Ministry of Higher Education and Subject: Computer Application

Scientific Research Name of lecturer: Shahd Ali.

Al-Mustaqbal University College Stage : 1st
Air Conditioning and Refrigration Lecture No. 1-2
Department

___________________________________________________________________________________

Computer Applications
First stage

Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

1. Definitions )‫)تعريفات‬

- The computer :- is an electronic device that performs mathematical and logical operations -

on a set of data - and processes them and produces results in the form of (information) that
we benefit from in our lives.

-‫على مجموعة من البٌانات‬- ‫ وهو عبارة عن جهاز ألكرتونً ٌقوم بإجراء العملٌات الحسابٌة والمنطقٌة‬-: ‫ و ٌسمى أٌضا الحاسوب اآللي‬-
‫وٌقوم بمعاجلتها وإخراج نتائج على شكل معلومات نستفٌد منها فً حٌاتنا‬

- Another definition of the computer :- It is a digital electronic device that has the ability to
receive and process data And output the results in the form of information.

‫ هو جهاز الكرتونً رقمً له القدرة علً استقبال البٌانات ومعاجلتها وإخراج النتائج شكل معلومات‬-:‫ تعرٌف أخر للحاسوب‬-

- Data : Collecting them from a specific statistical population and entering them into the
computer for processing and outputting the processed results.

‫من الحقائق والمشاهدات ٌتم جمعها من مجتمع إحصائً معنً وإدخالها الى الحاسوب لمعاجلتها وإخراج‬- ‫ هً عبارة عن مجموعة‬:‫ البيانات‬-
0‫النتائج المعاجله‬

- Information: is a set of results that we get from the computer, after processing the data - as
the student's final result - helps in the decision-making process.

‫ هً عبارة عن مجموعة النتائج التً نحصل علٌها من الحاسوب بعد معاجلة البٌانات كنتٌجة الطالب النهائٌة وهً تساعد‬: ‫ المعلومات‬-
.‫فً عملٌة اتخاذ القرارات‬

- Processing: It is all the operations that take place on the data - from arranging, organizing,
searching and sending Save, delete, add, enter, exit, etc.

‫ هً جمٌع العملٌات التً تجرى على البٌانات من ترتٌب وتنظٌم وبحث وإرسال وحفظ و حذف وإضافة وإدخال وإخراج‬- : ‫ المعاجلة‬-
.‫وغٌرها‬

- Algorithm: is a set of steps and instructions arranged to carry out arithmetic, logical or other
operations in a sequential manner.

.‫ عبارة عن مجموعة من الخطوات والتعلٌمات المرتبه لتنفٌذ عملٌات حسابٌه او منطقٌه او غٌرها بشكل تتابعً متسلسل‬-:‫ الخوارزميه‬-

- Program - A set of sequential instructions that tells a computer what to do. The person who
writes the program is called a programmer.

.‫ٌسمى الشخص الذي ٌكتب البرنامج مبرمج‬، ‫ مجموعة من التعلٌمات المتسلسلة التً تخبر الحاسوب ماذا ٌفعل‬-:‫ البرنامج‬-

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

2. History of Computers (‫)تاريخ انحاسوب‬

The first attempts of man to invent a machine to carry out
his arithmetic operations, he invented the abacus (abacus),
which uses beads on wires. The abacus helped him in
performing some simple arithmetic operations, and that was
more than 2000 years before the birth, and in the year
1642AD, a French worker named (Pascal) invented it.
Pascal 1642
A French worker named (Joseph Kaquard)
invented a machine that uses punched cards in its
work. With the invention of this machine - the
emergence of the idea of computer programming,
and after him (Charles Babbadge) developed it,
you can receive orders through punched cards in
the middle Forties.
And around 1945A.D. (Newman) developed
computer work, as the computer became the internal storage of data and used the binary
system as a base for building the computer, as the binary system in the world D. One of the
currents of the electric current is similar to turning on and off, and this reminds us of the
definition of logical operations, that is, the computer is based in its work and its structure on
logic, and the binary system is considered the basis of the machine language, which is the
language that the computer understands. And advance it, so they worked on it. Developing
and updating it to suit the pace of life in which they live, and generations of computers began
to appear.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

3. Classification of computers(‫)تصنيف انحواسية‬

The most popular computer devices used in offices and houses is called the personal
computer (PC). There is many type of computer devices.

First:- By Purpose ( ‫)حسب الغرض من االستخدام‬:

1. Computer Purpose General (‫)حاسبات االغراض العامة‬

This type is used for general purposes, whether scientific, commercial or administrative,
including banking systems, expenses, salary accounts and budgets. It is also used in
solving mathematical equations and engineering designs. The uses of this type of
calculator because it does not have the full flexibility to use it anywhere.
2. Computer Purpose Special (‫)حاسبات االغراض الخاصة‬

This type of computer is used for one purpose only, which is designed to control
currencies, early warning devices, control spacecraft, medical devices, and others.

Second :- By Type Of Processed Data (‫)حسب نوع البيانات التي يعالجها‬

1. Analog Computer (‫)الحاسبات التناظرية‬

This type of computer deals with constantly changing data such as temperatures and
atmospheric pressure. This type is also used to solve scientific and engineering problems
and is used in designing models of aircraft, missiles and spacecraft.
2. Digital Computer (‫)الحاسبات الرقمية‬

This type of computer uses discrete information and variables represented by numbers.
It is suitable for commercial and scientific uses. It is one of the most flexible computers in
carrying out operations.
3. Hybrid Computer (‫)الحاسبات الهجينة‬

It is a mixture between the two types of digital and analog contains analog inputs and
outputs and the processing in it is digital. This type of computers combines the best
capabilities of both the previous types, as it takes the ability to store data and high
accuracy from digital computers, while it takes from analog computers the rapid reaction
to change Input and real time system.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

Third :- By Size and Performance (‫)حسب الحجم و االداء‬

1. Microcomputers (‫)الحاسبات الدقيقة‬
It is the smallest type of computer with administrative and scientific purposes and
depends on the microprocessor, it's called the personal computer (PC).

2. Minicomputers (‫)الحاسبات الصغيرة‬

Size of a filing cabinet, Used by small and medium size companies and institutions,
Operated by a computer specialist, It can be used for special purposes such as controlling
industrial processes, guiding vehicles, and alarms.
3. Main Computers (‫)الحاسبات الرئيسية‬
This type of computers has a high cost and has great capabilities and is used by most
large companies and can be used as mainframes within a small computer company.

4. Super Computers (‫)الحاسبات الفائقة‬

This type of computers is characterized by being large in size, with a very high cost, high
speed, and possesses superior computational capabilities. Examples of this type were
produced by (CDC) Company and used by the US Department of Defense in the field of
secret strategic weapons and complex accounts for the federal government.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

4. Computer generations (‫)اجيال انحواسية‬

First generation computers (from 1945 to 1951) : ‫انجيم االول‬

The first calculator of this generation (INICE) was produced, in this generation

 vacuum valves were used in the manufacture of computers of this generation. This
generation uses machine language. Dealing with the computer - and the computer's
need for a specialized person to deal with it, as well as computers.
 Very big size.
 Low speed
 storage capacity is small.

Second generation computers (from 1959 to 1964) ‫الجيل الثاني‬

 During this period, transistor technology was used.

 It is a small computer compared with first generation.
 Speed higher than first generation.
 storage capacity is small.
 Using languages with a more easy translation of the machine language by appearing,
and this is a new launch and an enormous addition to the science of computers , such
as the Fortran.

Third generation computers (from 1964 to 1970) ‫الجيل الثالث‬

 Integrated circuits (IC) have been used, It is a group of transistors placed on a silicon
wafer.
 An increase in memory capacity
 Smaller than the second generation computers .
 A noticeable increase in its speed, the speed became measured by the nano.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 The heat generated on the computers has become less -as well as the second
computers of the second computers. One of the most important things is this is also a
computers -the appearance of small computers 00000000 and the development of
operating systems

Fourth generation computers (from 1970 to 1995) ‫الجيل الرابع‬

 Advanced Integrated circuits (IC) have been used, as well as the semiconductor
technology has been used.
 The speed of the computers has become more than generations Previous, the
emergence of powerful (Pintume) processors with speeds exceeding 100 GHz.
 The most important prosecution of the appearance of personal and easy home
computers, the General purpose personal computers (PC) appeared.
 Large storage capacity after the advent of the so-called Random Access Memory
(RAM) and Read Only Memory(ROM).
 In the field of software, the operating system was developed, and system called
(windows) system appeared, and multiple versions were issued.

Fifth generation computers (from 1995 to now) ‫الجيل الخامس‬

 The appearance of the integrated circuit (IC) above is extremely large

 The development of storage media and the emergence of (CD-ROM) and (Flash
Memory ) and other media.
 The great revolution in the field of artificial intelligence and the emergence of the
Robot.
 The wide development in the field of networks and databases and the emergence of
the so-called Internet.

5. Computer uses (‫)استخدامات انحاسوب‬

1. Commercial and economic fields such as calculating budgets, profits and payments
Receipts and salaries...etc.
2. Financial Institutions and Banks - It is used in banking operations such as withdrawals
and deposits And calculating profits and checking account numbers...etc.
3. Scientific fields, research and experiments such as physics, chemistry, mathematics
and science Astronomy and the study of outer space.
4. Administrative, planning, project management and printing.
5. A civil aviation to book tickets and record flight information.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

6. Engineering and practical fields, such as designing buildings, bridges, facilities, and
control Industrial operations.
7. Medical fields, analysis, and EKG work.
8. Educational fields in (institutes - (universities, schools, teaching... etc.)
9. Military fields, strategic weapons, and guidance of intercontinental missiles and early
warning devices. 10- Lots of personal uses.

 computer jobs (‫)وظائف الحاسوب‬

1. Receive data (input)
2. Performing mathematical and logical operations (processing)
3. Store data and facilitate its retrieval (storage)
4. Sending and receiving data and information over local and international networks
(output)

5. The main components of a computer( ‫مكوناته‬

‫)انرئيسية‬
The computer consists of two main parts are the hardware and the software, and below
we will discuss the most important points in each part.

- Software: It is a set of programs and applications that enable the computer to perform
operations different.

- Components of solids: they are the tangible and tangible electronic and mechanical
parts.

First: Hard ware (‫)المكونات المادية‬:

It is a group of tangible parts in the device. It is composed of many components, most
of which are (internal), that is, they are placed inside the computer case (the system).
However, we are connected externally using (ports) that are located behind the system
case. These components are called peripheral devices.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

CPU diagram.

1. Input units ) ‫(وحدات اإلدخا‬

These devices are used to enter data and programs into the computer and transfer
them to the central processing unit to deal with them. Many of these devices have
appeared, some of which were used for a short period of time, and some are still used.
These devices, like the rest of the computer components, are still in continuous
development, and are among the most important input devices.
 Power buttons )‫(ازرار الطاقة‬:
It is considered one of the basic input units, and it is used to turn on the computer, and
this key is not used to turn off the computer.
 Key Board )‫(لوحة المفاتٌح‬
The keyboard is the most used means for entering data and programs into the
computer, and it also allows the user to control the computer system. The
keyboard is used to enter a letter, number, or symbol, and it is called the data
keys. There are other keys used to perform functions or carry out specific
instructions.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 Mouse (‫)الفأرة‬
The mouse cursor is a small device with a ball at the bottom and when you move it in
any direction on a flat surface (cursor) it will move in the same direction. Some
companies, the first of which was Microsoft, produced a smart mouse (Mouse Intelligent)
that uses light-tracking technology instead of the traditional mouse making the
movement of pointer the ball mouse is more flexible.

 Pointing Stick key (‫)مفتاح التأشٌر‬

Some portable computers, Notebooks, use this device, which resembles a pencil space,
which is usually located in the center of the keyboard, to
enable the user to move the cursor on the screen, by
moving and pressing the finger.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 Touch Pad (‫)لوحة التأشٌر‬

It is a small rectangular panel located at the bottom of the keyboard in notebook
computers, where the user can perform operations by moving the cursor on the screen by
moving his finger on this panel and pressing as well as.

 Joystick (‫)عصا التحكم‬

When using this device, the user holds the arm of the device with
one hand, and then moves this the cursor moves in the same
direction by pressing a stick button control at the right time and
the right place the operation is performed and use the joystick
usually with game programs that need fast and precise
movements.

 Touch Sensitive Screen (‫)الشاشة الحساسة للمس‬

The use of this type of screen has spread in automatic teller machines (ATMs), and it is
also used in kiosks called Kiosks, which are a computer unit encapsulated using
multimedia. These kiosks are now used in scientific centers and in booking movie tickets.

 Scanner (ً‫)الماسح الضوئ‬

The scanner device inserts images, documents, graphics into the computer. When
scanning text, it will be just an image and cannot be edited. To make the text editable, use
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. There are different types of scanners, the
most famous of which is the Scanner Flatbed, which scans one page or several pages in
one operation, similar to a photocopier.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 Reader Barcode (‫)قارئ الخطوط المتوازٌة‬

It is a type of scanner used to read codes of parallel lines on commodities and products in
shops and cooperative societies. It is an optoelectronic unit that reads the code by
reflecting light from the lines and the spaces between these lines.

 Digital Camera (‫)الكامٌرا الرقمٌة‬

A digital camera is similar to a regular camera but the captured images are stored on it
In-camera storage unit called Card Memory Flash instead of traditional film. And done
Entering those images from the camera's memory to the computer where they are stored
and processed. A digital camera can capture moving still pictures (video), and may
contain camera on microphone.
- There are small types of digital cameras, especially for the web, that can transmit an
image Mobile from one site to another through the Internet and is widely used for
conversation Videoconferences and distance education.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 Voice Input Systems (‫)وحدات ادخال الصوت‬

It is a device (such as a microphone) that is used to digitally input sounds into a computer
through a sound card. This is done using special programs for audio recording such as
Recorder Sound.

 Biometric Input Devices (‫(اجهزة التعرف على االشخاص‬

It is an input device connected to a main computer that enables people to be identified by
fingerprint, palm, face, eye, voice or signature. These devices are usually used for security
purposes, such as entering halls and centers with complete confidentiality.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) )‫(وحدة المعالجة المركزية‬

The processor is the most important component inside a computer. The processor
consists of a chip of silicon encapsulated and installed on the motherboard via an
installation socket to receive and process data and then send the results for output or
storage.
The CPU consists of:
 Control Unit (CU) (‫ )وحدة التحكم‬:- it controls the following operations:
A. Entering data from the input units and secondary storage units into the main
memory.
B. Data transmission between the main memory and the arithmetic and logic unit.
C. The exit of information from the main memory to the different output units and
secondary storage units.

 Arithmetic and Logic Unit(ALU) (‫)وحدة الحساب و المنطق‬

It is the unit responsible for performing arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division) and logical operations (greater than, less than, equal to...) on
data.
There are many companies that produce processors, the most famous of which is Intel,
the leader in the processor industry, which produces Pentium processors that are
compatible with the IBM system, and the rest of the companies compete to imitate them,
including AMD, which produces Athlon processors that are compatible with Intel.
As for laptop processors, the Centrino processor, which is also produced by Intel, is at
the top of the processors in terms of performance.
Processor speed (‫)سرعة المعالجات‬
Inside each computer, there is a special clock that is used to send electrical impulses to
the central processing unit, which in turn uses these pulses to control the operations it
performs. The higher the clock speed, the greater the number of instructions executed by
the processor, and thus the faster the computer.
The speed of a computer in executing operations is measured in megahertz (MHz),
means one million operations per second. The computer speed can also be measured in
gigahertz (GHz), means one thousand million operations per second.

3. Memory and Storage )‫(الذاكرة والتخزين‬

- Measuring memory capacity: Memory is one of the basic components of a computer,
and the higher the memory, the better the computer’s performance.
Each binary number (0 or 1) is called digit binary (Bit), and each group of eight bits is
called a byte.
The data transfer rate to and from memory is measured in the number of bit per
second (bps).
Memory capacity is usually measured in megabytes and byte is used to measure data
storage.

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- The table shows the most important storage units used in measuring memory capacity:

 The main memory of a computer is generally divided into several types:

Temporarily used as:
A. Random Access memory (RAM) (ً‫)ذاكرة التداول العشوائ‬:
RAM is used to store data and programs temporarily, where data is written and erased
continuously and data can be extracted from it, modified and then re-stored in memory,
this memory loses its contents when cut off the power supply to the computer, so the
work must be saved constantly.
B. Read Only Memory (ROM) (‫)ذاكرة القراءة فقط‬.
It is a permanent, read-only memory that cannot be written to, changed, or modified.
And the information of this memory is usually stored by the company producing the
computer, and the information remains stored in it even after turning off the computer
or disconnecting the electrical current from it, so it is known as non-volatile memory,
and this memory usually contains a set of programs that are used to operate the
computer.
The speed of memory in executing the instruction from reading and writing is measured
in a unit of measurement called Nanoseconds and is estimated at one billionth of a
second, and the capacity of RAM is measured in Megabytes.
C. Cache Memory (‫)الذاكرة المخبئة‬
Cache memory is memory similar to RAM except that it is faster and has less capacity
and acts as an intermediary between the processor and RAM. And the function of this
memory is to save the repeated information requested by the processor more than once
and reduce the gap between the speed of the processor and random circulation memory.
D. Virtual Memory (‫)الذاكرة االفتراضٌة‬
It is another memory connected to the RAM, and it is the memory that uses part of the
hard disk as an extension of the RAM, and this type of memory is not recommended
because it does not have the characteristics of the real Ram and because it reduces the
size of the free space on the hard disk.

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- Storage Secondary (‫)التخزٌن الثانوي‬

The results of data processing are permanently stored in it for later use. These devices
are slow compared to the main memory, because its capacity is large. There are three
main types of secondary storage units:

1) Magnetic media (‫)الوسائط الممغنطه‬: This media depends on the magnetization property in
recording and reading data.
Examples of magnetic media are:-

 Floppy disks (‫)االقراص المرنة‬:

have been in use for a long time since the advent of personal computers (PC). The floppy
disks are made of a thin flexible plastic disk covered with a magnetizable material. The
disk is placed in a sealed cover to protect it using disks with a diameter of 5.3. The cover
has a hole that opens for reading or writing. The most common type of floppy disk which
can accommodate 44.1 M.
The main advantage of the floppy disk is its ease of transportation, but its
disadvantages are its limited storage capacity and the slow circulation of data on it.
Thus, modern storage media such as flash appeared, which led to a decline in the use of
floppy disks. Some personal computer manufacturers have also tended to dispense with
floppy disk drives.

 ZIP discs (‫)االقراص‬

They are similar to floppy disks, except that they are slightly larger and heavier than
floppy disks, and they have a large capacity ranging between 100 and 750 MB. They are
mainly used for backup and archiving work, and a Zip drive is required in order to be
able to use them.

 Magnetic Tapes (‫)االشرطة الممغنطة‬

They are old storage units similar to the magnetic tapes used in audio recording, but
with a large storage capacity of up to 100 GB. Currently, they are used rarely and in
limited areas because they store data in a sequential manner, meaning that a specific
record cannot be accessed except by going through all previous records. This method of
dealing with data is considered a slow method that is not compatible with the speed of
the computer and is used to back up large amounts of data for archiving.

 Hard Disks (‫)االقراص الصلبة‬

For a computer, the hard disk is the main storage medium and the only one among the
various storage methods that has the size and speed sufficient to store programs and the
ability to modify its contents. Hard disks have evolved a lot since they were first used in
personal computers in the early eighties, as their storage capacity and speed have
reduced their size.
All hard disks operate on the same principle and differ from each other in the quality of
their components and the speed of their work, which is measured by the rotations per

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minute, the amount of Data transfer rate (DTR) transferred, and the amount of cache
memory that’s contained.

2) Media Optical (‫)الوسائط الضوئٌة‬:- This technology relies on laser beams to write and
read data, as it works on the appearance of small blisters on reflective surfaces and uses
laser beams to read data from the disc by examining the amount of light reflected from
the blisters, which is in the form of intermittent pulses. These discs are called compact
discs CD (Disks Compact) with a diameter of 12 cm and a thickness of 2.1 mm.
 CDs can be classified according to their use into:
i. DVD-ROM, CD-ROM: These are discs that can be read only and cannot be overwritten
or modified.
ii. Recording discs DVD-R, CD-R: These are discs that can be read and written to and
whose contents cannot be erased.
iii. DVD-RW, CD - RW reading and writing discs: discs that can be read and written to an
unlimited number of times, and thus similar to other storage units such as flash
memory and hard disks.
 Versatile Digital DVDs are discs that use optical disc technology, but they have a huge
capacity of up to 17 GB of data. They are used to store movies in very high quality and
now replace videotapes where the disc can store a two-hour movie and has three main
types. Such as CDs (only digital readable, recordable and rewritable disks).

3) Flash memory (‫ )الذاكرة الومٌضٌة‬:- It is similar to random access memory (RAM), but
it is slower and does not lose its contents when the power is cut off, and it is small in size
and can be easily transferred and its contents modified and used for preservation
purposes such as transferring data from a digital camera to a personal computer.

Types of flash memory

a) Card Memory-MC (‫)بطاقة الذاكرة‬:
The memory card is widely used in mobile communications devices, digital cameras and
personal digital assistants. PDA
b) flash memory drive unit (ً‫)وحدة التخزٌن اللحظ‬
This type of flash storage unit has been widely used due to its ability to be used with
many computers equipped with a USB port, and this unit contains a data reader and
writer in addition to the temporary memory.

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4. OutPut Unit ( ‫)وحدات اإلخرا‬

The output devices receive the results (information) from the main storage unit
(memory) and record them on output media that are appropriate to the requirements
of the beneficiary. Examples of output devices are :-
 Screens (‫)الشاشات‬
As it displays the output, the visual display device is one of the most important and
most widely used output units monitor, which is also known visually on the screen as a
monitor.
The screen may be monochromatic, meaning it can show only two colors, white black
or green black, and it may be multicolored, meaning capable of showing a large number
of colors.
The screen consists of a large number of dots arranged in Matrix format called Pixels,
and the higher the number of points, the clearer the image Resolution, and controls the
colors of the screen and the degree of clarity of the image is installed inside the screen
called "Adapter Graphics display" images.

 Laser printer (‫)طابعة اللٌزر‬

Laser printers are among the best types of printers, as they
print a full page at once, and are similar in their work to a
photocopy machine.

 Inkjet Printer (‫)طابعة ضخ الحبر‬

These printers rely on creating the
letter by pumping tiny droplets of ink
onto the paper to form the letter or
shape to be printed.

 Plotter (‫)طابعة الرسومات‬

It is an output device that prints 3D maps, drawings and designs. The Printer Inkjet
Wide is also used to print large color billboards,
photos and advertisements.

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 Photo printers (‫)طابعة الصور‬

Photo printers are color printers that are usually small
and rely on jet ink technology. These printers have
started to become very popular with the increasing use of
digital cameras. These printers use thick, glossy Photo
Papers.

 Multi Function Printers (‫)الطابعات متعددة الوظائف‬

This type of printer combines several functions in one
device such as printing, photocopying, scanning and
faxing.

 Voice Output (‫)المخرجات الصوتٌة‬

Computers today are provided with a unit for audio
outputs (speakers), which are used with many
applications that rely on multimedia such as educational
programs such as spelling programs, language teaching
programs, scientific encyclopedia programs, games,
playing sounds and music through the Internet, listening
to audio CDs and playing DVD movies.

 Projector Data (‫)جهاز عرض البٌانات‬

It is a device that connects to a computer to display the
computer's visual output of texts, images and videos on a
display screen or the wall with the ability to enlarge it.
The data projector is commonly used in teaching, training
and meeting rooms.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

Second : Components Software (‫ )المكونــات البرمجية‬:

Computer equipment (Hardware) needs software to operate

Software is applications programmed in different computer languages that represent

the communication link between the device and the user. Without software, the average
user cannot deal with computers.
-The software is divided into:
 Software System.
 Software Application.
System programs are several programs that help in the optimal use of the computer.
They are responsible for:
1. Turn on the computer.
2. Implementation of application programs.
3. Make the necessary settings for the device, such as identifying the used printer
and setting the date and time.
4. Arranging and organizing files on storage units.
5. Protecting the computer from hackers, viruses, and others.

What is the operating system?

First: Operating System Software

The operating system software is one of the most important programs without which
the computer cannot function. When the computer is turned on, the first program is
loaded into the computer’s memory, RAM, After which the computer becomes ready to
receive and execute user commands, download and run application programs.
The operating system is the mediator between the hardware components of the
computer and the application software. Thus, it provides an environment or user
interface through an interface An easy-to-use application that contains windows, menus,
icons, etc. enables the user to run application programs without going into details of
how these components operate.
The operating system also supervises the operations of the CPU, input/output units, and
storage.
Operating system functions:-
1) Turn on the computer and get ready for work.
2) It represents an interface with the user that enables him to run other software.

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3) Managing resources and tasks such as managing the main memory, input and
output units, and managing the processing unit and management of secondary
volumes.
4) Monitoring the entire system and re-operating illegal operations.
5) Managing and organizing files in folders and indexes, copying and moving
them...etc.
6) Maintain system confidentiality and prevent unauthorized access to device
software data.

 Examples of operating systems:

 Disk Operating System (‫)نظام تشغي االقراص‬

It is an old operating system that was used during the
eighties and early nineties with IBM PCs and compatible
computers. The operating system supports DOS
on textual interfaces, which require the user to deal with
written commands, It only receives letters and symbols from
the third user.

 Windows operating system (‫)نظام تشغي النوافذ‬: Microsoft

Windows
The Windows operating system produced by Microsoft is the
most popular operating system and the most widespread.
This system uses a graphical user interface each represents
application GUIs consisting of shapes and small icons, the
Windows interface also contains command menus to facilitate
mouse selections.

 UNIX operating system (‫)نظام التشغي يونكس‬

This system began to be used with Mainframe and
Minicomputers and has been modified to work on personal
computers (PC). It is characterized by the ability to use it with
multiple Multi-users. As well as the possibility of its
performance of several functions at the same time Multi-
tasking. A modern version of the Unix operating system called
Linux has appeared, as it has a graphical interface.

 Solaris operating system (‫)نظام التشغي سوال ريز‬

Solaris is based on the Unix operating system where it was
developed by Sun Microsystems for Sun computers. This

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

system is used with personal computers, networks and mainframes, and its latest
version was Solaris 9.
 Mac operating system (Mac OS)
Mac OS is a special operating system for Apple Macintosh computers produced by
Apple. This system was the basis for Apple computers and was implemented in 1984
for operating systems with an application interface Graphical User-GUI Interface.

Second: Utility Programs services (‫)برامج الخدمات‬

1. File Management Programs:
These programs help the user to arrange and organize files and deal with them, such as
copying, moving, deleting, searching for files, changing their names, and other
operations.
2. Antivirus Programs:
These programs help the user to eliminate viruses that may infect personal computers
or networks. These programs also prevent computers from being infected with viruses
and alert them at the time of infection.
3. Disk Management Programs :
These programs evaluate the current status of the disks, identify their problems, and
provide recommendations. They also perform the necessary work to repair bad sectors
and repair damaged or erased files.
4. File Compression Programs :
These programs compress files and thus reduce the size of these files, which helps to
save space on disks, facilitates the process of transferring large files from one location
to another, and among the programs that compress files is the Win Zip program.
5. Backup Programs :
These programs help make backup copies of stored programs and files easily and
quickly. These programs are mainly used in agencies that save their data periodically.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

Third: Application Programs (‫)برامج التطبيقات‬

1. Word Processing Programs )‫(برامج معالـجة النصوص‬:
They are programs designed to write texts such as letters, reports, contracts, etc. with
the possibility of formatting and processing them, as the text is entered into the
computer, modified and retrieved upon request and printed. Among the types of Text
processing programs Word Perfect. WordPad and Microsoft Word.

Some of the functions performed by word processing programs:

1) Using several languages in writing texts.
2) Use different types of fonts and control the size and color of the fonts.
3) Format text and paragraphs.
4) Insert pictures, shapes and symbols into the document.
5) Organizing the text in the form of columns, as in newspapers and magazines.
6) Make tables and perform simple mathematical operations on the data.
7) Representing table data in graphical charts.
8) Use the spelling and grammar checker.
9) Formatting the page and changing the margins.
The Microsoft Word program, which is within the Microsoft Office package in word
processing, as it has many of these features, is one of the most widely used programs.

2. Spreadsheet Programs (‫)برامج الجداول الحسابٌة‬:

Spreadsheet programs are used by accountants, administrators, businessmen, and
workers in the field of secretarial and office management, at home, and in many fields in
order to carry out work related to organizing accounts and processing data, various
financial.

Some of the functions performed by spreadsheet programs:

1) Enter data into a worksheet that looks like tables.
2) Performing mathematical operations on the data.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

3) Change column width and line height.

4) Determine the type and size of the font used in data entry.
5) The ability to copy and paste data.
6) Using mathematical, engineering and statistical functions.
7) Representing data using a graph and then forms (columns - circles - points).
8) Use the worksheet as a database.
9) Print the worksheet and the graph in one page.
The Microsoft Excel program, which is part of the Microsoft Office package, is considered
in the field of spreadsheets, office is one of the most used programs.

3. Presentation Programs:
Presentation programs are programs that help the user to design, create and modify
slides and display them using a computer. These programs enable the user to include
texts, tables, charts, images, sounds and videos in each of the slides, and add sound and
motion effects that increase the effectiveness of the presentation.

4. Programs for pictures and graphics:

These programs are used to create drawings, maps, engineering designs, two- and three-
dimensional images, then store them and refer to them when needed and print them in
different sizes. These programs are used by all people who deal with computers such as
artists and drawing enthusiasts. Among the types of these programs are Photoshop,
Draw, Corel AutoCAD, Paint, and the functions of these programs are: resizing the image,
moving the image, rotating the image, adding various effects.

5. Software Multimedia programs:

They are programs that combine several media such as text, audio, and images
Images, graphics, animations, and clips video Clips Video Multimedia software adds an
essential feature, which is interactivity user with it.

6. Copy CD and DVD Programs:

There are many programs that specialize in copying files in different formats (programs,
pictures, music, video) on different discs, DVD, CD. Most of these programs provide tools
for the user, such as cutting audio and video files, and printing disc labels. Among these
programs are DVD and CD Creator Easy Roxio, Nero.

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7. Ready-made application software packages.

It usually contains a set of widely used ready-made application programs under one
name or one umbrella. This service usually includes word processing programs,
spreadsheets, databases, and others. It includes Lotus SmartSuite, Word Perfect Office,
and Microsoft office software packages.

8. Electronic Mail Program

1) Outlook Express. 2) Ms-Outlook 3) Eudora.
4) Lotus cc:mail. 5) Netscape mail

9. Desktop publishing software

These programs are used in the field of preparing periodicals and designing newspapers
and magazines, such as designing a magazine cover and designing a specific
advertisement. The most famous of these programs is Microsoft Publisher (Ms-
Publisher).
10. Web Browsers
1) windows explorer. 2) Netscape 3) Google chrome. 4) Mozilla.

 Step of the Software Development

Building the software includes several steps, the most important of which are:
1) Programming Programming is a series of ordered actions to perform a specific
operation.
2) Debugging - debugging means identifying errors in the program and fixing them.
3) System Testing - i.e. subjecting the system to intensive tests such as beta testing
during which the program is issued and distributed to specific users to test it and report
any defect they find before the final version.
4) Documentation - which is writing the instructions necessary to operate the system
after beta testing.
5) Quality Control - After the beta test, the developers prepare a list of the required
modifications and return it to the programmer's team for modification and give it a
version number.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 Installing Drivers
It is a specific type of software that pertains to a specific unit, such as a printer, for
example. Operating systems automatically recognize new connected devices without the
need for driver software. This feature is called Plug and Play.
 Software Update and Upgrade
Update:- It is the process of downloading new additions through the Internet, and it is
called patching / patching or pack server packages, to update a program, download a file
that takes the exe extension.
Upgrade:- Switching to a newer version of software for cash, Meant to upgrade.

 Protect the computer from electrical faults

1) Use a surge protector
2) Use a power supply (UPS).

 Connection Ports
Ports are located on the back side of the system unit, and they are external connection
points that are used to connect the computer to external devices called peripherals for
data transfer.

 Ports
All computer units are connected to the motherboard
through various ports and sockets. Port Serial, Port
Parallel, IDE, USB, and FireWire hotline interfaces.

 Serial Port
It is usually used to connect the mouse and keyboard and contains 9 pins arranged in
two rows and replace the current one with port PS/2, Instead, most modern devices
have a PS/2 port serializer.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

 monitor port.
It contains 15 holes distributed in three rows and is used to connect the Projector. and
projector monitor the screen.

 Parallel Port
It is used to input or output data and is connected to the printer. Through it, data is
transmitted in one batch through the Bus, and
the length of the parallel port cable cannot
exceed 3meters due to internal interference. It
is denoted in operating systems as LPT2/LPT1.

 Universal Serial Bus-USB

With the increase in the number of additional devices
that can be connected to a personal computer, such as
printers, scanners, digital cameras, etc., it has become
necessary to develop technology for ports and
connection methods, so this carrier was produced to
keep pace with the steady increase in the number of devices used.
The size and speed of information transfer to and from it. This carrier can be used with
all types of devices prepared for this type of connection, so it is called universal, and this
carrier is characterized by high speed and ease of use.

 Fire wire
It uses IEEE 1394 specification technology and is used to connect
some devices such as a digital camera and scanner to improve
the quality of images and movies, and its speed reaches 400
megabytes per second for each unit, and the next generation
of it will bear the name 1394b, it will jump in speed to 800
megabytes per second for each unit.

 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) port

Used to connect an external hard disk and scanner.

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 Bus Lines
It is a large group of fine wires installed on the motherboard that allows data to be
transferred between the different parts of the computer.
There are three types of transmission lines
1. Address Bus Lines Address Bus Lines.
2. Data Bus Lines.
3. Lines Bus Control transmission lines

 Drives Disk
The main system unit contains a group of different disk drives and drivers that are
connected to the motherboard via wire connections. The connections of the disk drives
to the motherboard are installed directly with special sockets. For this, there is a special
socket for connecting the floppy disk drive Disk Floppy and two sockets for connecting
compact disk drives such as CD-ROM, DVD disks and hard disks.

Floppy disk drive CD-ROM drive Hard disk drive

 Power Supply
It is an integrated electronic device that converts AC
110 or 220 AC electric current into direct current DC to
be used to feed all components inside the system case
with the electricity necessary for its operation.

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Computer Applications Asst. lecturer: Shahd Ali AbdualMohsen

files and folders

A file is a set of data stored on storage disks, and each application program uses a file of
a specific type.
The folder is what works to divide the storage disks into separate areas to keep the files
in order, and one of the important functions of the folders is to keep the files that the
application program needs for its work in one place

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