DATA ANALYSIS

with PYTHON & SQL

पायथन और SQL के साथ डेटा विश्लेषण

COMPLETE BILINGUAL REVISION NOTES + 100 MCQ EXAM PRACTICE

SET
संपूर्ण द्विभाषी नोट्स + 100 बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न अभ्यास सेट

Based on NCVET-Approved Qualification File

NG-05-IT-01425-2023-V1-NIELIT | NCrF/NSQF Level 5
Submitted by NIELIT (National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology)
Exam Pattern: 100 MCQs • Duration: 90 Minutes • Theory-based Online Assessment

English + हिंदी / Hindi

Table of Contents / विषय-सूची
Part A – Revision Notes (English + Hindi)

1. Introduction to Python 3

2. Functions in Python 4

3. Classes, Objects and NumPy 5

4. Pandas & DataFrame Basics 6

5. Data Modelling Concepts 7

6. DBMS & RDBMS 8

7. SQL Queries 9

8. NoSQL Databases 10

Part B – 100 MCQ Practice Bank (with Answer Key) 11

Topic-wise distribution & exam pattern 11

Q1 – Q100 with bilingual translation 12+

Answer Key (quick reference table) last page

How to use this booklet / इसे कैसे उपयोग करें:

Read each topic's notes once in English, then revise the Hindi summary below every point for quick recall.
Attempt the 100 MCQs in Part B like a mock test (aim for 90 minutes), then check the Answer Key at the
end.
प्रत्येक विषय को पहले अंग्रेज़ी में पढ़ें, फ़िर हर बिंदु के नीचे दिए गए हिंदी सारांश से तेज़ी से दोहराएं। भाग B के 100 MCQ को मॉक टेस्ट
की तरह हल करें (90 मिनट का लक्ष्य रखें), फ़िर अंत में दी गई आंसर की ज़ांच करें।
1. Introduction to Python / पायथन का परिचय
1. Python is a high-level, interpreted, general-purpose programming language known for simple, readable
syntax.
- , , -
।

2. Environment setup involves installing Python interpreter and an IDE (e.g., VS Code, PyCharm, Jupyter
Notebook).
IDE ( VS Code, PyCharm, Jupyter
Notebook) ।

3. Variables are created by assignment (x = 10); Python is dynamically typed, so type is decided at runtime.
(x = 10);
, - ।

4. Basic data types: int, float, complex, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict.
: int, float, complex, str, bool, list, tuple, set, dict।

5. Operators: Arithmetic (+ - * / // % **), Comparison (== != > < >= <=), Logical (and or not), Assignment (=
+= -=), Membership (in, not in), Identity (is, is not).
: (+ - * / // % **), (== != > < >= <=), (and or not),
(= += -=), (in, not in), (is, is not)।

6. Data structures: List (ordered, mutable, []), Tuple (ordered, immutable, ()), Set (unordered, unique
elements, {}), Dictionary (key-value pairs, {key: value}).
: (ordered, mutable, []), (ordered, immutable, ()), (unordered,
unique elements, {}), (key-value pairs, {key: value})।

7. Control flow statements: if / elif / else for decisions; for and while loops for repetition; break, continue, pass
for loop control.
: if / elif / else; for
while ; break, continue, pass।

8. Indentation (whitespace) defines code blocks in Python instead of curly braces {}.
{}
( ) ।
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2. Functions in Python / फंक्शन्स

1. A function is a reusable block of code defined using the 'def' keyword that performs a specific task.
: 'def'
।

2. Built-in functions (print(), len(), range(), type(), input()) are readily available; user-defined functions are
created by the programmer.
- (print(), len(), range(), type(), input()) ;
- ।

3. Function arguments can be positional, keyword, default-valued, or variable-length (*args, **kwargs).

positional, keyword, default-value , variable-length (*args,
**kwargs) ।

4. The 'return' statement sends a value back to the caller; a function without return gives None.
'return' ; return
None ।

5. Lambda functions are small, anonymous, single-expression functions defined with the 'lambda' keyword,
useful for short operations passed to other functions (e.g., map, filter, sorted).
, (anonymous), -
'lambda' , map, filter, sorted
।

6. Python 'datetime' module handles dates and times; strftime()/strptime() convert between string and
datetime formats.
'datetime' ; strftime()/strptime()
datetime ।

7. Timezone handling uses modules like pytz or zoneinfo; timedelta is used for date/time arithmetic
(adding/subtracting durations).
pytz zoneinfo ;
timedelta / ( / )
।

8. Modules are single .py files; packages are folders of related modules with an __init__.py file, imported
using 'import' or 'from ... import ...'.
.py ;
__init__.py , 'import' 'from ... import ...'
।

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3. Classes, Objects and NumPy / क्लासेस, ऑब्जेक्ट्स और NumPy

1. A class is a blueprint for creating objects; it bundles data (attributes) and behavior (methods) together
(OOP concept).
(blueprint) ; (attributes)
(methods) (OOP )।

2. An object is an instance of a class, created by calling the class name like a function; __init__() is the
constructor method.
,
; __init__() ।

3. Key OOP pillars: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.

OOP : , , ,
।

4. NumPy is a Python library for fast numerical computation using n-dimensional arrays (ndarray).
NumPy n- (ndarray)
।

5. NumPy arrays are created using [Link](), [Link](), [Link](), [Link](), [Link]().
NumPy [Link](), [Link](), [Link](), [Link](), [Link]()
।

6. Indexing and slicing access specific elements/sub-arrays (arr[0], arr[1:3], arr[:, 0] for 2D arrays).
/ -
(arr[0], arr[1:3], 2D arr[:, 0])।

7. Array operations (add, multiply, broadcasting) work element-wise and are much faster than plain Python
loops.
( , , ) -
।

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4. Pandas & DataFrame Basics / Pandas और DataFrame

1. Pandas is a Python library for data manipulation and analysis, built on top of NumPy; core objects are
Series (1D) and DataFrame (2D).
Pandas ,
NumPy ; Series (1D) DataFrame (2D) ।

2. DataFrames can be created from dictionaries, lists, NumPy arrays, or by reading files (pd.read_csv(),
pd.read_excel()).
DataFrame dictionaries, lists, NumPy arrays , (pd.read_csv(), pd.read_excel())
।

3. [Link](), [Link](), [Link](), [Link]() give a quick overview of data structure and statistics.
[Link](), [Link](), [Link](), [Link]()
।

4. Indexing/slicing uses loc[] (label-based) and iloc[] (position-based) to select rows and columns.
/ loc[] ( - ) iloc[] ( - )
।

5. df.to_csv() writes data to CSV, while pd.read_csv() reads data efficiently while preserving structure.
df.to_csv() CSV , pd.read_csv()
।

6. GroupBy() groups rows sharing common values and applies aggregate functions (sum, mean, count) to
analyze data based on specific criteria.
GroupBy()
(sum, mean, count)
।

7. [Link]() and merge() combine data from multiple DataFrames based on common attributes/keys
while preserving data integrity and structure.
[Link]() merge() /keys DataFrames
।

8. Handling missing data: isnull(), dropna(), fillna() detect and manage missing/NaN values.
: isnull(), dropna(), fillna() /NaN
।

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5. Data Modelling Concepts / डेटा मॉडलिंग संकल्पनाएँ

1. Data modelling is the process of creating a visual/structural representation of data and its relationships to
support analysis and decisions.
/

2. Good data modelling adheres to principles of clarity, consistency, accuracy, completeness, and
reusability.
, (consistency), , :
।

3. Data modelling improves data quality, understanding, accessibility and supports better decision-making.
, ,
।

4. Common types: Conceptual model (high-level entities), Logical model (attributes & relationships), Physical
model (actual database implementation).
: ( - ),
(attributes ), ( )।

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6. DBMS & RDBMS / DBMS और RDBMS

1. A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that stores, organizes, retrieves and secures data
efficiently.
(DBMS)
, , ।

2. RDBMS (Relational DBMS) stores data in tables (relations) made of rows and columns, e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server.
RDBMS ( DBMS) (relations)
, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQL Server।

3. RDBMS ensures data integrity through primary keys (unique row identifiers) and foreign keys (linking
related tables).
RDBMS (unique row identifiers) (
) ।

4. ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) guarantee reliable transaction processing.
ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability)
।

5. Normalization organizes tables to reduce redundancy and improve data segregation and integrity (1NF,
2NF, 3NF).

(1NF, 2NF, 3NF)।

6. RDBMS provides efficient data access, query processing, and transaction management capabilities.
RDBMS ,
।

7. Joins (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL) combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column,
minimizing redundancy.
(INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL)
, ।

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7. SQL Queries / SQL क्वेरीज़

1. SQL (Structured Query Language) is used to create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) data in relational
databases.
SQL (Structured Query Language) , ,
(CRUD) ।

2. SELECT retrieves data; WHERE filters rows; ORDER BY sorts results; GROUP BY groups rows for
aggregation; HAVING filters groups.
SELECT ; WHERE ; ORDER BY
; GROUP BY
; HAVING ।

3. Aggregate functions: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX() summarize data across rows.
: COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), MAX()
।

4. DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP) defines schema; DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) manipulates data;
DCL (GRANT, REVOKE) controls access.
DDL (CREATE, ALTER, DROP) ; DML (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
; DCL (GRANT, REVOKE) ।

5. JOIN clause combines columns from multiple tables using a related key; subqueries (nested SELECT)
filter or compute values used by an outer query.
JOIN
; ( SELECT)
।

6. Constraints (PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK) enforce data validity and
relationships.
(PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK)
।

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8. NoSQL Databases / NoSQL डेटाबेस

1. NoSQL ('Not Only SQL') databases store data in flexible, non-tabular formats such as documents,
key-value pairs, graphs, or wide columns.
NoSQL ('Not Only SQL') , -
documents, key-value pairs, graphs, wide columns।

2. NoSQL databases efficiently store and retrieve data with high scalability and availability, providing
flexibility in data modelling.
NoSQL
,
।

3. Common types: Document stores (MongoDB), Key-Value stores (Redis), Column-family stores
(Cassandra), Graph databases (Neo4j).
: (MongoDB), - (Redis),
- (Cassandra), (Neo4j)।

4. High availability, replication, and consistency in NoSQL ensure data integrity and reliability for
mission-critical applications.
NoSQL , (replication) (consistency)
-
।

5. NoSQL databases generally follow the CAP theorem (Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance — pick
any two) rather than strict ACID compliance.
NoSQL ACID CAP (Consistency,
Availability, Partition tolerance — ) ।

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100 MCQ Practice Bank / 100 बहुविकल्पीय प्रश्न अभ्यास सेट

Total Questions / कुल प्रश्न 100 (MCQ)

Duration / समय 90 Minutes

Mode / प्रकार Centralized Online Exam (Remote Proctored)

Marks Distribution / अंक वितरण Theory Marks only — Total 100 Marks

Topic / विषय No. of Questions

Python Basics 15

Functions 13

OOP & Classes 12

Pandas & DataFrame 15

Data Modelling 7

DBMS & RDBMS 13

SQL Queries 15

NoSQL 10

TOTAL 100

Tip / : Attempt easy topics first, mark tough questions for review, and manage roughly 54 seconds per question
within the 90-minute limit.

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Q1. Python Basics

Which of the following is the correct file extension for Python files?
?
A. .pt B. .py
C. .pyt D. .pyth

Q2. Python Basics

Python is best described as a:

?
A. Compiled language B. Low-level language
C. High-level, interpreted language D. Markup language

Q3. Python Basics

Which keyword is used to define a variable's type check dynamically in Python?

, ?
A. Type is fixed at compile time B. Type is decided at runtime
C. Type must be declared explicitly D. Type cannot change

Q4. Python Basics

Which of these is an immutable data type in Python?

( ) ?
A. List B. Dictionary
C. Tuple D. Set

Q5. Python Basics

Which symbol is used for single-line comments in Python?

- ?
A. // B. #
C. /* */ D. --

Q6. Python Basics

Which operator is used for floor division in Python?

?
A. / B. //
C. % D. **

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Q7. Python Basics

What does the 'in' operator check in Python?

'in' ?
A. Data type B. Membership in a sequence
C. Identity of object D. Arithmetic result

Q8. Python Basics

Which data structure allows duplicate values but no ordering guarantee change (unordered,
unique elements)?
(unique)
(unordered) ?
A. List B. Tuple
C. Set D. Dictionary

Q9. Python Basics

Which loop is best suited when the number of iterations is known in advance?
,
?
A. while loop B. for loop
C. do-while loop D. infinite loop

Q10. Python Basics

Which statement skips the current iteration and continues with the next one in a loop?

?
A. break B. pass
C. continue D. return

Q11. Python Basics

In Python, code blocks are defined using:

?
A. Curly braces {} B. Indentation
C. Semicolons D. Parentheses ()

Q12. Python Basics

Which of the following creates an empty dictionary?

?
A. [] B. ()
C. {} D. <>

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Q13. Python Basics

Which data type would you use to store True/False values?

True/False ?
A. int B. bool
C. str D. float

Q14. Python Basics

Which of these correctly converts a string '25' into an integer?

'25' ?
A. str(25) B. int('25')
C. float('25') D. bool('25')

Q15. Python Basics

What is the output data type of the expression 5 / 2 in Python 3?

3 5/2 ?
A. int B. float
C. complex D. str

Q16. Functions

Which keyword is used to define a function in Python?

?
A. func B. def
C. function D. lambda

Q17. Functions

What does a function return if it has no explicit 'return' statement?

'return' , ?
A. 0 B. Empty string
C. None D. Error

Q18. Functions

Which keyword creates an anonymous, single-expression function?

(anonymous), - ?
A. def B. lambda
C. func D. anon

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Q19. Functions

In function definitions, *args is used to accept:

*args ?
A. A fixed number of keyword arguments B. A variable number of positional arguments
C. Only default arguments D. Only one argument

Q20. Functions

**kwargs in a function allows passing:

**kwargs ?
A. Variable number of keyword arguments B. Only positional arguments
C. A single tuple D. Only strings

Q21. Functions

Which module in Python is primarily used for date and time handling?

?
A. time_utils B. datetime
C. calendar_lib D. dates

Q22. Functions

Which function converts a datetime object into a formatted string?

datetime ?
A. strptime() B. strftime()
C. format_date() D. to_string()

Q23. Functions

Which class/object is used to represent a duration for date arithmetic in Python?

(duration)
?
A. duration B. timedelta
C. dateperiod D. timegap

Q24. Functions

A Python 'module' is best described as:

' ' ?
A. A folder of packages B. A single .py file containing code
C. A built-in keyword D. A type of loop

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Q25. Functions

A Python 'package' is a folder that must contain which special file (traditionally)?
' '
?
A. [Link] B. __init__.py
C. [Link] D. [Link]

Q26. Functions

Which statement correctly imports only the 'sqrt' function from the math module?
'sqrt'
?
A. import sqrt from math B. from math import sqrt
C. include [Link] D. using [Link]

Q27. Functions

Default arguments in a function are useful when:

?
A. A value should be mandatory B. A parameter needs a fallback value if not
provided
C. Only for lambda functions D. Only inside classes

Q28. Functions

Which of these is a valid lambda function that squares a number x?

x (square)
?
A. lambda x: x*x B. def x: x*x
C. lambda(x) = x*x D. function x: x*x

Q29. OOP & Classes

Which keyword is used to define a class in Python?

?
A. class B. struct
C. object D. define

Q30. OOP & Classes

What is the special method called that runs automatically when an object is created?
?
A. __start__ B. __init__
C. __new__ D. __create__

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Q31. OOP & Classes

What does 'self' refer to inside a class method?

'self' ?
A. The class itself B. The current instance of the class
C. A global variable D. The parent class

Q32. OOP & Classes

Which OOP principle allows a child class to acquire properties of a parent class?
OOP
?
A. Encapsulation B. Polymorphism
C. Inheritance D. Abstraction

Q33. OOP & Classes

Hiding internal data of an object and exposing only necessary parts is called:

?
A. Polymorphism B. Encapsulation
C. Inheritance D. Overloading

Q34. OOP & Classes

The ability of different classes to respond to the same method call in their own way is:
-
?
A. Polymorphism B. Abstraction
C. Encapsulation D. Inheritance

Q35. OOP & Classes

Which NumPy function creates an array filled with zeros?

NumPy (zero) ?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q36. OOP & Classes

Which NumPy function generates evenly spaced values within a given interval (using step size)?
NumPy (step size)
?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

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Q37. OOP & Classes

In a NumPy 2D array 'arr', which expression selects the first column of all rows?
NumPy 2D 'arr'
?
A. arr[0,:] B. arr[:,0]
C. arr[0][0] D. [Link](0)

Q38. OOP & Classes

What is the main advantage of NumPy arrays over plain Python lists for numerical work?
NumPy
?
A. Easier syntax only B. Faster, vectorized element-wise
operations
C. They can store any object type D. They are always smaller in size

Q39. OOP & Classes

Which NumPy function creates an array with a given range and step, similar to Python's range()?
NumPy ,
range() ?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q40. OOP & Classes

Broadcasting in NumPy refers to:

NumPy ?
A. Sending arrays over a network B. Automatically expanding arrays of
different shapes to perform operations
C. Copying an array's data D. Converting arrays to lists

Q41. Pandas & DataFrame

Which two are the core Pandas data structures?

(structures) ?
A. Array and Matrix B. Series and DataFrame
C. List and Tuple D. Table and Record

Q42. Pandas & DataFrame

Which function is used to read a CSV file into a Pandas DataFrame?

CSV Pandas DataFrame
?
A. pd.open_csv() B. pd.read_csv()
C. pd.load_csv() D. pd.import_csv()

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Q43. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method displays the first 'n' rows of a DataFrame?

DataFrame 'n' ?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q44. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method gives summary statistics (mean, std, min, max, etc.) of numeric columns?
(mean, std, min, max ) ?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q45. Pandas & DataFrame

Which indexer is label-based (used to select rows/columns by name)?

- ( / )?
A. iloc[] B. loc[]
C. at[] D. index[]

Q46. Pandas & DataFrame

Which indexer is position-based (used to select rows/columns by integer position)?

- ( /
)?
A. loc[] B. iloc[]
C. label[] D. key[]

Q47. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method writes a DataFrame to a CSV file?

DataFrame CSV ?
A. df.to_csv() B. df.write_csv()
C. df.export_csv() D. df.save_csv()

Q48. Pandas & DataFrame

Which function/method groups rows sharing a common value to apply aggregate functions?
/
?
A. df.sort_values() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

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Q49. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method combines two DataFrames based on common columns or indexes (similar to SQL
joins)?
DataFrames
(SQL )?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q50. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method checks for missing (NaN) values in a DataFrame?

DataFrame (NaN) ?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. df.notna_check()

Q51. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method removes rows containing missing values?

?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q52. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method fills missing values with a specified value?

?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q53. Pandas & DataFrame

Which method gives the data types and non-null counts of all columns in a DataFrame?
DataFrame non-null ?
A. [Link]() B. [Link]()
C. [Link]() D. [Link]()

Q54. Pandas & DataFrame

Which attribute returns the (rows, columns) dimensions of a DataFrame?

DataFrame ( , ) ?
A. [Link] B. [Link]
C. [Link] D. [Link]

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Q55. Pandas & DataFrame

Which Pandas structure is essentially a single labeled column of data?

Pandas (column) ?
A. DataFrame B. Series
C. Index D. Panel

Q56. Data Modelling

Data modelling is primarily the process of:

?
A. Deleting redundant data only B. Creating a structural representation of
data and relationships
C. Writing SQL queries only D. Formatting reports

Q57. Data Modelling

Which of these is NOT a principle of good data modelling?

?
A. Clarity B. Consistency
C. Redundancy maximization D. Accuracy

Q58. Data Modelling

Which type of data model represents high-level business entities without technical details?
-
?
A. Physical model B. Conceptual model
C. Logical model D. Index model

Q59. Data Modelling

Which type of data model includes attributes and relationships but not physical storage details?
attributes
?
A. Logical model B. Physical model
C. Conceptual model D. Index model

Q60. Data Modelling

Which type of data model describes the actual database implementation (tables, columns, data
types)?
( , ,
) ?
A. Conceptual model B. Logical model
C. Physical model D. Business model

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Q61. Data Modelling

Good data modelling primarily improves:

?
A. Data quality, understanding, and B. Only visual appearance of reports
decision-making
C. Internet speed D. Hardware performance

Q62. Data Modelling

'Reusability' in data modelling means:

' : (reusability)' :
A. The model can be discarded after one use B. The model/design can be applied across
multiple contexts
C. Data must be duplicated everywhere D. Only one table can be created

Q63. DBMS & RDBMS

DBMS stands for:

DBMS ?
A. Data Base Management System B. Data Backup Management Service
C. Digital Base Management Software D. Database Model Storage

Q64. DBMS & RDBMS

In RDBMS, data is organized into:

RDBMS ?
A. Documents B. Tables (rows and columns)
C. Graphs D. Key-value pairs only

Q65. DBMS & RDBMS

A Primary Key in a table is used to:

(Primary Key) ?
A. Uniquely identify each row B. Store duplicate data
C. Link two databases only D. Format the table

Q66. DBMS & RDBMS

A Foreign Key is used to:

(Foreign Key) ?
A. Encrypt data B. Establish a link between two related tables
C. Delete a table D. Sort rows

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Q67. DBMS & RDBMS

Which ACID property ensures a transaction is fully completed or not executed at all?
ACID
?
A. Consistency B. Atomicity
C. Isolation D. Durability

Q68. DBMS & RDBMS

Which ACID property ensures that once a transaction is committed, it remains so even after a
system failure?
ACID
?
A. Isolation B. Atomicity
C. Durability D. Consistency

Q69. DBMS & RDBMS

The process of organizing tables to reduce data redundancy is called:

?
A. Denormalization B. Normalization
C. Indexing D. Partitioning

Q70. DBMS & RDBMS

Which JOIN returns only the matching rows from both tables?
JOIN ?
A. LEFT JOIN B. RIGHT JOIN
C. INNER JOIN D. FULL OUTER JOIN

Q71. DBMS & RDBMS

Which JOIN returns all rows from the left table and matched rows from the right table?
JOIN
?
A. INNER JOIN B. LEFT JOIN
C. RIGHT JOIN D. CROSS JOIN

Q72. DBMS & RDBMS

Which of the following is an example of an RDBMS?

RDBMS ?
A. MongoDB B. Redis
C. MySQL D. Cassandra

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Q73. DBMS & RDBMS

A table in normal form 1NF must have:

1NF (First Normal Form) ?
A. Repeating groups allowed B. Atomic (indivisible) column values
C. Multiple primary keys D. No foreign keys

Q74. DBMS & RDBMS

Which SQL clause is used to filter grouped results (after GROUP BY)?
GROUP BY SQL
?
A. WHERE B. HAVING
C. FILTER D. ORDER BY

Q75. DBMS & RDBMS

Referential integrity in RDBMS is maintained mainly through:

RDBMS
?
A. Indexes B. Foreign key constraints
C. Views D. Triggers only

Q76. SQL Queries

Which SQL statement is used to retrieve data from a database?

SQL ?
A. GET B. SELECT
C. FETCH D. RETRIEVE

Q77. SQL Queries

Which clause filters rows before any grouping is applied?

?
A. HAVING B. GROUP BY
C. WHERE D. ORDER BY

Q78. SQL Queries

Which SQL keyword sorts the result set?

SQL (sort) ?
A. SORT BY B. ORDER BY
C. GROUP BY D. ARRANGE BY

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Q79. SQL Queries

Which aggregate function returns the total number of rows?

?
A. SUM() B. COUNT()
C. TOTAL() D. AVG()

Q80. SQL Queries

Which aggregate function calculates the average value of a numeric column?

?
A. AVG() B. MEAN()
C. SUM() D. MID()

Q81. SQL Queries

Which SQL command adds a new row of data into a table?

SQL ?
A. INSERT INTO B. ADD ROW
C. CREATE ROW D. APPEND

Q82. SQL Queries

Which SQL command modifies existing records in a table?

SQL ?
A. UPDATE B. MODIFY
C. CHANGE D. ALTER ROW

Q83. SQL Queries

Which SQL command permanently removes rows from a table based on a condition?
SQL
?
A. REMOVE B. DELETE
C. DROP D. TRUNCATE ROW

Q84. SQL Queries

Which category of SQL commands includes CREATE, ALTER and DROP?

SQL CREATE, ALTER DROP ?
A. DML B. DDL
C. DCL D. TCL

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Q85. SQL Queries

Which category of SQL commands includes INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE?

SQL INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ?
A. DDL B. DML
C. DCL D. TCL

Q86. SQL Queries

A query nested inside another SQL query is called a:

SQL ?
A. Join query B. Subquery
C. Trigger D. View

Q87. SQL Queries

Which constraint ensures a column cannot store duplicate values?

(constraint)
?
A. NOT NULL B. UNIQUE
C. CHECK D. DEFAULT

Q88. SQL Queries

Which constraint ensures a column cannot have an empty (NULL) value?

(NULL) ?
A. UNIQUE B. CHECK
C. NOT NULL D. DEFAULT

Q89. SQL Queries

Which SQL clause is used to combine rows from two tables based on a related column?
SQL
?
A. UNION B. JOIN
C. MERGE D. LINK

Q90. SQL Queries

Which SQL command is used to grant access privileges to a user?

SQL
?
A. ALLOW B. GRANT
C. GIVE D. PERMIT

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Q91. NoSQL

NoSQL databases are best suited for data that is:

NoSQL ?
A. Strictly tabular only B. Flexible / semi-structured or unstructured
C. Never changing D. Always small in size

Q92. NoSQL

Which of these is a document-oriented NoSQL database?

- NoSQL ?
A. MySQL B. MongoDB
C. PostgreSQL D. Oracle

Q93. NoSQL

Which of these is a key-value store type NoSQL database?

- NoSQL ?
A. Redis B. MySQL
C. SQL Server D. Oracle

Q94. NoSQL

Which of these is a graph-based NoSQL database?

- NoSQL ?
A. Cassandra B. Neo4j
C. MongoDB D. Redis

Q95. NoSQL

Which of these is a wide-column store NoSQL database?

- NoSQL ?
A. Cassandra B. Neo4j
C. Redis D. SQLite

Q96. NoSQL

NoSQL databases generally favor which trade-off compared to strict ACID compliance?
NoSQL ACID (trade-off)
?
A. CAP theorem trade-offs (e.g., eventual B. No trade-offs at all
consistency)
C. Strict single-server storage D. Manual replication only

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Q97. NoSQL

High availability and replication in NoSQL databases primarily support:

NoSQL (replication)
?
A. Data integrity and reliability for critical B. Slower query response
applications
C. Reduced scalability D. Manual backups only

Q98. NoSQL

Compared to RDBMS, NoSQL databases typically offer greater:

RDBMS , NoSQL ?
A. Rigid schema enforcement B. Horizontal scalability and flexibility
C. Guaranteed strict ACID transactions everywhere D. Fixed table structures

Q99. NoSQL

Which scenario is generally MORE suitable for a NoSQL database over an RDBMS?
RDBMS NoSQL
?
A. Rapidly changing, large-scale, B. Small, fixed, strictly relational data
semi-structured data
C. Simple single-user desktop app D. Data requiring strict multi-table joins only

Q100. NoSQL

The 'C' in the CAP theorem stands for:

CAP 'C' ?
A. Cloud B. Consistency
C. Cache D. Cluster

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Quick Answer Key / त्वरित उत्तर कुंजी

1-B 2-C 3-B 4-C 5-B 6-B 7-B 8-C 9-B 10-C

11-B 12-C 13-B 14-B 15-B 16-B 17-C 18-B 19-B 20-A

21-B 22-B 23-B 24-B 25-B 26-B 27-B 28-A 29-A 30-B

31-B 32-C 33-B 34-A 35-A 36-B 37-B 38-B 39-C 40-B

41-B 42-B 43-B 44-B 45-B 46-B 47-A 48-B 49-B 50-A

51-B 52-C 53-B 54-B 55-B 56-B 57-C 58-B 59-A 60-C

61-A 62-B 63-A 64-B 65-A 66-B 67-B 68-C 69-B 70-C

71-B 72-C 73-B 74-B 75-B 76-B 77-C 78-B 79-B 80-A

81-A 82-A 83-B 84-B 85-B 86-B 87-B 88-C 89-B 90-B

91-B 92-B 93-A 94-B 95-A 96-A 97-A 98-B 99-A 100-B

Format: [Question No.]-[Correct Option Letter] • :[ ]-[ ]

All the best for your exam! / आपकी परीक्षा के लिए शुभकामनाएं!

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