CLASS: XII SUBJECT: APPLIED MATH TOPIC: MATRICES

MATRICES:
In Mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is rectangular array or tables of
numbers, symbols or expressions arranged in rows and columns.
 m- horizontal lines (called rows)
 n- vertical lines (called columns) is called an m x n matrix (to be read as m by n
matrix).
 The numbers are called elements (entries) of
the matrix.
 The number of elements will be the product of
No: of Row and Columns.
 m x n is called order of the matrix

TYPES OF MATRICES:
(i) Rectangular Matrix: Any m x n matrix ( m n) is called a rectangular matrix.
1 2 3
E.g. is a rectangular matrix.
2 3 4
(ii) Square Matrix: Any m x m matrix is called a square matrix of order m ( or m
1 2
– rowed matrix) e.g. is a square matrix of order 2.
3 4
(iii) Row Matrix: Any 1 x n matrix is called a row matrix or row vector. A row
matrix has only one row. In General A= (a11, a12 , a13, ……. a1n) is a row matrix of order
1xn
E. g [ 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 2 −3] is a row matrix of order 1 x 5.
(iv) Column Matrix: Any m x 1 matrix is called a column matrix or column vector.
A column matrix has only one column.
a11
𝑎21.
In General A= . is a column matrix of order nx1.
.
𝑎𝑛1
1
E.g. 2 is a column matrix of order 3 x 1.
5
(v) Diagonal matrix. A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij
= 0 when i≠ 𝑗. Thus, it is a square matrix in which all the elements except

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 1 0 0
the diagonal elements are zero. e.g. 0 4 0 is a diagonal matrix of order 3. This
0 0 7
is also denoted by the symbol diag. [ 1, 4, 7].

(a) Scalar Matrix . A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar if all its diagonal entries
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
are equal. Thus, A=[aij] m x n is said to be a scalar matrix if ,
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗
5 0 0
where 𝛼 is a number. E.g. 0 5 0 is a scalar matrix of order 3.
0 0 5
(b)) Identity Matrix (Unit Matrix): A diagonal matrix is said to be an identity
matrix if each of its diagonal elements is unity. This is also known as unit matrix.
The identity matrix of order n is usually denoted by In or by simply I.
1 0 0
E.g 0 1 0 is an identity matrix of order 3.
0 0 1
(vi) Zero Matrix: A matrix is said to be a zero matrix if each of its elements is zero.
This is also called Null Matrix. The zero matrix of the type m x n is denoted by O.
0 0 0
e. g is a zero matrix of order 2 x 3.
0 0 0
(vii) Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix in which all the entries above the leading diagonal are zero is
1 0 0
called a lower triangular matrix. −2 2 0
5 4 3
If all the entries below the leading diagonal are zero, then it is called an upper
2 5 7
triangular matrix. 0 −3 9
0 0 4
(viii) Equal Matrices: Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if
they have the same order and each element of matrix A is equal to the
corresponding element of matrix B.
 That is, aij=bij = for all i, j.
 Aij=bij , for every i, j. Hence A and B are equal matrices.
(xi) The negative of a matrix:
The negative of a matrix A(mxn) denoted by −A(mxn) is the matrix formed
by replacing
each element in the matrix A(mxn) with its additive inverse. Additive
inverse of an

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 element k is -k .
1 −3 5 −1 3 −5
Example-1, if A = −2 2 9 ; -A = 2 −2 −9
5 4 −3 −5 −4 3
1. Algebra of Matrices:
Algebra of matrix involves the operation of matrices, such as
Addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.

(i) Addition/Subtraction of Matrices

Two matrices can be added/subtracted, iff (if and only if) the number of rows and
columns of both the matrices are same, or the order of the matrices are equal.
 The equal matrices can be added or subtracted.
 It is not possible to add or subtract two matrices of different orders.
1 2 3 1 7 0
Example-2 : If A= 4 5 6 , B = 1 3 1 Find A+B.
7 8 9 2 4 0

1 2 3 1 7 0 1+1 2+7 3+0

A+B = 4 5 6 + 1 3 1 = 4 + 1 5 + 3 6 + 1
7 8 9 2 4 0 7+2 8+4 9+0
2 9 3
= 5 8 7
9 12 9

(ii) Multiplication of a Matrix by a scalar:

We can multiply the elements of the given matrix A by a non-zero number k to
obtain a new matrix kA whose elements are multiplied by k. The matrix kA is
called scalar multiplication of A
* If A=(aij)mxn then, kA = (kaij)mxn for all i=1,2,….,m and j=1,2,…….,n.
Example-3
2 3 5 6 9 15
A= −2 4 5 ; 3A = = −6 12 15
7 2 3 21 6 9

Properties of Matrix addition and Scalar Multiplication:

Let A,B,C be m x n matrices and p and q be two non-zero scalars. Then,

(i) A+B = B +A - Commutative property of addition
(ii) A+(B+C) =(A+B)+C – Associative property of addition
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 (iii) (p q) A = p(q A) - associative property of scalar multiplication
(iv) IA=A Scalar Identity property.
(v) p(A+B) =p A+ p B - Distributive property of scalar and two matrices
(vi) (p +q) A = p A +q A - Distributive property of two scalars and a matrices
(vii) Additive Identity: A Zero matrix of Null matrix is the identity for the
addition
(viii) Additive Inverse: If A be any given matrix
then -A is the additive inverse of A
A+(-A) = (-A) +A = 0
(iii) Multiplication of Matrices:
To multiply two matrices, the number of columns in
the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
Example-4: A(2x4) and B(4x5) then AB(2x5)
Properties of Multiplication of Matrix:
* (a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general If A is of order mxn and
B of the order nxp then AB is defined but BA is not defined.
* Even if AB and BA are both defined, it is not necessary that they are equal.
*(b) Matrix Multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.
A(B+C) = AB+AC – Right Distributive Property
(A+B)C) = AC+BC– Left Distributive Property
*(C) Matrix Multiplication is always associative,
If A, B, C’ are mxn , nxp , pxq matrices respectively then (AB)C=A(BC)
*(d) Multiplication of a matrix by a unit matrix- If A is a square matrix of order
nxn and I is the Unit matrix of same order then AI=IA=A.
*(e) Positive Integral power of matrices:
*A.A=A2 ; A.A.A…….n terms = An
*Am .An = Am+n
*(Am)n = Amn
Example-5 :
Assume X, Y, Z, W and Pare matrices of order 2  n , 3  k , 2  p , n  3 and p  k respectively.
What is the restriction on n, k and p so that PY + WY will be defined.
Sol: k = 3 (so that PY is defined) , p = n
(PY has order 𝑝 × 𝑘 and WY has order 𝑛 × 𝑘)

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2. Transpose of a Matrix:
 The operation of Interchanging of rows and columns is called Transposition.
 Let A = (aij) m x n then the n x m matrix obtained from A by changing its rows
into columns and its columns into rows is called transpose of A denoted by AT or
A’
 Properties :
(A’)’ = A ; (A+B)’ = A’+B’ ; (kA)’ = kA’ ;
(AB)’ = B’A’-Reversal law

Example-6:
1 1 3 1 5 −2
A= 5 2 6 A= 1
T
2 −1
−2 −1 −3 3 6 −3

3. SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRICES

Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A=[aij] is said to be symmetric if ( i ,j)th
element is same as its (j, i )th element. Thus matrix A is symmetric if A’ = A i.e. aji
= aij for all i and j.
Skew- Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew-symmetric if
(i, j)th element is negative of its (j , i)th element. Thus matrix A is skew-
symmetric if A’ = -A i.e., if aji = -aij for all i and j.
Notes : The symmetry of the matrix is that it is symmetric along the principal
diagonal., whereas the matrix is skew-symmetric if all the elements on the
principal diagonal are zero and the elements symmetric about the main diagonal
are equal in magnitude but of opposite signs.

4. Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix ‘A’ such that A2=A

Example-7:
−2 −2 −4
−1 3 4 is Idempotent
1 −2 −3
5. Nilpotent Matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is called Nilpotent matrix if there
exists a positive integer ‘m’ such that Am=0. If m is the least positive integer
such that Am=0 , then ‘m’ is called the index of Nilpotent matrix.
 Example-8:

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 1 1 3
 5 2 6 is Nilpotent of index 3
−2 −1 −3
6. Involutory matrix: A square matrix is called Involutary when A2=I
Example-9:
1 0 0
∶ 0 1 0 is involutary matrix.
𝑎 𝑏 −1

7. Orthogonal Matrix : A Square matrix A is said to be Orthogonal if and only if

A’A=I.
1 2 2
Eg-10: 2 1 −2 is Orthogonal matrix.
−2 2 −1

INVERTIBLE MATRIX AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX:

Any n-rowed square matrix is said be invertible if there exists an n-rowed matrix
B such that AB = BA = In where In is the unit matrix of order n.
B is also called the inverse of A or reciprocal of A. Inverse of A is generally
denoted by A-1.
Notes: If A-1 is the inverse of A, then A is the inverse of A-1.
INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS:
We can find the inverse of a matrix, if it exists, by using either row operations
(transformations) or column transformations. Here we shall find the inverse of a
matrix by using only row operations (transformations).
Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then A = InA ( or A = AIn). Let a sequence of
elementary row operations reduce A on the left side to In and the same set of
elementary row operations reduce In to a matrix B. Then, In = BA => InA-1 = (BA)A-
1
=> A-1 = B(AA-1) => A-1 =B(I) = B.
KEY POINT: By doing one or more elementary operations if we obtain all 0’s in
one or more rows of left side matrix of In = BA, then A-1 does not exist.
Elementary Operations of a Matrix

Example-11 :
1 2 
By using elementary operations, find the inverse of the matrix A .
2  1
Sol: In order to use elementary now operations, we may write.
A = IA
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  1 2  1 0
2  1  0 1 A
   
R 2  R 2  2R 1
1 2   1 0
0  5   2 1 A
   
1
R2   R2
5

1 2   1 0 
0 1    2 1  A
   5 5

R 1  R 1  2R 2
1 0  1 5 2 5 
0 1  2  1  A
   5 5
1 1 2 
 A 1 
5 2  1

ASSIGNMENT:
SECTION A
1 0 0 
1. If A= 0 1 0 , then A4 equals to
0 0 1

a) 1 b) 4 c) 2 d) none of these

1 0
2. If [x 1] =0, then x equals to
−2 0
a) 0 b) -2 c) -1 d) 2
0 0 4
3. The matrix P = 0 4 0 is a
0 0 4
a) Square matrix b) Diagonal matrix c) unit matrix d) None of these
4. If A and B are symmetric matrix of same order, then AB – BA is a
a) Skew -symmetric matrix b) Symmetric matrix c) Zero matrix d) Identity
matrix
5. If the matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric, then A is a
a) Diagonal matrix b) Zero matrix c) Square matrix d) None of these
6. Matrix A and B will be inverse of each other only if
a) AB = BA b) AB=BA=0 c) AB=0, BA=1 d) AB=BA=I
7. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then (A-I)3 + (A+I)3 – 7A is equal to

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 a) A b) I-A c) I+A d) 3A
8. Which of the given values of x and y make the following pairs of matrices
equal
3𝑥 + 7 5 0 𝑦−2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑦 + 1 2 − 3𝑥 8 4
a) x = -1/3, y= 7 b) x = -2/3 ,y= 7 c) x = -1/3 ,y= -2/5 d) Not possible to find
9. If A is 3X4 matrix and B is a matrix such that ATB and BAT are both defined.
Then, B is of the type:
a) 3X4 b) 3X3 c) 4X4 d) 4X3
4 𝑥+2
10. If A = is a symmetric matrix, the x =
2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 1
a) 0 b) 5 c) 4 d) 1
For Q11 to 14 Read the instruction
Directions: In the following questions, A statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D) A is false and R is true
11. Assertion (A): If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then (I+A)3 – 3A -I
Reason (R): AI = IA =A
7 0 0
12. Assertion (A): 0 7 0 is a scalar matrix.
0 0 7

Reason (R): If all the elements of the principal diagonal are equal, it is called
a scalar matrix.
13. A and B are two matrices such that both AB and BA are defined
Assertion (A): (A+B) (A-B) = A2 – B2
Reason (R): (A+B) (A-B) = A2 –B2 -AB +BA
14. Assertion (A): If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB -BA is a skew
symmetric matrix.
Reason (R) : (AB) ‘ = B’ A’

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 1 2 2
15. If A= 2 1 −2 verify that A is an orthogonal matrix.
−2 2 −1

Answers:
1 a 8 d
2 d 9 a
3 a 10 b
4 a 11 Option A correct
5 b 12 Option c correct.

6 d 13 Option D correct.

7 a 14 Option A correct.

SECTION-B

1. Construct a 2 x 2 matrix whose elements aij are given by 𝑎 =

| |
𝑖𝑓 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
(𝑖 + 𝑗) 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 9
2. Find the values of x, y and z if 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 5
𝑦+𝑧 7
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 6 𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 6 4
3. Find = .
𝑎+𝑏 2𝑎 − 𝑏 −3 5 −5 −3
4. Find the value of k, a non-zero scalar, if
1 2 3 1 0 2 4 4 10
2 +k =
−1 −3 2 3 4 5 4 2 14
𝛼 0 1 0
5. If A = and B = , find the values of 𝛼 for which A2 = B.
1 1 5 1
2 5 17 −1
6. Find a 2 x 2 matrix B such that B=
−3 7 47 −13
2 −1 5 2 2 5
7. Let A= , B= and C= . Find a matrix D such that
3 4 7 4 3 8
CD – AB = O.
1 −2 3
8. If the matrix A = 1 2 1 is singular, find x.
𝑥 2 −3

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 Answers:

4 2)x=2, y=4, z=3 3)x=2, y=-1; a=0, 4)k=2

1) b=5
16
5) No value 6)
−4 2
7)
−191 −110 8) x = -1
5 −1 77 44

SECTION-C
3 −5
1. If A= and f(x) = x2 -5x -14, find f(A). Hence obtain A3.
−4 2

4 3
2. If A = , find x and y such that A2 –xA + yI=O.
2 5
1 −1 𝑎 1
3. If A= , B= and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, find a and b.
2 −1 𝑏 −1
2 3 4
4. Express 5 7 9 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
−2 1 1
2 −3
5. Find the inverse of the matrix , if it exists using elementary operations.
−1 2
6. The department of education runs 120 colleges and 15 universities having a
strength of 300 lecturers, 100 readers and 50 professors in the universities and
5000 lecturers and 1000 readers in colleges. The monthly salary is Rs. 9000 for
professors, Rs. 8000 for readers and Rs.5000 for lecturers. Find the monthly
salary bill in the colleges and universities.
7. There are two families A and B. In family A, there are 2 men, 3 women and one
child. In family B, there are 1 man, 2 women and 2 children. The recommended
daily allowance for Calories is : Man(2400), woman(1900), child(1800) and
Proteins: Man(55)g, woman(45)g, child(33)g. Represent the above information
by matrices. Using matrix algebra, calculate the total requirements of calories
and proteins for each of two families.

SCM_XII_APPLIED MATH_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 39 of 99

Answers:

1)
187 −195 2) x=9, 3) a=1, b=4 4) A =
−156 148
y=14 2 4 1 0 −1 3
4 7 5+ 1 0 4
1 5 1 −3 −4 0
5) A-1 =
2 3 6) 7)Family A:
1 2
3,30,000 Cal:12300
27,50,000 Protein:278g
Family B:
Cal:9800
Protein:211g

SECTION-D

1. Find the inverse of the following matrices, if they exist, by using elementary
transformations:
0 1 2 1 2 3
(i) 1 2 3 (ii) 2 5 7
2 1 1 −2 −4 −5

1 2 2
2. If A = 2 1 2 prove that A2 – 4A – 5I = O. Hence, find A-1.
2 2 1
2 −1 1
3. For A = −1 2 −1 . Show that A3 – 6A2 + 9A – 4I = O. Hence, find A-1
1 −1 2
4. The sum of three numbers is20. If we multiply the first by 2 and add the
second number and subtract the third we get 23. If we multiply the first by 3 and
add second and third to it we get 46. Represent it by a system of equations. Find
the numbers using inverse of a matrix. (13,2,5)
−1 2 5
5. Find A , where A = 2 −3 1 , and hence solve the system of equations:
-1

−1 1 1
−𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 2; 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 15, −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −3.
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
6. If A = 2 3 4 and B = −4 2 −4 , find AB. Hence, solve the system of
0 1 2 2 −1 5
equations:

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 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3,2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17, 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7.

7. A shopkeeper has 3 varieties of A, B and C. Meenu purchased 1 pen of each

variety for a total of Rs 21. Jeevan purchased 4 pens of A variety, 3 pens of B variety
and 2 pens of C variety for Rs 60. While Shikha purchased 6 pens of “A” variety, 2
pens of “B” variety and 3 pens of “C” variety for Rs 70. Using matrix method, find
cost of each variety of pen.
8. A trust invested some money in two types of bonds. The first bond pays
10%interest and second bond pays 12%interest. The trust received RS.2800 as
interest. However, if trust had interchanged money in bonds, they would have
got RS.100 less as interest. Using matrix method, find the amount invested by the
trust. Interest received on this amount will be given to Help age India as donation.
Which value is reflected in this question?

Answers: SECTION D

1 −1 1 3 −2 −1 −2 1/2 1
1)(i) −5 4 −2 (ii) −4 1 −1 (iii) 11 −1 −6
3 −2 1 2 0 1 4 −1/2 −2
7 −3 −3 1 −2/5 −3/5 (vi) Inverse does
(iv) −1 1 0 (v) −2/5 4/25 11/25
−1 0 1 not exit.
−3/5 1/25 9/25
−3/5 2/5 2/5 5) x=2,y=-3,z=2 6) x=2,y= -1, z=4
2) 2/5 −3/5 2/5
2/5 2/5 −3/5
7) x=200,y=150 8)Rs. 200 , 300, 400

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS:

1. Two farmers Ram and Krishnan cultivates three varieties of rice namely Basmati,
Permal and Naura. The sale (in Rupees) of these varieties of rice by both the
farmers in the month of September and October are given by the following
matrices A and B.

SCM_XII_APPLIED MATH_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 41 of 99

 September month sale:
Basmati Permal Naura
10,000 20,000 30,000
𝐴= [ First row indicates Ram and second row for
50,000 30,000 10,000
Krishnan]
October month sale: Basmati Permal Naura
5000 10,000 6000
𝐵=
20,000 10,000 10,000
a) Find the combined sales in September and October for each farmer in each variety.
15,000 30,000 36,000 5,000 10,000 24,000
i) ii)
70,000 40,000 20,000 30,000 20,000 0
iii) none of these
b) Find the decrease in sales from September to October.
15,000 30,000 36,000 5,000 10,000 24,000
𝑖) ii)
70,000 40,000 20,000 30,000 20,000 0
iii) none of these
c) If both farmers receive 2% profit on gross sales, compute the profit for each former
and for each variety sold in October.
15,000 30,000 36,000 5,000 10,000 24,000
𝑖) ii)
70,000 40,000 20,000 30,000 20,000 0
100 200 120
iii) iv) none of these.
400 200 200
d) Name the person who got maximum profit in October month.
i) Ram ii) Krishnan iii) Both of them got same profit iv) None of these.

2. Manjit wants to donate a rectangular plot of land for a school in his village. When
he was asked to give dimensions of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased
by 50 m and breadth is increased by 50 m, then its area will remain same, but if
length is decreased by 10 m and breadth is decreased by 20 m, then its area will

SCM_XII_APPLIED MATH_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 42 of 99

 decrease by 5300 m2 . Based on the information given above, answer the
following questions

Based on the above information’s, Answer the following questions

(i) The equations in terms of x and y are
(a) x – y = 50; 2x – y = 550
(b) x – y = 50; 2x + y = 550
(c) x + y = 50; 2x + y = 550
(d) x + y = 50; 2x – y = 550
(ii) Which of the following matrix equation represents the information given
above?
1 −1 𝑥 50
(a) 𝑦 =
2 1 550
1 1 𝑥 50
(b) =
2 1 𝑦 550
1 1 𝑥 50
(c) =
2 −1 𝑦 550
1 1 𝑥 −50
(d) =
2 1 𝑦 −550
(iii) The value of x (length of rectangular field), is
(a) 150 m (b) 400 m (c) 200 m (d) 320 m
(iv) The value of y (breadth of rectangular field), is
(a) 150 m (b) 200 m (c) 430 m (d) 350 m
(v) How much is the area of rectangular field?
(a) 60000 Sq. m (b) 30000 Sq. m (c) 30000 m (d) 3000 m

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