Module 2
Q1. State the First law of thermodynamics and prove that for a non-flow process
, it leads to the energy equation
Q=∆ U +W
Q2. Define internal energy of a system and show that internal energy is a
property of the system.
Q3. State the first law of thermodynamics applied to
(i) A cycle
(ii) A process
Q4. Explain the first law of thermodynamics when it is applied to closed system
undergoing change of state.
Q5. Derive an expression for heat transfer in a polytropic process.
Q6. Derive the expression for steady flow energy equation.
Q7. Make an energy analysis of the
(i) Nozzle
(ii) Throttling device
(iii) Turbine and Compressor
Q8. Fos isothermal flow and non-flow steady processes, Prove that
2 2
∫ Pdv=−∫ Vdp
1 1
Also state the assumptions made.
1
Numerical
Q1. A piston cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a
complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is
170 kJ. The system completes 100 cycles per min. Complete the following table
showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in
kW.
Process δQ (KJ /min) δW (KJ /min) ∆ E (KJ /min)
a-b 0 2170 ---------
b-c 21000 0 -----------
c-d -2100 -------------- -36000
d-a ----------- ------------- ------------
Answer:
Process δQ (KJ /min) δW (KJ /min) ∆ E ( KJ /min)
a-b 0 2170 -2170
b-c 21000 0 21000
c-d -2100 34500 -36000
d-a -35900 -53670 17770
Q2. In a cyclic process, heat transfers are +14.7 KJ, -25.2KJ, -3.56 KJ and +
31.5 KJ. What is the net work done for this cyclic process? [Answer: 17.44 KJ]
Q3. A gas of mass 1.5 kg undergoes a quasi-static expansion which follows a
relationship p = a + bV, where a and b are constants.
The initial and final pressures are 1000 kPa and 200 kPa respectively and the
corresponding volumes are 0.20 m3 and 1.2 m3. The specific internal energy of
the gas is given by the relation
u=1.5 pv−85 kJ /kg
2
where p is in kPa and v is in m 3/kg. Calculate the net heat transfer and the
maximum internal energy of the gas attained during expansion.
Q4. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following
processes:
(i) Process 1- 2: Constant pressure= 1.4 bar. V1= 0.028 m3,W12 = 10.5 kJ.
(ii) Process 2- 3: Compression with PV= constant, U3 = U2
(iii) Process 3- 1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = - 26.4 KJ. There are no
significance changes in K.E. and P.E.
(a) Sketch the cycle on P-V diagram.
(b) Calculate the net work for the cycle in kJ.
(c) Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2
(d) Show that
∑ Q= ∑ W
Cycle Cycle
Q5. Show that the enthalpy of a fluid before throttling is equal to that after
throttling [hi=he]
Q6. Dry saturated steam at 5 bar enters an adiabatic nozzle at a velocity of 2m/s
and leaves as dry saturated steam at 2 bar. calculate the exit velocity of the
steam.
[Vexit=287 m/s]
Q7. When wet steam at 10 bar is throttled to 1 bar, the temperature of the exit
steam is 110°C. Determine the quality of wet steam. [x =
0.96]
Q8. Air enters a well insulated compressor operating at steady state at 1 bar and
300K , and exits at 6 bar and 440k. If the flow rate of air through the
compressor is 3 kg/s, Calculate the Power Consumption of the Compressor
(CP,air=1.0047 KJ/Kg) [421.97 KW]
Q9. In a steam power plant, saturated liquid water at 10 kPa enters a feed pump
at the rate of 1 kg/s. The feed pump delivers the water to the boiler at a pressure
of 3 MPa. Assuming that the pump is adiabatic, estimate the power input to the
pump. [3.02 KW]
3
Q10. A turbine in a steam power plant operating under steady state conditions
receives one kg/s of superheated steam at 3MPa and 350°C with a velocity of
50m/s at an elevation of 3m above the ground level. The steam leaves the
turbine at 10kPa with a quality of 0.95 at an elevation of 5m above the ground
level. The exit velocity of the steam is 120m/s. The energy losses as heat from
the turbine are estimated at 5kJ/s. Estimate the power output of the turbine.
[637.73 KW]
Q11. A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing
stream. At the inlet to a certain nozzle, the enthalpy of the fluid passing is 3000
kJ/kg and the velocity is 60 m/s. At the discharge end, the enthalpy is 2762
kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it.
(a) Find the velocity at exist from the nozzle. [69.5 m/s]
(b) If the inlet area is 0.1 m² and the specific volume at inlet is 0.187 m³/kg, find
the mass flow rate. [32.08 kg/s]
(c) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.498 m³/kg, find the exit area of
the nozzle. [0.023 m3]
Q12. 1.5 kg of air at pressure 6 bar occupies a volume of 0.2 m³. If this air is
expanded to a volume of 1.1 m³, find the work done and heat absorbed or
rejected by the air for each of the following methods of trying one of the
processes where =1.4
i) Isothermally [204.57 KJ]
ii) Adiabatically [148.2 KJ]