Experiment No.
- 2
Protective Relays
Aim
To study various types of protective relays.
Apparatus required
As this is a study-type experiment, a classroom environment with an overhead
projector, PowerPoint presentation, and other supportive accessories is required.
Circuit Diagram
No special experimental performance circuit diagram is required. However, in this
study-type experiment, figures with proper explanation are added in the following brief theory
section.
Brief Theory
As attached herewith.
Quiz questions to be answered on separate pages.
Q.1. Define Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) and Time Setting Multiplier (TSM).
Q.2. What is the purpose of the shading ring or split-phase construction in an induction
disc relay?
Q.3. List three major physical and operational limitations of electromechanical relays
compared to static relays.
Q.4. Draw a functional block diagram of a static protective relay.
Q.5. Why do static relays impose a lower burden on Current Transformers (CTs) and
Potential Transformers (PTs) than electromechanical relays?
Q.6. How do static relays protect internal circuitry against high-voltage transients and
noise spikes on power lines?
Q.7. What is the role of an anti-aliasing filter in the input signal conditioning circuit?
Q.8. Explain the function of the Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) in a
microprocessor-based relay.
Q.9. State the Nyquist sampling theorem and its significance in digital signal processing
for relaying.
Q.10. How can a single microprocessor unit implement multiple protective functions
simultaneously?
Q.11. What information is captured in a digital relay's disturbance record (DR) during a
power system fault?
Q.12. How does a digital relay calculate the RMS value of an incoming AC signal from
discrete data samples?
Q.13. What are ANSI device numbers, and which protection functions do codes 50, 51,
67, and 87 represent?
Q.14. What hardware component distinguishes a numerical relay from an early
microprocessor-based relay?
Comments/Conclusion
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Understanding of Practical Execution & Data Accuracy, Lab Performance, Total
Theory and Concepts Simulation/Setup Calculations & Analysis Record, and Viva
(5) (5) (5) (5) (20)
Sign of Faculty: __________________
Experiment No.- 3
Overcurrent Relay Characteristics
Aim
To learn about various overcurrent characteristics and to obtain the time-current
characteristic (TCC) for an IDMT overcurrent relay.
Major apparatus required
1. Non-directional IDMT overcurrent relay (electromechanical).
2. Single-phase auto-transformer.
3. Current Transformer (CT)
4. Rheostat as per experimental test setup.
5. Resistive load bank
6. AC Ammeter 20 A
7. Timer (Digital)
Circuit Diagram
Brief Theory
As attached herewith.
Observation Table
Case – 1
Relay Plug Setting:_________ and Time Dial Setting:____________
Table 3.1 Observation Table Case – 1.
Fault Current Time of Relay Operation
(Amp) (Sec)
Plot Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) on separate graph paper.
Case – 2
Relay Plug Setting:_________ and Time Dial Setting:____________
Table 3.2 Observation Table Case – 2 .
Fault Current Time of Relay Operation
(Amp) (Sec)
Plot Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) on separate graph paper.
Case – 3
Relay Plug Setting:_________ and Time Dial Setting:____________
Table 3.3 Observation Table Case – 3.
Fault Current Time of Relay Operation
(Amp) (Sec)
Plot Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) on separate graph paper.
Typical time/current characteristics of standard IDMT relay
Quiz questions to be answered on separate pages.
Q.1. What is an overcurrent relay, and how does it differentiate between a normal
overload condition and a short-circuit fault?
Q.2. Explain the terms Plug Setting (PS) and Pick-up Current. How is the pick-up
current calculated from the Current Transformer (CT) secondary rating and plug
setting?
Q.3. Why are overcurrent relays generally provided with both inverse-time and
instantaneous elements (50/51) in feeder protection schemes?
Q.4. As per IEC 60255 standards, state the mathematical equations for Standard Inverse
(SI), Very Inverse (VI), and Extremely Inverse (EI) characteristics.
Q.5. Explain the concept of the "Definite Minimum Time" region in an IDMT relay
curve. Why does the operating time become practically constant at high values of
PSM (e.g., PSM > 20)?
Q.6. Sketch the general Time-Current Characteristic (TCC) curves of Standard Inverse,
Very Inverse, and Extremely Inverse relays on a single set of axes for comparison.
Q.7. Compare the theoretical operating times calculated using the IEC IDMT formula
against the actual measured times obtained from the laboratory setup. Calculate the
percentage error for each test point.
Q.8. If the CT ratio is 100/5 A, the relay Plug Setting is set to 125%, and the fault current
on the primary side is 1500 A, calculate the PSM of the relay.
Q.9. Explain how saturation of the main Current Transformer (CT) affects the operating
time and accuracy of an IDMT overcurrent relay during high-magnitude short
circuits.
Comments/Conclusion
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Understanding of Practical Execution & Data Accuracy, Lab Performance, Total
Theory and Concepts Simulation/Setup Calculations & Analysis Record, and Viva
(5) (5) (5) (5) (20)
Sign of Faculty: __________________