STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
UNIVERSITY OF MAKATI
MODULE No. 5 HIGHER SCHOOL NG UMAK
RANDOM SAMPLING
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. illustrate random sampling;
2. distinguishes between parameter and statistic; and
3. identifies sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean)
INTRODUCTION
You have learned in your previous lessons how to construct frequency distribution and probability
distribution. In this lesson, you will learn how to construct sampling distribution of sample means. Find out if
you are ready to learn the present lesson by doing the following activities.
A. Constructing Frequency Distribution
The following are the blood types of a group of individuals in a government office. Construct frequency
distribution for the different blood types
A O B A AB
B 0 B O A
B B O O O
AB AB A O B
O B O AB A
B. Computing the mean of a Sample
Find the mean of the following sets of numbers
Given Mean
2, 3,7, 12, 15
4,6,8,12,15,19
10,13, 17, 18, 22
5,7,9,10,13,17,20
19,22,24,26,29,32,33
C. Evaluating Combination of N Objects Taken n at a Time
Evaluate the following
7C5 = _____ 9C6 = ________
5C4 = _____ 12C8 = ___
.MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE and RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
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CONTENT
What is the average height of Grade 11 students? What is the average weight of Grade 11 students?
What is the average daily allowance of grade 11 students? What is the average performance of Grade 11
students in mathematics? If you will answer these questions, will you will consider the entire Grade 11
students to find their heights, weights, daily allowance, and performance?
Researcher use sampling if taking a census of the entire population is impractical. Data from the
sample are used to calculate statistics, which are estimates of the corresponding population parameters. For
instance, a sample might be drawn from the population mean, thus, descriptive measures computed from a
population are called parameters while descriptive measures computed from a sample are called statistics.
We say that the sample mean is an estimate of the population mean.
Example:
Sampling Distribution of Sample Means
A population consist of the number 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Let us list all possible samples of size 3 from this
population and compute the mean of each sample.
Sample Mean
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00
There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given population.
This time, let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. We shall call this frequency
distribution; the sampling distribution of the sample means.
.MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE and RESEARCH DEPARTMENT
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Sample Mean Frequency
3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n = 10
A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means computed from
all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the sample drawn from
a population is expected to assume different values for the samples. So, this leads us to a conclusion sample
mean is a random variable, which depends on a particular sample. Being a random variable, it has probability
distribution. The probability distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the
sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
X̅ P(X̅ )
3.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
5.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
5.33 2 2/10 = 0.20
5.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
6.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
6.33 1 1/10 = 0.10
7.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
7.67 1 1/10 = 0.10
8.00 1 1/10 = 0.10
Total n = 10 1.00
Observe that the means of the samples are less than or greater than the mean of the population. The
difference between the sample means and the population mean is called sampling error. It is the error due to
sampling.
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Steps in Constructing the Sampling Distribution of the Means
1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population using the
formula:
NC n
Where: N = size of the population
n = size of the sample
2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained is step 2.
ASSESSMENT
1. A population consist of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11. Consider samples of size 2 that can be
drawn from this population.
a. List all the possible samples and the corresponding mean.
Sample Mean
b. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample Mean Frequency Probability
c. Draw a histogram of the sampling distribution of the means.
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HOMEWORK
Think about the answers to this question. Discuss your answer with your classmates.
• What is the shape of the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
• Why do you think so?
REFERENCES
• Belecina, Baccay, Mateo Statistics and Probability Rex Book Store; 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr. St.
Sampaloc Manila. Pp
• William Navidi, Statistics for Engineers and Scientist, The McGraw-Hill Companies, 1221
Avenue of the Americas, New York. Pp. 100 – 109.
Prepared by:
Raymond C. Dela Vega
HSU – Teacher II
.MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE and RESEARCH DEPARTMENT