9
Rational Number
p
Any number which can be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and q 0 is known
q
as a rational number.
Note: p is called numerator, q is called denominator.
Venn Diagram Depicting the Relationship between the following set of Numbers
Rational Numbers 1
3
- 0.45 5
Integers
- 47 -3 2.5
3 Whole Number
-
7
0
Standard form of a Rational Number
A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the
numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
If a rational number is not in the standard form, then it can be reduced to the standard form.
45
Example 1: Reduce to the standard form.
30
45 45 3 15 15 5 3
Solution: We have,
30 30 3 10 10 5 2
We had to divide twice. First time by 3 and then by 5. This could also be done as
45 45 15 3
30 30 15 2
In this example, note that 15 is the HCF of 45 and 30.
Thus, to reduce the rational number in its standard form, we divide its numerator and denominator by
their HCF ignoring the negative sign, if any. (The reason for ignoring the negative sign will be studied in
Higher Classes).
Equivalent Rational Number
If two rational numbers are reduced to their standard form and their standard forms are same, then they
2
are said to be equivalent rational numbers. Example and 40/100 are equivalent rational number
5
40 2
because can be reduced to .
100 5
Rule to obtain equivalent rational number: If we multiply the numerator and denominator of
a rational number by the same non zero integer, we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given
rational number.
14
Example 2: Find two equivalent rational number for .
9
Solution: We can find the equivalent rational number by multiplying or dividing the given rational
number by the common number.
First multiply the given rational number by 2 on both numerator and denominator.
14 14 2
9 9 2
14 28
9 18
To find the next rational number multiply the given ratio by the number 5.
14 14 5
9 95
10 9 8 7 6 5 9 8 7 6
So, or 2 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 8 7
The three rational numbers between –2 and –1 would be,
5 5 5
Example 7: Write four more numbers in the following pattern:
1 2 3 4
; ; ; ...
3 6 9 12
2 1 2 3 1 3 4 1 4
Solution: We have , ,
6 3 2 9 3 3 12 3 4
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
or , , ,
3 1 3 3 2 6 3 3 9 3 4 12
Thus, we observe a pattern in these numbers.
1 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7
The other numbers would be , ,
3 5 15 3 6 18 3 7 21
Operations on Rational Numbers
There are four operations on rational numbers:
1. Addition 2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication 4. Division
Addition of two or more Rational numbers:
Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with + sign between them
Step – II: Find the L.C.M of denominators
Step – III: Convert each of the rational numbers such that each of the equivalent rational number must
have L.C.M as their denominator.
Step – IV: Now add the numerators.
1 6
Example 8: Add
3 7
1 6 7 18
Solution: {Since L.C.M. (3, 7) = 21}
3 7 21 21
(7 18) 25
= =
21 21
Subtraction of Two or More Rational Numbers
Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with – sign between them
Step – II: Find the L.C.M. of denominators
Step – III: Convert each of the rational number such that each of the equivalent rational number must
have L.C.M. as their denominator.
Step – IV: Now subtract the numerators.
14 70
9 45
14 28 70
The equivalent ratios of are ,
9 18 45
50
Example 3: Determine the least equivalent rational number for the ratio
100
50
Solution: The given rational number is
100
The denominator is a multiple of numerator
100 = 2 × 50
So, to get the least equivalent rational number we divide numerator and
denominator by 50.
50
50
= 50
100 100
50
50 50 1
100 100 2
50 1
So, the least equivalent rational number of
100 2
Positive and Negative Rational Numbers
If in a rational number the numerator and denominator are of same sign, then the rational number is said
to be positive rational number.
If in a rational number both the numerator and denominator are of opposite signs, then the rational
number is said to be negative rational number.
Note: The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number.
Example 4: Which of these are negative rational numbers?
2 5 3 6 2
i) ii) iii) iv) 0 v) vi)
3 7 5 11 9
Solution: (i) and (iii) are negative rational numbers.
(ii), (v) and (vi) are positive rational numbers
(iv) is neither positive nor negative rational number.
Representation of Rational Numbers on Number Line
The number line consists of negative numbers on its left, zero in the middle, and positive numbers on
its right.
Example,
Comparison of Rational Numbers
The two ways to compare two or more rational numbers are:
1. by graphing them on a number line.
2. by making their denominator common using L.C.M.
14 12
Example 5: Compare and
4 7
Solution: Method 1: Graph these points on a number line.
12 14
Hence
7 4
Method 2: L.C.M. (7, 4) = 28
14 98
4 28
12 48
7 28
12 14
Hence
7 4
Rational Numbers between two Rational Numbers
To find n rational numbers between x and y where x < y
y–x
d=
n 1
Rational numbers may be (x + d), (x + 2d), (x + 3d) ………………. (x + nd)
We can find unlimited number of rational numbers between any two rational numbers.
Example 6: List three rational numbers between –2 and –1.
Solution: Let us write –1 and –2 as rational numbers with denominator 5.
5 10
We have, 1 and 2
5 5
6 1
Example 9: Subtract from
7 3
1 6 7 18
Solution: {Since L.C.M. (3, 7) = 21}
3 7 21 21
7 18 11
=
21 21
Mixed Operations:
4 4 3
Example 10: Find the value of 6 3 4
5 15 10
4 4 3 (6 5 4) (3 15 4) (4 10 3)
Solution: 6 3 4
5 15 10 5 15 10
34 49 43 204 98 129
= =
5 15 10 30 30 30
204 98 129 235 47 5
= = =7
30 30 6 6
Multiplication of two or more Rational Numbers:
Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with ‘×’ sign between them.
Step – II: Multiply the numerator with the numerator and denominator with the denominator.
Step – III: Simplify the result to its simplest form.
3 2
Example 11: Multiply and
5 7
3 2 3 2 6
Solution:
5 7 5 7 35
Division of two Rational Numbers:
Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with sign between them.
Step – II: Multiply the first rational number by the reciprocal of the second.
Step – III: Simplify the result to its simplest form.
9 3
Example 12: Find
16 4
9 3 –3
Solution:
16 4 4
(converting the second rational number into its reciprocal and multiplying it to the
first one)
Properties of Rational Numbers
Closure Property:
(i) If a and b are rational numbers, then a + b is rational.
(ii) If a and b are rational numbers, then a × b is rational.
(iii) If a and b are rational numbers, then a – b is rational.
(iv) If a and b are rational, then a b is not necessarily rational. So closure property does not hold
in case of division.
The Commutative Properties:
(i) a + b = b + a (ii) a b = b a (iii) a – b b – a (iv) a b b a `
So, commutative property does not hold for subtraction and division of rational numbers.
The Associative Properties:
(i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ii) (a b) c = a (b c) (iii) (a – b) – c a – (b – c)
So, Associative property does not hold for subtraction.
The Inverse Properties:
1
a + (–a) = 0, a 1 (where a 0)
a
The Distributive Property:
a(b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
Additional Properties (Axioms) Used in Proofs:
Addition Property of Equality
If a = b, then a + c = b + c
Subtraction Property of Equality
If a = b, then a – c = b – c
Multiplication Property of Equality
If a = b, then a c = b c
Division Property of Equality
If a = b, then a c = b c provided c 0.
LEVEL - I
1. Which of the following statement are true (T) or false (F)?
i) The quotient of two integers is always an integer.
ii) Every integer is a rational number.
iii) Every rational number is an integer.
iv) Every fraction is a rational number.
v) Every rational number is a fraction.
a a am
vi) If is a rational number and m is any integer, then
b b bm
2 4
vii) is equal to .
3 6
2. If each of the following represents a pair of equivalent rational numbers, find the values
of x.
2 5 3 x 3 x 13 65
i) and ii) and iii) and iv) and
3 x 7 4 5 25 6 x
3. Which of the following rational numbers are equal?
9 8 16 20 7 3 8 13
i) and ii) and iii) and iv) and
12 12 20 25 21 9 14 21
4. Fill in the blanks by the correct symbol out of >, = or <:
6 7 3 5 2 5 2
i) ii) iii) iv) 0
6 13 5 6 3 8 5
5. The product of two rational numbers is 15. If one of the numbers is –10, find the other.
6. Mohan ate half pizza on Monday. He ate half of what was left on Tuesday and so on. He followed
this pattern for one week. How much of the pizza would he had eaten during the week?
2
7. of the packages in his van. After that he
At the first stop on his route, a driver unloaded
5
1
unloaded another 3 packages at his next step, of the original number of packages
2
remained. How many packages were in the van before the first delivery?
8. The product of three equal numbers is 343. Find the sum of three numbers.
9. Chandran gave one-fourth of his money to Suresh. Suresh in turn gave one-third of what he
received to Jayesh. If the difference between the amount of Suresh and Jayesh is 100. How much
did Chandran have?
1 1
10. A lamp post has half of its length in mud, rd of its length in water and 3 m above the water,
3 3
find the total length of the post.
3 7
11. What would be the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers and ?
5 3
12. Sum of rational and irrational is always?
5 1
13. If a man spends th part of his money and then spends part of the remaining money, what
6 2
part of the money is with him now?
4 5 4 2
14. of of a number is less than of of the same number by 8. What is half of the number?
15 7 6 5
15. List 3 rational numbers between – 3 and – 2.
LEVEL - II
1. What is the missing figure in the expression given below?
16 16 9 9 9
1
7 7 7 7 7 7
(a) 1 (b) 7 (c) 4.57 (d) 32
Find the value of 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2. 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 3 4 5 9 10
5 1 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 2 20 10
1 1 1 1
3. The expression is a natural number:
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n 1)
(a) always greater than 1 (b) always less than 1
(c) always equal to 0 (d) always a negative integer
5 7
5 6
8 3 13 3
4. The expression 8 of 11 2 of equals
3 1 9 11 22 5
6 9
7 8
1 5 7
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 12 9
1 11
5. What is the value of x in 1 ?
1 7
1
1
1
x
1 7
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 11
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
11
1. For what value of ‘a’ the number is not a rational number?
a
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 10
7 1
2. The product of two rational numbers is . If one of the number is . Find the other
8 6
37 42 21 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 4 4
9 8 5 5
3. Find the value of .
5 5 2 4
21 21 21 21
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
40 40 40 40
1 1
4. The additive inverse of is _______.
3 3
1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) None of these
3 3
1 3 2
5. The sum of three rational numbers is . If two of the numbers are and , find the
5 10 5
third number.
7 11 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 5 10
6. What is the quotient when a non-zero rational number is divided by its additive inverse.
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
7 5 5
7. The sum of and is equal to the product of and a number. Find the number.
3 6 3
35 5 25 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 6 10
3 5
8. What number should be subtracted from to get ?
7 7
2 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5 7
1 2
9. Product of 1 and the reciprocal of is _______.
7 7
2 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) 3 (d)
7 2
6
10. Which of the following is not equivalent to ?
21
20 10 9 26
(a) (b) (c) (d)
70 35 24 91
2
11. Find the additive inverse of
13
2 13 13 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 2 2 13
12. For any rational numbers a, b, c which among the following is false?
(a) a b b a (b) a (b c) (a b) (a c)
(c) a (b c) a b a c (d) a (b c) a b a c
2 5
Find the value:
8 4
13.
7 7 5 9
4 6 18
(a) – 6 (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5
14. From a rope of 4 m 50 cm, pieces of equal size are cut. If each piece is 25 cm long, find
the number of pieces cut off?
(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 9
3 2 4 25
15. Divide the difference of and by the product of and
7 5 5 2
2 9 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 35 350 75
16. ______ and ______ are reciprocals of itself
(a) 0, 1 (b) 0, –1 (c) 1, –1 (d) None of these
5 7
17. By what number should we multiply to get .
4 2
35 5 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 14 35 5
1 5 1 3
18. Divide the sum of and by the sum of and
3 6 4 8
1 1
(a) (b ) 6 (c) 4 (d)
2 4
p r p r
19. If and are rational numbers, then is multiplicative inverse of if,
q s q s
p r p r p r p r
(a) (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 0
q s q s q s q s
3
20. Subtract from is reciprocal.
5
16 34 29 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 9 15
11
21. Standard form of is
39
12 11 11 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
78 39 39 39
22. Greatest rational number among the following
3 7 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 3 6 2
LEVEL - I
1. (i) False, (ii) True, (iii) False, (iv) True, (v) True, (vi) True, (vii) True
15 12
2. (i) , (ii) , (iii) – 15, (iv) x = – 30
2 7
3. (ii) and (iii)
4. (i) Less than, (ii) Greater than, (iii) Less than, (iv) Greater than
127
5. – 1.5 6. 7. 30 packages
128
21
8. 21 9. 1200 10. 20 m 11.
44
1
12. Always irrational 13.
12
14. 105
LEVEL - II
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a)