
Figure 2.30 shows various mounting methods using these two basic types. The effects
of side loads should be considered on non-centreline mountings such as the foot
mount. Swivel mounting obviously requires flexible pipes
HYDRAULIC MOTORS
The function of hydraulic motor is the reverse of the pump. It is a device which convert fluid
power into rotary power or fluid pressure into torque. it’s speed depends on the flow rate.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRAULIC MOTORS:
1. Gear Motors
2. Vane Motors
Balanced vane motor
Unbalanced vane motor
3. Piston Motors
Axial Piston Motors
Bent axis type piston motor
Swash plate type piston motor
Radial Piston motor
Gear Motors
Most of the gear motors are bidirectional. Reverse the direction of flow can reverse the
direction of rotation. These are imited to 150bar operating pressures and 2500rpm speed.
Efficiencies is low compare to vane and piston motors.
Unbalanced vane motor
The displacement of this motor is a function of ecentricity. The radial load on the shaft bearing
is also large because all its inlet pressure is on one side of the rotor
Balanced vane motor
Figure shows the balanced vane motor. The radial bearing load problem is eliminated
in this design by using a double-lobed ring with diametrically opposite ports.
Side force on one side of bearing is cancelled by an equal and opposite force from the
diametrically opposite pressure port. The like ports are generally connected internally
so that only one inlet and one outlet port are brought outside. The balanced vane-type
motor is reliable open-loop control motor but has more internal leakage than piston-
type.
Bent axis type piston motor
Torque due to pressure acting on the reciprocating piston. Speed and torque depends on the angle
between the cylinder block and drive shaft. Angle varies from 7.5 o to 30o.
Swash plate type piston motor
Radial piston motor