1.

Change Over Time (Biểu đồ có thời gian)

1. Standard 4 Categories

o Line graph

o Bar chart

o Table

o Pie chart

o Có mốc thời gian và lượng thông tin vừa phải.

2. A Lot of Information

o Nhiều đối tượng, nhiều năm, dữ liệu dày đặc.

o Thường cần nhóm thông tin nhiều hơn.

3. Very Little Information

o Ít số liệu, ít đối tượng.

o Overview thường đơn giản hơn.

4. Future

o Có dự đoán tương lai.

o Thường dùng future tense hoặc projected figures.

5. Total

o Có dữ liệu tổng (total/overall figures).

o Thường gặp trong pie chart hoặc table.

2. No Change Over Time (Không có thời gian)

6. Standard 2 Categories

o So sánh giữa các nhóm tại một thời điểm.

o Ví dụ: nam/nữ, quốc gia A/B/C.

7. A Lot of Information

o Nhiều nhóm, nhiều hạng mục nhưng chỉ có một thời điểm.

3. Mixed Charts

8. Mixed
 o Kết hợp 2 biểu đồ:

 Line + Bar

 Bar + Pie

 Table + Line

 Table + Bar

o Có thể vừa có thời gian vừa không có thời gian.

4. Maps

9. One Map

o Mô tả một bản đồ duy nhất.

o Thường mô tả bố cục hiện tại.

10. Two Maps

 So sánh sự thay đổi của một địa điểm qua hai thời điểm.

5. Process

11. Natural Process

 Quá trình tự nhiên.

 Ví dụ:

o Water cycle

o Life cycle of a butterfly

o Coffee production in nature

12. Manufacturing Process

 Quy trình sản xuất.

 Ví dụ:

o Chocolate production

o Brick manufacturing

o Coca-Cola bottling process

6. Describe How Something Works

(Thường được nhiều giáo viên tách riêng khỏi Process)

  Cơ chế hoạt động của một thiết bị/hệ thống.

 Ví dụ:

o How a solar panel works

o How a central heating system works

o How a greenhouse works

7. Super Odd Questions (Dạng hiếm)

Một số đề rất đặc biệt, không thuộc nhóm trên hoàn toàn:

 Diagram

 Floor plan

 Machine structure

 Road system

 Underground tunnel system

 Layout description

Task 1 - Quiz

1. How many words do you have to write?

2. How many paragraphs do you need to write?

3. Is there a word limit? Can you write 300 words in Task 1?

4. The question always asks you to:

"Summarize information by selecting and reporting main features

and make comparisons where relevant."

5. What does each of these mean?

o summarize

o selecting

o reporting main features

 o make comparisons where relevant

 > 141 → dưới 141 từ sẽ bị phạt điểm.

Writing task 1: What are main features?

 Highest figures (đỉnh cao/cao nhất so vs các thằng khác)

 Lowest figures (lún sâu/thấp nhât so với các thằng khác)

 Most drastic changes (quá mạnh)

 Stability (quá ổn định)

 Similar patterns

 Opposite patterns

Writing task 1: What are main features? (trend + differences)

 Highest figures

 Lowest figures

 Most drastic changes

 Stability

 Similar patterns

 Opposite patterns
• The line graph (chart) illustrates (compares) the percentage of females
elected in parliament in 5 European countries between 2000 and 2012.
(paraphrase)

→ or The line graph illustrates how five European countries chose their
members for parliament between 2000 and 2012.

• Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of female members in

parliament in all 5 countries examined, with the most dramatic rise being
seen in the figures for the UK. Despite that, the UK consistently had the
lowest figures over the period.

(Overall trends + differences)

Intro + overview

• The graph illustrates how many people used/subscribed to five means of

communication between 1998 and 2008.

• Overall, there was an increase in the numbers of subscribers to all of the

communication services given/examined, with the most dramatic rise being
seen in the figures for cellular phone service to become the most
popular/commonly-used service from 2002 onwards.

DẠNG 1 CHANGE OVERTIME

Lesson 3: Grammar + Coherence and Cohesion - Super boosters

• (Overview) → There was an increase in..., (with ... witnessing the most
dramatic rise), while (if there is another trend). In addition, ... highest
figures...

• ***The number/proportion/amount of... started at..., after which it

experience a rise/growth/decline to... in..., before ending the period at...

• ***Data..., with a subsequent increase/decrease/levelling off/fluctuation...

and a final...

• ***The figure for... (number/proportion/amount of...) was at... (or

change.....), followed by an slow/significant increase/decrease to...

• The figure for... + V, and (but) + V

• Similar/opposite changes can be seen in the figure(s) for ..., which ...

• The figure for ... saw similar/opposite changes, V-ing

• The figure for ... + change, ending/reaching ...

• .... Started at..., after which it experienced a rise/growth/decline to... in...,

before ending the period at...

• The number of students studying abroad started at 0.4 million, after which
it experienced/witnessed/saw a dramatic rise to 1.4 million in 1985, before
ending the period at 0.8.

• Data..., with a subsequent... and a final...

• 0.4 million students studied abroad in 1970 in the US, with a subsequent
considerable/significant rise to 1.4 million and a final drop to 0.8.

• .... Was at..., followed by a (slow/significant) increase/decrease to...

• The number of students studying abroad in 1970 was 0.4 million, followed
by a significant increase to reach a peak of 1.4 million in 1985, and a final
drop to 0.8 15 years later.
• The number of students studying abroad increased significantly from 0.4
million in 1970 to reach a peak of 1.4 million in 1985, followed by a final drop
to 0.8 15 years later.

• The number/amount/proportion..... + V, and V.

• The number of students studying abroad increased sharply from 0.4 at the
beginning of the period to reach a peak of 1.4 in 1985, but later dropped to
0.8 in the last year of the period examined.

• The number/amount/proportion.... + change, ending/reaching ...

• The number of students studying abroad increased sharply, reaching a

peak of 1.4 in 1985, but it later dropped to 0.8 in the last year of the period
examined.

Your answer

The line graph illustrates how much money people in Germany, France, Italy
and Austria spent on books from 1995 to 2005.

Overall, despite some fluctuations, there was an increase in the amount of

money spent on books in all four countries examined, with Austria witnessing
the most dramatic rise in the latter half of the period. In addition, Germany
consistently had the highest figures throughout the period.

About 80 million dollars was used for books by citizens in Germany in 1995,
with mild fluctuations in the first 8 years and a final rise from just over 85
million in 2003 to about 95 million in 2005. Similarly, the figure for Italy
fluctuated in the range from 50 to 55 million from 1995 to 1999, followed by
a progressive growth to north of 60 million in the final year.

The expenditure on books in France started at about 55 million dollars, after

which it saw a consistent increase to approximately 75 million in 2005. The
figure for Austria saw similar changes in the first half of the period, growing
from 30 million in 1995 to 40 million in 1999 and maintained at this level
until 2001. From 2003 onwards, it increased considerably, reaching almost
75 million in the final year of the period.
Important words

• Increase/ grow/ rise (increased/ grew/ rose) (increase/ growth/ rise)

• Decrease/ decline/ drop (decreased/ declined/ dropped)

• Fluctuation/ fluctuate in the range from ... to... / hover around...

• Significant/ considerable/ dramatic/ sharp (ly)

• Slight/ slow/ gradual/ marginal (ly) moderately

• Reach a peak of... = peak at = reach/ hit a high of

• Reach a low of... = hit a trough of ...

• Remain unchanged/ stable = level off (a levelling off)

PARAPHRASE SUBJECT OF THE TOPIC

Paraphrasing – Danh từ đếm được

• N - đếm được → the number of As/ A numbers/ how many S+V/ the figure/
data .../ synonym/ that-who

• The number of tourists = tourist numbers = the number of travelers = the

number of people traveling to... / how many people traveled to ... / tourist
numbers/

• 500 people traveled to Vietnam.

Danh từ không đếm được

• N - k đếm được → the amount of/ how much S+V/ the figure/ data....
synonym

• The amount of money spent on books in Vietnam in 1999 was 1 million

dollars.

• The chart illustrates how much people in five countries spent on books
from 1999 to 2019.

• = 1 million dollars was spent on books by Vietnamese people in 1999.

• = 1 million dollars was expended on books by people in Vietnam in 1999.

Phần trăm

• Percentage = proportion = share/ how or how many - how much/ data.../

the figure/ synonym

• The proportion of female members in parliament

• = The percentage of members who are female in parliament

• = the share of parliamentary members who are women

• = The percentage of women holding a position in parliament

• The chart illustrates how many women were elected to work in parliament
in five countries from 2000 to 2015.

Your answer

The line graph illustrates how much money people in Germany, France, Italy
and Austria spent on books from 1995 to 2005.

Overall, despite some fluctuations, there was an increase in the amount of

money spent on books in all four countries examined, with Austria witnessing
the most dramatic rise in the latter half of the period. In addition, Germany
consistently had the highest figures throughout the period.

About 80 million dollars was used for books by citizens in Germany in 1995,
with mild fluctuations in the first 8 years and a final rise from just over 85
million in 2003 to about 95 million in 2005. Similarly, the figure for Italy
fluctuated in the range from 50 to 55 million from 1995 to 1999, followed by
a progressive growth to north of 60 million in the final year.

The expenditure on books in France started at about 55 million dollars, after

which it saw a consistent increase to approximately 75 million in 2005. The
figure for Austria saw similar changes in the first half of the period, growing
from 30 million in 1995 to 40 million in 1999 and maintained at this level
until 2001. From 2003 onwards, it increased considerably, reaching almost
75 million in the final year of the period.
Lesson 5: type 1 – 4 categories

Intro

• The chart illustrates how much governments in four countries invested in

roads and transport between 1990 and 2005.

• The chart illustrates how governments in four countries invested in the

transport infrastructure between 1990 and 2005.

• The chart illustrates the percentage of government expenditure on roads

and transport in four countries between 1990 and 2005.

Overall

• Overall, there was a decline in the proportion of government spending on

roads and transport in Italy, Portugal and the UK, while (;meanwhile, ) a rise
was seen in the USA. In addition, Portugal generally had the highest figures
throughout the period.

Body 1

• The share of the government’s budget spent on roads and transport in

Portugal started at about 27%, after which it saw a progressive decrease to
exactly 20% in 2005. Conversely, the figure for the USA rose from just over
10% in 1990 to 15% in 2005, despite a small fall in the first 5 years.

• Approximately = around = about = roughly

• Just over = north of = upward of

• Just under = shy of = downward of

• Exactly = precisely

Body 2

• Approximately 22% of the Italian national budget was spent on/went into
the transport infrastructure, with subsequent fluctuations and a final decline
from 24% in 2000 to about 19% in 2005. Similarly, the figure for the UK
fluctuated in the range from 9% to 13% from 1990 to 2000, before ending
the period at around 7%/followed by N.

Intro + Overview

• The line graph illustrates how much fish and some other kinds of meat
were consumed/used/eaten per person in a country in Europe from 1979 to
2004.

• Overall, there was a decline in the amount of beef, lamb, and fish eaten,
while the figure for chicken increased to surpass that of beef, making
(chicken was increasingly used and became the most...) it the most
consumed type of meat from 1989 onwards.

Body 1
• The amount of beef eaten per person in the country examined started at
about 220 grams, after which it saw fluctuations until 1989, before
decreasing to end the period at around 100 grams. Conversely, the figure for
chicken rose from just under 150 grams per person (GPP) to north of 200 gpp
in 1989 and kept rising to reach 250 gpp in the final year.

Body 2

• 150 grams of lamb was used by an average person in the country

mentioned in 1979, with a decline to approximately 75 gpp in 2004.
Meanwhile/in the meantime, the figure for fish decreased slightly from
around 60 gpp to just under 50 gpp after a few years and maintained at this
level towards the end of the period.
A lot of information (DẠNG NÀY NHÓM LÀ ĐC)

 Highest figures

 Lowest figures

 Most drastic changes

 Stability

 Similar patterns

 Opposite patterns

Trường hợp có other nó phải đứng cuối cùng, nếu có nhiều cái

• The line graph illustrates the percentage of females elected in parliament

in 5 European countries between 2000 and 2012.
• Overall, there was an increase in the proportion of female members in
parliament in all 5 countries examined, with the UK witnessing the most
dramatic rise. Despite this, it consistently had the lowest figures throughout
the period.

• The percentage of positions in parliament held by women in Germany was

about 34%, after which it saw a gradual rise to 36% in 2012. Similar
changes, but to greater extents, were seen in the figures for Italy and the UK,
which grew from 26% to almost 40% and from 4% to around 27%
respectively.

• 25% of members in France’s parliament were women, with a subsequent

jump to reach a peak at around 37% by 2004 and a final increase from 30%
in 2008 to 32% in 2012. Meanwhile, the figure for Belgium increased from
17% in 2000 to 28% in 2004 and levelled off towards the end of the period.

• The chart illustrates how many people used five different means of
communication worldwide between 1998 and 2008.

• Overall, there was an increase in the number of users of all five

communication services, with cellular phone service enjoying the most
considerable growth to become by far the most used/popular from 2005
onwards.
Body 1:

• The number of subscribers to landline service started at 15 million, after

which it experienced a gradual rise to 20 million in 2006, before ending the
period at about 19 million. Similarly, not until the year 2002 did people start
using fixed broadband and mobile broadband, and the figures for these two
services increased slightly, reaching 4 million in the final year.

• 5 million people subscribed to cellular phone service in 1998, with a

gradual growth to roughly 18 million 4 years later, and a final substantial
growth to just over 65 million at the end of the period. Similar changes, but
to a lesser extent, can be seen in the figures for internet service, which
increased from just under 5 million in 1998 to exactly 20 million in 2006,
followed by a final levelling off towards the end of the period.

ÍT HƠN 4 CATE

• The table illustrates how many cars were produced in Argentina, Australia
and Thailand between 2003 and 2009.

• Overall, there was an increase in the number of cars manufactured in

Argentina and Thailand, while a constant decline was seen in Australia’ car
production. It is also clear that Thailand consistently had by far the highest
figures throughout the period, even though a considerable decline was seen
in the latter half of the period.

• The number of automobiles manufactured in Thailand started at 735,852

units, after which it saw a dramatic rise to 1,162,356 in 2006. A similar
change was seen in the figure for Argentina, which increased from 235,088
to 352,759 in the first 3 years. By contrast, 452,136 cars were made in
Australia in 2003, with a subsequent significant decline to 341,268 units in
2006.

• From 2006 to 2009, the number of cars produced in Argentina continued to

increase, reaching 466,085 units. Conversely, the figures for Thailand and
Australia dropped to 999,963 and 245,624 units. (171 words)

Sample 2

• The chart illustrates how much paper, wood pulp and sawn-wood were
produced in the UK between 1980 and 2000.

• Overall, there was a dramatic increase in paper and packaging production

in the UK, especially in the latter half of the period, while the opposite trend
can be seen in the figures for sawn wood and those for wood pulp fluctuated
slightly. It is also clear that the amount of paper and packaging material
produced in UK had by far the highest figures throughout the years.

Body 1
• The amount of paper and packaging produced in the UK started at about
240 million tons, after which it saw a slight increase to 250 million tons ten
years later. Opposite changes can be seen in the figures for wood pulp and
sawn-wood, which decreased from 200 and 165 million tons to exactly 150
million tons in the first 10 years.

Body 2

• From 1990 to 2000, the amount of paper and packaging produced rose
significantly, reaching 350 million tons. The figure for wood pulp saw similar
changes, but to a much lesser extent, growing to roughly 160 million tons.
Conversely, the production of sawn-wood kept decreasing to approximately
125 million tons. (195 words)

LESSON 8 – 2 YEARS
Sample 1

• The pie charts illustrate visitors’ responses to a survey about customer

service at the Parkway Hotel in 2005 and in 2010.

• Overall, there was a significant decline in the proportion of hotel guests

rating customer service as satisfactory, poor or very poor, while an opposite
trend can be seen in the figure for those describing the hotel’s service as
good or excellent. In addition, the majority of customers gave a ‘satisfactory’
response in 2005, but in 2010, the majority felt that the hotel’s service was
good.

Body 1

• The percentage of hotel’s visitors rating its customer service as excellent

started at 5%, after which it saw a significant rise to 28% in 2010.
Furthermore, only 14% of guests described customer service in the hotel as
good in 2005, with a subsequent three-fold increase to 39% five years later.
As a result, the figure for people giving a ‘satisfactory’ response declined
significantly from 45% to 17% over the period.

Body 2

• The proportion of guests who considered the hotel’s customer service to be

poor almost halved, ending at 12%. A similar change can be seen in the
figure for people who thought customer service to be very poor, which
dropped from 15% to only 4% over the 5-year period.
Sample 2

• The pie charts illustrate how students in a university traveled to school in

2004 and 2009.

• Overall, there was a significant decline in the proportion of people traveling

to the examined university by car, while an increase was seen in the figures
for other means of transport. In addition, the majority of students chose to
commute to their university by car in 2004, and by bus in 2009; by contrast,
the figures for people opting to take a train or walk to school were negligible
in both years.

Body 1

• The percentage of people driving to university started at 51% in 2004, after

which it experienced a considerable fall to 28% in 2009. The reverse trend
can be seen in the figure for those going to this university by bus, which rose
from 33% in 2004 to 46% in 2009.

Body 2

• 9% of people in the survey said that they often cycled to school in 2004,
followed by a rise to 16% after a half decade. The figures for people taking a
train or walking to school increased negligibly, reaching 4% and 6%
respectively.

• (181 words)

FUTURE
Important language

• To be likely to/ expected/ anticipated/ predicted/ forecasted/ projected to...

• a prediction/ anticipation/ projection of a rise/ decline to...

• The proportion of US citizens living in cities/ urban areas started at 70% in

1970, after which it experienced a steady rise to about 88% in 2010, before
being expected to reach 90% in 2030.

• 70% of the people living in the US chose to reside in urban areas in 1970,
with a steady growth to about 88% in 2010, and a prediction of a slow
growth to 90% at the end of the period.

• The proportion of the US population residing/inhabiting/ dwelling in cities

increased steadily from 70% in 1970 to about 88% in 2010, followed by a
projection of a slow rise to 90% in 2030.
Intro + Overview

• The table illustrates the proportion of people aged 65 and over in Canada,
Germany and the UK in 1988, 2000 and an estimation of 2030.

• Overall, there is a rise in the percentage of the elderly in all three countries
over the period examined, with the UK witnessing almost no change in the
first 12 years. In addition, Germany consistently have the largest proportion
of the elderly, while the figures for the UK are the lowest in all three years.

• In 1988, the percentage of senior citizens in Germany started at 20.35%,

after which it saw a rise to 25,53%. The figure for Canada saw a similar
change, growing from 16,45% to 20,65% in the first 12 years. Meanwhile, the
proportion of elderly people in the UK remained relatively unchanged during
this period, at shy of 15%.

• By 2030, the population of people aged 65 and plus in Germany is

expected to increase at the same rate, reaching 30.65%. The figures for
Canada and the UK will increase by just over 4 percent to end at 26,35% and
20,45% respectively. (176 words)

Hết Video 9
TASK 1 – TOTAL (ở dạng này phải nói tổng ở overall và phải nói nó tăng giảm
do tác động của cái nào)

Sample

• The chart illustrates how much toxic gasses were emitted into the
atmosphere from three different sources in the UK from 1990 to 2005.

Overview

• Overall, there was a decline in the total amount of air pollution in the UK,
which was the result of decreases in the amounts of emissions from
industrial and domestic activities. In addition, the amount of air pollutants
released from transport vehicles saw an increase, surpassing the industry
sector to become the most serious polluter from 2002 onwards.

Body 1

• Just under 8 million tonnes of air pollutants were discharged from all three
sectors, with a gradual decline to 5 million tonnes at the end of the period.
Similarly, the figure for the industry sector decreased steadily from 6 million
tonnes to exactly 2 million tonnes in 2005.

Body 2

• The amount of toxic fumes released from the transport sector started at 1
million tonnes, after which it experienced mild fluctuations at this level,
before increasing from about 1.2 million tonnes in 1999 to shy of 3 million
tonnes in 2005. Opposite changes, but to a lesser extent, can be seen in the
figures for household activities, which contributed 1 million tonnes of air
pollutants in the first 10 years, followed by a progressive drop to almost 0 in
2005. (209 words)

TASK 1 : NO CHANGE

• Intro – paraphrase

• Overview – Differences (To , bé, giống)

• Body 1: Highest (similar? Opposite?) (pattern hoặc tương phản)

• Body 2: ...The rest

Important structures

• ..., and the figures for ... and ... were/are lower, at... and... respectively

• ..., followed by...

• While..., ...

• Data..., compared to... / as opposed to / in comparison to...

• ...(Far) exceeds that of... and ..., with respective figures being... ... and..

• ......was..., which was X % higher than that of... ......

Examples

1. ..., and the figures for ... and ... were lower, at ... and ...
respectively

Structure:

 X was ..., and the figures for Y and Z were lower, at ... and ...
respectively.

Example:

 The oil consumption in Japan was about 70 million tonnes, and the
figures for the UAE and Canada were lower, at 20 million and 35 million
respectively.

→ Mức tiêu thụ dầu ở Nhật Bản khoảng 70 triệu tấn, trong khi con số của UAE
và Canada thấp hơn, lần lượt là 20 và 35 triệu tấn.
2. ... was highest, followed by ...

Structure:

 X was highest, at ..., followed by Y (...) and Z (...).

Example:

 The oil consumption in Japan was highest, at 70 million tonnes,

followed by Canada (35 million) and the UAE (20 million).

→ Nhật Bản có mức tiêu thụ dầu cao nhất với 70 triệu tấn, tiếp theo là
Canada và UAE.

3. ... far exceeded that of ...

Structure:

 X far exceeded that of Y and Z, with respective figures being ...

Example:

 The oil consumption in Japan far exceeded that of the UAE and Canada,
with respective figures being 70 million, 20 million and 35 million
tonnes.

→ Mức tiêu thụ dầu của Nhật Bản vượt xa UAE và Canada, với các con số
tương ứng là 70, 20 và 35 triệu tấn.

4. ... was far higher than that of ...

Structure:

 X was far higher than that of Y and Z, which was/were ... respectively.

Example:

 The oil consumption in Japan (about 70 million tonnes) was far higher
than that of the UAE and Canada, which was 20 million and 35 million
respectively.

→ Mức tiêu thụ dầu của Nhật Bản cao hơn nhiều so với UAE và Canada, lần
lượt là 20 và 35 triệu tấn.
5. Data ..., compared to ...

Structure:

 Data..., compared to ...

Example:

 About 70 million tonnes of oil was consumed in Japan, compared to

about 20 million in the UAE and 35 million in Canada.

→ Khoảng 70 triệu tấn dầu được tiêu thụ ở Nhật Bản, so với khoảng 20 triệu ở
UAE và 35 triệu ở Canada.

6. Whereas/while ...

Structure:

 X ..., whereas Y ...

Example:

 Kuwait had the highest use of water, at 63%, whereas its use for
agriculture was only less than a third of this (19%).

→ Kuwait có tỷ lệ sử dụng nước cao nhất, ở mức 63%, trong khi lượng nước
dùng cho nông nghiệp chỉ bằng chưa đến một phần ba con số đó (19%).

Cụm so sánh rất hữu ích cho IELTS Task 1

So sánh hơn

 higher than

 lower than

 greater than

 less than

 exceed

 surpass

 overtake
So sánh đối lập

 whereas

 while

 by contrast

 conversely

 in comparison

 compared to

 as opposed to

Xếp hạng

 highest

 lowest

 second highest

 followed by

 ranked first

 ranked last

Chênh lệch

 twice as high as

 three times higher than

 double that of

 half that of

 nearly/exactly/almost + percentage higher than

Ví dụ:

 The figure for Japan was twice as high as that of Canada.

 Oil consumption in Japan was double that of the UAE.

 The proportion in Germany was 10% higher than that of France.

Đến đây gần như đã hết toàn bộ bộ khung câu Band 6.5–7.5 cho Task 1 dạng
so sánh số liệu (bar, table, pie, line, process có số liệu) mà slide này
đang dạy.

Other Structures (Comparing + Adding Information)

1. Be more reliant on ... than ...

Structure:

 A is/are more reliant on B than C.

Example:

 Developing countries are more reliant on alternative energy production

than developed countries.

→ Các nước đang phát triển phụ thuộc vào năng lượng thay thế nhiều hơn
các nước phát triển.

2. Account for

Structure:

 A accounts for X% of B.

 A accounts for far less/more than B.

Example:

 Solar power accounts for far less of the total energy production than
gas or coal does.

→ Năng lượng mặt trời chiếm tỷ trọng thấp hơn nhiều so với khí đốt hoặc
than đá trong tổng sản lượng năng lượng.

3. Twice as much as

Structure:

 A produces/consumes twice as much N as B.

Example:
  The Middle East produces twice as much oil as Europe throughout the
period.

→ Trung Đông sản xuất lượng dầu gấp đôi châu Âu trong suốt giai đoạn.

4. Double that of

Structure:

 A is double that of B.

 The figure for A is double that of B.

Example:

 The oil production in the Middle East was double that of Europe.

→ Sản lượng dầu của Trung Đông gấp đôi châu Âu.

5. Three times as much as

Structure:

 A consumes three times as much N as B.

Example:

 Western countries consume three times as much oil as the Middle East.

→ Các nước phương Tây tiêu thụ lượng dầu gấp ba lần Trung Đông.

6. Slightly more/less than

Structure:

 A is slightly more/less than B.

 A consumes slightly more/less N than B.

Example:

 Russia consumes slightly more oil than Germany.

→ Nga tiêu thụ dầu nhỉnh hơn Đức một chút.

7. Equal / the same as / similar to

Structure:

 A is equal to B.

 A is the same as B.
  A is similar to B.

Example:

 The production of oil in the Middle East and Europe is similar.

→ Sản lượng dầu ở Trung Đông và châu Âu tương đối giống nhau.

Nhóm cấu trúc so sánh cực hay trong IELTS Task 1

So sánh gấp đôi

 double that of

 twice as much as

 twice as many as

 two times higher than

VD:

 The figure for Japan was double that of Canada.

 Japan consumed twice as much oil as Canada.

So sánh gấp ba

 three times as much as

 triple that of

VD:

 Oil consumption in Country A was triple that of Country B.

So sánh hơn nhẹ

 slightly more than

 marginally higher than

 somewhat higher than

VD:

 The figure for Germany was slightly higher than that of France.

So sánh hơn nhiều

 considerably higher than

 substantially higher than

  significantly higher than

 far higher than

VD:

 The figure for Japan was considerably higher than that of the UAE.

Tỷ trọng

 account for

 make up

 constitute

 represent

VD:

 Coal accounted for 60% of total energy production.

 Coal made up 60% of total energy production.

 Coal represented 60% of total energy production.

Tương đồng

 be similar to

 be comparable to

 be almost identical to

VD:

 The figures for France and Germany were comparable.

Đối lập

 whereas

 while

 by contrast

 conversely

 in contrast

VD:

 Car usage declined, whereas bus usage increased.

Overview

 The chart illustrates the proportion of teenage boys and girls

in Vietnam engaging in different pastimes in 2010.

 Overall, while boys generally enjoyed outdoor activities the

most, girls tended to join indoor ones. It is also clear that
dramatic differences are not seen in the figures for teenagers
of both sexes playing computer games or watching DVDs.

Intro + Overview
  The charts illustrate why people migrated to and from the UK
in 2007.

 Overall, the percentage of people moving in or out of the UK to

undertake a permanent job was highest in both charts. In
addition, the figure for those who came to the UK to pursue a
formal education was also significant, but this is the least
stated factor among emigrants.

Intro + Overview

 The chart illustrates how much money five organizations spent

on four different spending areas in 2010.

 Overall, organization B invested by far the most resources in

all categories, with the largest part of its expenditure going
into renting offices. This was also the key spending area in
organization D and E. In addition, while organization A
invested the most in staff training programs, this area
received the least money in organization C.
Intro + Overview

 The chart compares five countries in Europe in terms of the

percentage of people’s monthly income allocation for food and
beverages, accommodation, clothing and recreation.

 Overall, people in all five nations allocate the largest portion of

their income for food and drinks and housing. It is also clear
that clothing is the smallest spending area in all of the
countries examined, except for Turkey.

2 ITEMS – NO CHANGE (làm full)

Sample 1

 The chart illustrates how many teenage boys and girls in

Vietnam engaged in different pastimes in 2010.

 Overall, while boys generally enjoyed outdoor activities the

most, girls tended to join indoor ones. It is also clear that
similarities can be seen in the figures for teenagers of both
sexes playing computer games or watching DVDs.

Body 1

Thằng nào to nhất chiến trước

About 27% of the boys in the survey said that they often played sports in
their free time, compared to only 12% of their female counterparts. Similarly,
the percentage of teenage boys going to the park was far higher than that of
girls, with respective figures being 25% and 12%. Dramatic differences were
also seen in the proportion of girls and boys doing art and craft, which was
25% and 4% in that order. As for reading books, around 18% of girls
enjoyed this activity, while only 10% of boys did so.

Body 2

The percentage of teenagers playing video games was the same for both
genders, with 15% of the total boys and girls in the survey having this leisure
pursuit. While 15% of boys also chose to watch DVDs in their leisure time, a
slightly higher percentage of girls (approximately 18%) did the same.
Intro + Overview

The charts illustrate why people migrated to and from the UK in 2007.

Overall, the percentage of people moving in or out of the UK to undertake a

permanent job was highest in both charts. In addition, the figure for those
who came to the UK to pursue a formal education was also significant, but
this is the least stated factor among emigrants.

Body 1

The proportion of people who went to the UK to assume a permanent

position in companies based in this country is similar to that of those who
left the country for the same reason, with respective figures being 30%
and 29%. Similarities can also be seen in the percentage of people
whose reason for migration is to accompany their relatives, which is 15% for
immigration and 13% for emigration.

Body 2

Regarding categories with pronounced differences, while 26% of the

immigrants said that they entered the UK for academic pursuits, this is only
the case for a mere 4% of emigrants. Meanwhile, 22% of the people who
moved out of the UK said that they did so in order to find work, compared to
only 12% of immigrants. Finally, the percentage of people who gave other
reasons or no reason for immigration was 32%, which was almost double
that of their emigrant counterparts.

LESSON 4 – NO CHANGE – A LOT OF INFORMATION (CHIA THEO CATEGORy)

Intro + Overview

The chart illustrates how much money five organizations spent on four
different spending areas in 2010.

Overall, organization B invested by far the most resources in all categories,

with the key spending area being renting offices. This was also the case for
organization D and E. In addition, while organization A invested the most in
staff training programs, this area received the least money in organization C.

(Overall, X spent by far the most money/resources, with the largest

proportion allocated to Y.)

(While X allocated the most money to Y, this category received the least
funding in Z.)

Body

Regarding organization B, its spending on building was 1.7 billion Euros in

2010, compared to around 0.5 billion in the remaining four organizations.
Similarly, 1.6 billion Euros was invested in research in organization B,
doubling that of organization A. The figures for organization C, D, and E were
lower, at about 0.7, 0.3, and 0.35 respectively.
Staff training cost the most in organization A (nó to nhất ở A nên
report trcs ko report B trước), at 1 billion Euros, which was still 0.5 billion
smaller than that of organization B. The figures for the remaining three
organizations were around 0.4 billion. Organization B spent 1.3 billion on
machinery, followed by organization A (0.8 billion), and organization C (0.7
billion), while both organization D and E used only 0.4 billion for this area.

 PHẢI TÌM CÁCH GOM LẠI, GẦN GẦN GIỐNG ĐỂ KO TỐN TGIAN

Intro + Overview.

The chart compares five countries in Europe in terms of the percentage of

people’s monthly income allocation for food and beverages, accommodation,
clothing and recreation.

Overall, people in all five nations allocate the largest portion of their income
for food and drinks and housing. It is also clear that clothing is the smallest
spending area in all of the countries examined, except for Turkey.
Body 1.

The percentage of money used for food and drink in Turkey is highest,
accounting for 36% of residents’ income, and the figures for Spain and the
UK are lower, at 31% and 27% respectively. In addition, people in Germany
and France allocated around 25% their monthly earnings for this spending
area. By contrast, 37% of people’s income is expended on accommodation in
the UK, compared to 33% in Germany and 31% in France. Meanwhile, the
figures for Turkey and Spain are about 20%.

Body 2.

Clothing accounts for 15% of how much people earn monthly in Germany,
doubling that of France and Spain. Meanwhile, the spending on clothing in
the UK and Turkey is similar, with respective figures being 11% and 12%.
Finally, 19% of German households’ income goes into entertainment, in
comparison with 15% in Spain and 13% in France.

The expenditure on recreational activities in the UK and Turkey is almost the

same, at around 10%.

(220 words)

MIXED CHAT
Mixed charts

Solution:

One introductory paragraph ( it includes 2 intros)

1 overview (2-3 sentences, one for each chart)

2 bodies (one for each)

Introduction:

The line graph illustrates the number of UK residents going abroad from the
UK and overseas residents visiting the UK between 1979 and 1999.
The bar chart gives information about how many UK residents travelled to
five of the most popular countries in 1999.

Overview

Overall, there was an increase in the number of visits to and from the UK and
there were more visits abroad by UK residents than to the UK by overseas
residents over the period given. In addition, the most popular country to visit
by UK residents was France in 1999

Body 1 for line graph:

The number of UK residents visiting overseas began at just under 15 million,

after which it rose significantly to reach over 50 million in 1999. Similar
changes, but to a lesser extent, can be seen in the figures for overseas
residents visiting the UK, which had climbed steadily from 10 million in 1979
to just under 30 million by the final year.

Body 2 for bar chart

In 1999, France was visited by over 10 million UK residents (cứ to nhất

trước), followed by Spain at approximately 9 million. The figures for the USA
and Greece were lower, at about 4 million and 3 million visitors respectively.
The least popular country visited was Turkey, which had only about 2 million
UK residents going there.

KẾT THÚC PHẦN DATA CHART

VIDEO 16 MAP

Maps

• Intro: paraphrase

• Overview – (2-3 most significant changes)

• Body 1: West-Center

• Body 2: Center-East

• Remember to link features together

Necessary language

 To be added: was constructed/ built/ erected

 To be removed: demolished/ was knocked down (to make way for...)

 To be changed into sth: was converted into/ was turned into/ was
transformed into/ replaced by

 Stayed the same: remained/ no changes were made to

 Rebuilt: to be moved to/ to be reconstructed on to the ... of/ (old)

redeveloped as a (new-bigger/more modern)/ to be modernized/to be
renovated

 Land: bare/ vacant/ open space

Necessary language

 Roads, railway: extended/ widened/ reopened/ joined / branch off -

deviate
  Trees/ forest: cut down/ chopped down/ cleared to make way for/
planted/ ...was built at the expense of the green area.

 Amenities (swimming pool/ shopping malls: established/ developed

Important structures

· • The most important of which

• And

• While

• The ... also saw a number of changes, with A being turned into B,
and C being converted into D

• , which was accompanied by...

• ... was constructed... , replacing ...

• There used to be a ..., but it was then redeveloped into...(removed

to make way for.....)
1 – The diagrams
The pictures/maps

2 – show
illustrate / describe

3 – how the town of Harborne changes from 1936 to 2007

the changes that took place between 1936 and 2007 in a town called
Harborne

Overview:
1: Overall, the town underwent a number of dramatic changes, the most
important of which are the development of a large residential area and more
shops. (2 or 3 most noticeable changes)

Overall, the town underwent a number of dramatic changes, the most

important of which is/ are the development of.../ expansion of.../
disappearance of.../ rearrangement of/

The expansion of a housing area catering for the increase in the population
of the town/ the construction of 2 sports fields catering for recreational
needs/ addition of 2 classroom areas catering for the increase in student
numbers/ expansion of the hospital catering for the increase in healthcare
needs.

Body 1:

West side → Center.

In the north-west, most of the trees were cut down, and in the south-west the
bicycle track was converted into a roadway. In the center of the city, the post
office, bank and library remained, while in the northern section, the candy
store and butchers shop were converted into a supermarket. A shopping
center was constructed in the center of the downtown, replacing most of the
open space there. There used to be a flower shop in the southern part, but it
was then redeveloped into a travel agent.

East side

In the north-east of the downtown area, the river was turned into a lake,
which was accompanied by a large residential area being built on its shore.
Meanwhile, the south-east of the town also witnessed significant changes,
with the government offices being transformed into a museum and the
farmland becoming a golf course.
The two maps illustrate changes that have taken place in an area from 1995
to the present.

→ The diagrams show how a seaside town has changed since 1995.

→ Overall, the town has undergone a number of dramatic changes, the most
important of which are the expansion of housing areas, the disappearance of
the green area and the development of amenities catering for recreational
needs.

The north-west of the town saw a number of changes, with the expansion of
the accommodation area, and the replacement of a sports center by a
restaurant complex. The hotel in the middle of the map was upgraded into a
two-storey building, while the public park was replaced by holiday homes
and a car park. A tennis court and a golf course were built, replacing the
farmland in the north-eastern part of the area.

There used to be a fish market in the south-east of the town, but it has been
redeveloped into an apartment complex, which was accompanied by the
demolition of the pier where morning fish boats used to dock. To the east of
the new apartment area, the coffee shop was moved eastwards, and a small
road running parallel with the main road was constructed to allow access to
this shop. Finally, the southern beach is open for tourists and locals alike to
relax, with the availability of yachts.

VIDEO 17 -18 PROCESS

Process:
• Intro: paraphrase
• Overview
• Body 1: Group steps together
• Body 2: ...

Important structures

• Nhớ dùng các cấu trúc như sau để tránh viết toàn câu đơn.
• Before V-ing / S+V, S +V.
• After..., S +V
• ..., which is followed by...
• Once S+V, S+V (một khi cái gì đó đã bị làm sao, cái gì đó sẽ tiếp tục)
• ..., after which...
• ..., and then...
• ..., at which point...
• Advanced: in order to/ so that/ to ensure that
• Nhớ dùng câu bị động!

Từ nối

 At the beginning of the process, S +V, after which...

 Next, ...

 Then ...

 Subsequently ...

 Body 2: The process continues with ...

 Finally/ At the final stage of the process...

Intro: Paraphrase

The diagram shows how fruit is canned.

The picture (diagram) describes (shows) the process of + V-ing = how to +

V… / how S +V

Overview
Overall, the process comprises a number of steps, beginning with... and
ending with...

→ Overall, the process comprises a number of steps, beginning with the hand
picking of fruit and ending with the final products being transported to
supermarkets or customers.

Body 1: handpicking → coring/slicing

At the beginning of the process, fruits are picked by hand, after which they
are transported by trucks to a factory where they are washed. Subsequently,
the fruits are checked to ensure that they are qualified for production.
After the fruits are stored in low temperatures, they are weighed carefully
and divided into different groups according to their quality. Once they have
been categorized, the fruits are peeled, cored and sliced into smaller
chunks.

Body 2: Canning → delivery

The process continues with the chopped fruits being packed/put into tin cans.
The cans are then sealed tight with a lid before being cooked and sterilized
under high heat in order to eliminate unwanted bacteria so that the
food inside can be kept edible for a longer period. A label is then
attached to each can, which is followed by the cans being put in storage.
Finally, the finished products are shipped to retailers and wholesalers
for sale.

Những phần màu xanh lá là tự suy luận từ nội dung, có để điểm cao

1 số từ được cung cấp trong diagram nhưng người viết dùg từ khác

 ĐÚNG VOCAB THÌ QUAN TRỌNG HƠN ĐA DẠNG VOCAB

Lesson 21 - Check lists Task 1

• - Intro đã paraphrase chua?

• - Overview đã clear chua?
• - Có nhóm thông tin ok không?
• - Có dùng cấu trúc nào risky không?
• - Có từ vựng nào risky không?
• - Có lỗi spelling or ngữ pháp nào k?

Intro + overview

• The picture shows how carbonated beverages are produced.

• Overall, the process comprises a number of stages, starting with cleaning

raw water, through different mixing stages, and ending with the finished
products being distributed to supermarkets.

Body 1

• At the beginning of the process, raw water stored in large warehouses is

pumped through a pipe into a room to be filtered, after which water softener
and some chemicals are added in order to purify the water.
Subsequently, it is pumped into a large chamber to be heated by means of
electric heaters. Once the water vaporizes, the steam has to go through a
long pipe in order for it to condense before entering a large tank where an
influx of carbon dioxide constantly flows into the tank under high pressure
from another pipe to make carbonated water.

• The process continues with the carbonated water being directed to a

mixing tank, at which point syrup and substances creating colors and flavors
are added according to the desired types of drinks. After this mixture is
filtered to ensure that it is safe for consumption, it is pumped into plastic
bottles or aluminum cans. Finally, those bottles and cans are then packaged
in large cardboard boxes, which are then shipped to supermarkets by trucks.

Viết được những từ đề bài không cho và dùng các cụm chỉ mục đích (tất
nhiên phải đoán đúng, dễ)

VIDEO 18 – NATURAL PROCESS (HAY DÙNG ACTIVE VOICE HƠN)

Intro + overview

• The diagram shows the reproduction process of frogs.

• Overall, there are various stages in the life of a common frog, from mature
frogs mating to produce frog spawn, to the growth of the immature form,
known as tadpoles, to mature frogs developing some time later.

Body 1
• At the beginning of the process, the mating of two adult frogs takes place
on the bank of a river or pond, after which frogspawn or eggs are laid in the
water by the female. This is followed by the frogspawn developing into tiny
tadpoles, at which point they gradually develop their limbs, and organs and
change their body shape while living in the water.

Body 2

• The process continues with the tadpoles growing into young frogs, which
still display the tail section the tadpole. However, the tail is shorter than that
of a tadpole. These young frogs continue to inhabit in the water before they
develop into mature ones and are able to live outside the water. It is
important to note that they lose their tails at this stage. Finally, the cycle
begins again when two fully-grown frogs, which are capable of reproducing,
mate.

Càng tả kỹ các thay đổi điểm càng cao (cần vocab)

CÒN LẠI LÀ DẠNG LẠ