WET EELELEL CEE RERELELE ELLE LER © J @qa—insights insights ~ JAVA: COMPLETE NOTES = (Java) < t1 . =e a =| BEGINNER TO ADVANCED | = SwIPE TO NEXT —> <— See Le CS a ee FoLtow | <7 SHARE | C_) COMMENT | © LIKE@qa—insights @® What is Java? Introduction to Java © Features of Java Tava is a high-level, class-based, Y Simple Y Architecture Neutral object-oriented programming language «& ¥ Object-Oriented (00P) ¥ Portable designed by Sun Microsystems (now —_- Platform Independent — ¥ High Performance: ouned by Oracle). It is platform = ¥ Secure V Distributed : <= independent, secure, robust and ee lat area peas nee aero ear Java Y Multithreaded Automatic. Memory applications, Android apps, web Management (62) apps and more. @) IDK vs IRE vs JVM - Dk (dave, Devlapment. Kt) anpaeet crass Provides tools for development TRE + VM + separa eames JDk ect te fey TRE (Java. Rantine Environment) pee eee! Provides traces, JVM ond. other ‘JRE JVM + Cove Libraries + (om) owe ad font pao Other Runtina Components DZ JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Class Leader + Bytecode. Za cna ated aM Vertter + Excetin Engine runtime environment. + Runtime Date Areas @ How Tava. Works? Tava code (java) it compiled int» bytecode (class) using 2 ‘the Tava Compiler (javac). This bytecode is executed by JVM on any. platfrm jen 3. va] > | class] —> ‘ (bytecode) 5, 6. 3 } i { i 1 { 1 l p@) Remember | Sm is “ite ‘cea, i | «BVH males Toe plat dependent | + Bylecnde ts the Kart of 11 Hello World. Program public class HelloWorld { public static voi Sys smain(Stringl) args) £ | [Link]. printin("Hello, Java!”"); es very Interview Fact ———— - ney fan Anton” |_| | | ' ' fe es Sacer Tae ' Tae wet designed by Janes Gosling in 1995 ond frst released in 19%, | cade is java and for bytecode is ass | © Compile & Execution Flow Write Java code (java) Compile a jevec (Compiler) Generates. bytecade (lass fie) JVM lads and veri bytecode Output is deplged class keyword -> defines a class main() > entry point of program System. [Link]() —> prints output statement ends uith 5 File name must match class name (HellaWorld. java) + Wissing, main) meted + Wo sndertonding. compilation eatin, @qa—insights | Quality Insights, Better Careers!@ qa_insights 2D JDK, JRE & JVM ® IDK (Cava Development Kit) (2) TRE (Java Runtime Enironment) (3) JVM (Java. Virtual Machine) Heart of Java. Full package for Java development. © Provides libraries, JVM ond © Includes JRE + development tools. other components to run © Executes Java bytecode. Tova applications © Used to write, compile and run Platform independent - Jove. programs. © Does not include development Write Once, Run Anywhere. tools aig ie eon ae ne ee & Manages memory, threads, Trees sea ced peas . WM jo Camper (jasec) i Tools (javadec, jar, jdb, ete.) i i & J tee ete & eee @ Compilation Process 101010 = — > | esoses JVM so1010 Hello jave SAVAC Hello clase (Execution) (Output) (Source Code) (Compiler) (Bytecode) © Bytecode i | ‘Important. Note * Output of Jove compiler (jvae) | Bie ee rset Platform independent. | Pires aT nen) i Exeauted’ by DVM, not by OS divectiy compiler for better performance. ‘© File extension: class © Execution Flow Diagram Goon) [Smcam) [3M Eomte | dentep in 30K | Using |=>| Bytecode |—>| Bytecode [>| Bytecode 1 & Run in JRE i Caless) || 8 Ver Clnterptaton i Gf Evecation hoppers | is i i i i i wie [sen [Gee +37) inside JVM t Y Write Once {He Java ic Platform Independent because JVM is avilable on all major OS. | {Ran Arguhere@ qa—insights 3 Variables & Data Types @® What is a Variable? @® Data Types A veriale is « named laaton in memory sed to store date that con be changed a) Primitive Types b) Non-Primitive Types Store single values Store reference to objects ! daring program execution 1 c + ' i i ! z i i int = 25 i i int age ; : | | i} i fn tt, y i 8 i| ! it 1a i Data Type vag Value [| Flot | 4 bytes 0.0f | | © Object 1 | | double | & bytes 0.04 { {© Collection (List, Set, Map) | 1 T char | 2 bytes | "wooo" fo i it 4 bit fale J | @® Literals ® Naming Rules for Variables {= Integer Literal | BAL Must start with a. letter, | « Floating Literal 3.44, -0.5F | Can contain letters, digits, '_' and ‘ i i * Character Literal + ‘A', ‘2', "\n! Zi Case sensitive: age and Age are different + String Literal "Hello Java” TZ Cannot be a Tava keyword (int, class, ete.) (igkeeen ere ee eae LR] Examples of invalid names: tage, int, @age ® Memory Basics Memory sot] 25 Note: based on its data type. i i i 1002 >] 3.44 | Primitive types store actual values i i double pi = 3.145 7 i Each variable occupies memory | ble. oceupt ea i 1003] TA’ i char grade = ‘A WUT Non-prinitie types. store reference. | 1006 | true boolean ishctive = trus; et oe deen SY Interview Tip int a = 105 |B Use meaningful variable. names int b= as // b gets a copy of value \ i i | 2 = 20; IJ b remains unchanged Hof dal fies [Link](b); /] Output: 10 i Declare variables close to where they are weed. | @ qa_insights | Quality Insights, Better Careers!@ qa_insights Operators & Type Casting @ Arithmetic Operators Used to perform basic mathematical operations @® Relational Operators Used to compare two values. Result is boolean (true/false) ® Logical Operators Osed > combina mia rl Operator | __ Description | ak Logical AND tl Logical OR ! Logical NOT ® Unary Operators Operator [Description Fd) Bay Veal a Daryl is $e | Precnronent Sa Peter Ne yess Operate on a single operand, Came EA SL ee + ‘adlton [ee | | Equal anh - Subtraction | a-b Not equal to ath | Multiptication Joasb | [ > Greater than arb / Division (awh) lees Less than ask % Modulus (Remainder) | a%b | | >= Greater than or equal amb + | Tecrement | ase | stair EE == | Decrement —-a ® Assignment Operators Used te stn vale fo vers | au a rasan Bitwise Complement Example Code int 0 = 10, b= 3; [Link] prin tin("a ob a" 5 (eB): 1 13 Syttemeat prin tin('a be" + (eB MF [Link] prin tin('a b=" + (0 * WY; // 30 Syttemout prin tin('a / b=" + (a/b); M3 [Link] prin tin "a b= "+ (a %H); U4 System out printn"a > (o>) feats Operators are the building blocks of expressions ‘and conditions in Java. Understand. precedence || 2) expe: (Narewing) Larger Sale type (Hara!) ae | dele x = 25.35 inky = Gok) 5 debe te nt faeces L A b (@> 0) bk (b>0) | geass i oie a (> 0) I> 0) | es asa-b | ME : coi ave a Bee © Type Casting — aac ted oR rong Pr + pliit (Widening) = done eutomaticaly | * Eli rein) = de mel ee 2 Tngt (tng) el eee Hrue false Example a int a = 10; ine b= 5] ted a Tong short i Always be careful while type casting Narrowing conversions may lead to data losssights 3 Control Statements Control. statements change the flow of execution based on conditions or perform repeated execution of a block of code. @® if-else ith Be i (m >= 0) Sytem out. printin(“Poitv Fale { | Sistem aut printin("Negoive”) | y } int age i | if age | | 48) { Syetem out printn( "Eligible to Vote"); } TD Executes block if condition TZ) Executes one block from two Doo based on condition & 2 @ for int day = 25 sviteh (day) { for (int i = 45 1 = 5; we) { i i i li | i Rec Splonet peancner) || i | te aa? Spimatgint ts | | Bick of} | | Systemoutprintn( Ds cast 3-9 Slant pitt We), || toe J] |) | || fale, Ain Seti | Ht ) Oh Bat he manta of See aie ee Tf Used when we have multiple porsible values to match int i= ty | i int isa \ | batt coc [erates (ez Gabor | (isin of aces ax oe Gf Eatin Hak a inl condition is true once, then checks condition @® break & contin for (int = 4 1 eo 8; ioe) | © break fe continue ( fe Getto a tas me] jf Ge 3) break; 1 if (i == 3) continues | ee | sal Skpr caret tration | =} eee Selenite || adn rt | Snare 2 | —- i We Odpat: 1245 GW pce ep ett tn |G Ba Pais td dap msn ty nt | i improve cede redaity ond. performance conti to snl lose i @ qa_insights | Quality Insights, Better Careers!@ qa_insights 6 Methods in Java <, = A method is a block of code that performs a specific task. @ Method Syntax @ Parameters © Parameters are used to pass date accessModifier returrType mathodName(parameterLis) { ee rac ea M1 method body # They act oe placeholders return value; public int add(int a, int b) { + return a + b; } pas pinks EE we New of Dopat a protected, etc, ‘String, ete. ‘the method values a and b are parameters @® Return Types @® Method Overloading © Method con retum a value to the caller @ Same-masthod nama with differant sont cea eee parameters Return Type [ Meering ois hE eel int, double, ete, | Retums nanarie value int add (int a, int by int e) { ae ea | E at return a+ b +; | Teootean | Rats tr oF fe | © Recursion A method caling ul Z 35 r ra pe a ifatine [Exar Uae oe cp prt bo snl a Pz cabana! neces rtd icek | int x = 10; [int factrit(int w) { corte | “a | | (or 0) return 45 11 Ban Cn ns Wis] Tie cs, | tats «ng | in ages | return no factorial (n= 1)s 1) Resa Cl irate) as eject exits hb ict es) EE ey oT J (Cos Vr) oye te | | conti @ Method Example (Complete Flow) © How it works? publi class Deno ( © Tea > | multipig() | —> | Returns | —> | Used in Method Result main() Ereaitad public static int multiply(int a, int &) { Interview Tip return a bs ) public static void main(StringL] ange) { Methods help in code reusability, maintainability and modular programing int result = multply(S, 4)5.// mathd cl [Link] printin("Result: " + result); ) ) We Best Practices a fi | GH Use meaningful method names, |G Avcid duplicate code i FD Keep mathods small and focused. | (Follow single responsibility principle. | | Remember: [A giod method makes your cade clean and easy to understand @ qa_insights | Quality Insights, Better Careers!@ qo—insights 7 Arrays in Java An array is a collection of similar data types stored in contiguous memory locations. © 2D Arrays | @ 2 Arrays ea bea tie erecta eos yet ee tee) ie Gatat |S tefl for tales, maiz, grid COL] matrix = new int{2]13]5 ey eee = 4; matrix (0) [1] = 25 matrix[0][2] = 3; Is rumbers[0] = 10; | Memory Representation | rwmbers[1] = 20; matrix(1] [0] = 4; matrix [1] [1] = 5; matrix[1](2] | numbers [2] = 0; | 10 | 20| 30/40] 50) rumbers(3] = 40; t rumbers [4] = 50; | vanbere C=. ipehal bes eos) aes [Link] | itl) © Array Operations T Operation Example Declare |__ Create an array int] arr = new int(5]s Access | Access element using index int val = are[2]; Update | Update element at index ‘arr[2] = 100; Length |Get tatal number of laments int len = [Link]; ST ever alleal Roo ale such ae asear for (int i= 0; § [Link]; irs) { ... } © Arrays Utility Class © [Link]. Arrays provides useful methods Sera @ for-each Loop | | | Method n | | | | | i © Simplified way to traverse arrays. Read-only access (cannot. modify index) Example: e nae | intl] arr = {10, 20, 30, 40, 5¢ for (int num : arr) { ‘Arrays. toString(arr) Returns string representation Arrays. sort(arr) Sorts array in ascending order Arrays. fill(arr, val) Fille array with given value [Link] Farr, nenben) | Copies array to new length ‘[Link]. println (num); } Acraye-oquale(arr, arr) | Compares two arraye | Q Interview Tip © Best Practices | |e Arrays are fied in ie | | Use meaningfid names | | # IndexOutOfBoundsException occurs for ‘+ Always check index before accessing | | invalid index + Prefer Arrays utility methods for operations | | # Use foreach loop for simple traversal. |» Avoid storing large data in stack, use arrays | { + Arrays are objects in Java. i in heap memory. | @ qa_insights |@ qa_insights : String @ String Di # In Java, String is an object of class @ Strings are widely used to store and manipulate text. Example: 7 - [ String name = "Java" ] | String msg = new String("Hello"); | | [Link](name); — // Java | | [Link]; —// Hello) U @ Immutable Strings B Sct apes ieee (rt tae a, Aah opetin piers mg tate asta ete eal Examgle: { String st = "Hall; | ie re | String 52 = stoconcat(™ World), | “t | i raf oti | [Link](s1); 1 Wale oes fen Pe aoe: Ae ® StringBuffer s in Java | ® String Pool © String literals are stored in the String Peel. | Tf a literal already exists, the same reference is returned. © Helps in memory optimization String a = "Jove"; String b = "Java"; a b | Game reference) @ StringBuilder © Mutable cass, used to may brings © Nok spebenind “> nok rede More efficent than Song fr single-treaded sri Example ‘StringBuilder ab = new StringBuilder("Jeve"); i grisd(= Prepsoiog') | [Link](5, | sb. delete(0, 1); | [Link]( sb); | | i | eee Hm is Programming | © String vs StringBuilder vs StringBuffer © Mutable class lke StringBuilder | Eee hol ae | (estes Sing | StegBedar | StrngBaffor 4 Slower than StringBuilder bet safe for multi-tveding.| | — Mutable? No Yer Yes Enanple | [rad sper [Yee Ne Yes StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(“Java); | | | Performance Slow Fast Slow Be te rman \ Less | Singla-thrended | Mull-threaded sb. reverse}; | |] Use Case | modification | performance environments [Link]. prints); // grinmergr? ava | tte, @ Common String Methods Mathed i Description | Esanple Outpt length Returns length of string "Java™ langth() 4 sharAtCindax) Returns character at index chardt(2) « tubatring bogie, and) | Returns part of string (begin, ond) ubatring(t, 3) ~ equala(str) Cape cetit cequale("jore") false Salle sone ll Graetcgnararaieee equals lgporeCese( ore") tre containe(str) nea WE errors ee fegemining ort Prog) [bee indexOfltr) Bees indexOFCW 2 replace(eld, nan) | Replaces ll ceeurrancas raplace( "a, “=') Toes {ollpperCase() Convarks to upper cate AoUpperCase() AVA trim) Removes leading & aia spaces Tava". trin() “Java™ ). Interview Tip © Strings are immutable and stored. in String Poo 1 Une StringBuilder for better performance © Use StringBuffer when tread safely is required. @ qo—insights | is Best Practices raf StringBuilder ovr Sting for concatenation in lope. + bid ereting emmcenary String cel ay mata tina fur bala realy, Quality Insights, Better Careers!@ qa—insights 9 Classes & Objects in Java Java is an object-oriented programming language Everything in Java is an Object. @® Object © A Class is a blueprint or template * An Object is a real-world entity. © Tk defines the properties (fields) and e Tks on instance of Class. behaviors (methods). of objects | © TE cecupies memory in Heap. | ©® Class pee cael eeocenb wears Example: Objects of Student Class Example: Clats Definition (clase Slade ig st (Object) +2 (Object) String nema; M fala name —> “Alice” name —> "Bob" | — # as W Field | | [ee 20 ~ > 22 | void display() { W mathod —S———— x | System. cut pritia(eame +" is" + 090);| | i | } | Both objects are instances Ge of Student class @® Fields (Variables) | @ _ Methods + Fields represent the slats or data of an object. | © Methods represent the behavior of an object * Each object has its oun copy of fields + Methods operate on fields and perform actions © Object Creation © Objects are created using the new keyword. 203) | a Methods are defied inskle the clas © Accessing Members Use dot (.) operator to access falda and methods of an object. Example ( Student sd = naw Students =) a eninge | sfename = “Alice; M7 access field | we Stale); tweet) || 1 accuse fala | new Stadnt();_// 2 thr ot | 11 call mathod_} @ Class, Object & Memory Objects Castances Stored. in Heap Memory 22 =| name > > age 2 LY Best Practices © Das cates arund real-world atts ‘© Keep fields private and provide public methods (encapsulation). [Use msn ames for dar, ale ed mad Quality Insights, Better Careers!@ qa_insights 10 Constructors & Keywords in Java © Constructor Syntax its | © A Constructor is a special method used Mase ClasiNane { | Y Note | to initialize objects ClassName() { | Constructors are # Te has the same name as the clase | used to seb intial + /1 isitialization code | _ TE has no return type (not even void). | values for object ets cllad| putas kde } Pea | aed os chiatad { J ® Default Constructor ® Parameterized Constructor + A construcer with no parameters eth eae peerice SF pe dog ere aca eh | 6 Used te inline object with specific vals ‘Java. provides a default constructor | —Eonapl automatically i a Winns ji wth df vl ness | erate on ‘ee class Student { ) | Seis iaaey | Student(String name, int age) { | int ages [Link] = nome; Pa pregemyrees: up Ae Student) { } | | ® Keyword: this | © Keyword: static © this is 0 rofrece viable that refers te the © table mambera belong to the Clas, ok to ony opt carve sjed. | 5 Cam be ecreted wing dats name © sad be differentiate. nchnce verbs. from © Shared omong al ejects teal wari class Student { ) ‘Sting neon | int ages Student (String name) { (eens! ~ nae counter 1 saa for ok ject Student (String name, int age) { ‘[Link] = name; // refers te istnce vari this-age = age; // rafers to instance vari FE ) © Keyword: final | Pe Quick Comparison fia vt ene arg z eee | ee ] | [static [Ce tt Case Only once final vid show) ( Clark / Rasch | Doped ie Final | cig rte | wate Psyc oa peta Tae math cant be overdden (dy Best Practices | =e thin te evold anbigity btnean vale | & Use stat fr sed dt and lity mathode J JVM fro ie fae, {2 Use Fa ode scour oe | Quality Insights, Beller Careers!@ wi Encapsulation & Inheritance in Java @® Encapsulation ® Getters & Setters | @ Inheritance & ‘Ennpialetion iy Ue binting off te atts) | ©. Und to access ol plots print fll. | © Interitirwe. is the. omdhenitos where eo ths that pratt dc —|—0) Galt etree 9 ain cna late aspires Charl) the into 0 sgl eit, (cla). © Sater validates and ats the valu properi and behaviors of eother Tk rice diet ccs to some of on dla Sai myn a Sie proacting the data sights 44 Tk promotes code rentablity ond class Employee ( establishes IS~A relationship private String name; | | publ String getName) { | return na ) pbc weil stone (Sting name) { hie mame nae | TF dass B iherts fron cass A, | then BIS-A A | Example: Dog IS-A Animal ® Types of Inheritance © super Keyword # super is a reference variable that refers (0 Ns inmalaln para dae obec Matont [A (GrenParrt © Used te ccoess parent clast members | + Sige Inher = One did hts from ove parent 1 (fils, methods, contractors) 4 Malilevl Tahritanca ~ Child iar B (heed a = from pret, and antl hd ihre (case sain from tht et Sing type = Amal ‘nimal() { Sytem. print "Anal Cnetractor"); } lens De entande Ania ( Sting type = “Digs DeyO) ¢ ) ] + Harari Inbitanc ~ Mai didn | | a poe || | caieilanaiaind | (Beem) (erm © Multiple Tabrdanee ~ One child inherits | utile From maligle parents, (Net suparied in| Save wth case, sgprtd with Tterfaces) | aca System. out pinta ("Dog Canetractor"); eid shan) ( Sytem. ont print [Link] 17 scenes parent ald super can be red te eens pare dass fields: sper fildNare Access pare class methods: [Link]() Call parent clas contacter: super(); LY Best Practices Dedare fis private and pode public accte methods 7 Use meaningful names for classes and mathods. | Use sapar() in eld contractir to inline park part 1 Prfer Tnerfaces over Malte Tnbwtance with cles @ qa_insights | Quality Insights, Better Careers! Y Encapalation protects dita. wing priate + gulera/stirs 1 Tnheritance modals real-world hararchy using ISA, Y Choate composition evar deep inheritance shen possible@ qo_insights 410) Polymorphism & Abstraction in Java @® Polymorphism a Ryerss Teg free” —|-| dow ajc of fen danas | | | na-nbarface, | lige implantes - te be treated as objects of & common superclass. —_ ( Different classes, sane behavior (draw()) ) © Achieved using Mathed Overloading (compile-time) and. Method. Overiding (runtime) ® Compile-time Polymorphism © Achieved using Method Overloading © Same method name, different. parameters. @® Runtime Polymorphism © Achaea sing Mathod. Overvding. © Sune palhed none ord. sgncbre x pore © Resolved by the compiler at compile time. and child class eae © Resoled by JVM at runtime (dynamic dispatch) a — | Example: [clase Coleulator { | ink addCint int b) { return a + bi | int addint a, int ink c) { return arbres} | Aouble add(double a, double b) { return a + 4 } (class Avimal { ied void sound() { [Link](*Animal. sound"); } ) Alate_ Dog tend _Aial! | eorerrise |, Neid"Sound() { System. cut. printin("Bark"); ) | | } imal a mew Deg): // Parent reference W Bark. (runtime @® Abstract Class ; Je nade | om J © Method Overriding Sytem. outprintln(Drawable interface"); Gok veh leg andl eaoues are © Contains nly abtract mathods (before Java 8) 2 Comet be eantied From Jove 6, can hav defull ond sae methods + aed te provide « common base and part TORS gry ieteacta® mihasue oharSaaas of ips implantation iz Example: | oamee (Gabetrat sie Spe | (terface Dromable [ON clcet doable artaQ; 17 abinat wend | || void draw Ms mathe | adapt)" ¢ 11 tema cated | | | daft wad info() (_1/ dafunaad (Soe 84) | | | u \ LE Quick : Compaaak © ld cas pridas spcisinglamenain of parent | - ‘diss eabeds a *e | [ Fectare [Compilectine Plynorphism [Runtime Pelynorphian a re er a | |e cates ‘Static Palymorphiam Dypania Myarphion @ Access levl canna be more resect | [paired By [Hehe Orrteding athed Ovriding | | ining Tue | __ Compe Tine Tantine nn prota Pernt"): || [Pethod Str] Different = | satands Park ( | [Terns Wat Ragired Required [SRL Csptan etter,» || [Bene ela, id) teand() Parent & Ohl PY Best Practices © Use absvecin te hide plementation and. show behavior. Progam te inarfuca, nk to plantain | + Use @Override sonelation aluays for method owrriing, Juality Insights, Better Careers!@ qa—insights 413 Exception Handling in Java @® What is Exception? | ® Exception Hierarchy Test aati G laa encnted een | event that disrupts the normal flow of program: |S ty ie ae eeeroene at [2 Hake etre Unchecked Exception Checked at compile time, Occurs ab runtime Mast be handled or Not chucked ab comple declared time. (RurkimeException) © try - catch - finally | ® throw Keyword | © throws Keyword R ches cae tsp eae + Used to expt throw an | Used in method sigature to catch : Handles the exception. exception | declare eceptin finally: Always enactes (opiznal). | © You can throw any Object that | + IE stifle the respoiiity ae | in subelans of Thre | be the aller [ty € | | ik ea 10705 7 ty ote | | Enample: — | Y catch CarithmatcEnception «) { | | (public void readFile() throws } | [Link] "Canna divide by | ‘f (age < 18) € TOEscepion { | | 3 feats € | ‘ema nou HagengumentEavpton FueReader fr = new FileReader | | Solano pita Falak ae a} | | CA mat be 1B or abe) Cpiasa’) | | Nea it . QV u 2) © Custom Exception | © Common Exceptions he ase ea | Een Description Type an || etna Tes ty ae, tll whens [tad (Gans Tligaplon ettends Eocptin €) | | NultPointerException ‘Aecasting matheds on mul object Unchecked ra ents (| | atl eniEmpn | Toa nan org aed mu | | Cnnteentteim | Ton mere of Sag Wave | teed feo | | rtp red opts | Cea GlantFoestEseplin Clas eck fund a edi Checked Interview Tip (ee Best Practices ) : | || 7 eer igen scp © amg prof space ations ome gunna | ‘pore oe Shae re ree meron ome rat |S Lag mang rer mg | © De nat catch Exception unlece neces 1+ Use finaly to ralase ratources (DB, fle, streams) ime ene = | | | | | enc J @ qa_insights | Quality Insights, Better Careers! to@ qa_insights 44 Packages & Access Modifiers in Java © Packages ® Creating & Using Packages | @ import. Statement © Used to use classes from other padloge. © A Package is « nomespace that organizes related classes and interfaces, © Helps in aveiding naming conficke and improves code maintainability, # Built-in packages: java. lang, [Link], [Link], ate, (w Benefits | Y Aovide name conflicts | Balter organization | Easier cole malntonance | V Access control | Ey DB com “De package [Link]. insights; Tnporing « Class 208 from [Link] package | | | | i | | | | | are imported automatically @ Access Modifiers Subelasses Modifier Within Class Within Package (onieeeion) Outside Package Best For public Yes Yes Yes Yer Maximum cccesibiiby private Yes No No No Data hiding protected ve Yes Yes No Inheritance saree fes fes lo lo ye level access (0 modifier) M us es £ fotig © Examples 2 \® Access in Different Scenarios 17 Pibie ~ aczebla onrgture | ‘Scenario public | protected | default | private ec | 1 ky mts 1] Y same case 7 7 7 z | 11 Pia = ec ly hin da | dss Pra |} [sone Putas |v vite x | dae Prints { | pete widow’) || Fo [pinta tent = 10; | 1| [oan v v x x }) | | | 11 Dj - se ayn pee | POs Package l [istecargones| leet |v | = | «| Best Practices Organize related classes into meaningful packages 1 Uso cloar package names (e.g., [Link]. modula) id wildeard imports (*), use specific imports Quality Insights, Better Careers © Always prefer least privilege acces. © Use private for fialds and provide gottere/etars NS ey |@ qa—insights 45 Java. Complete Notes - Quick Revision ra: 1) ® Complete Mind Map + Fle 70 + 308C + Aatatons| + Reflection 4 Tnmatable Classes + Design Patterns ® Top Interview Questions LW i Torn ond he dae wh? 2. What ie SVM? Explain ie component 3. Difference blanen JDK, JRE and JVM? 4 What isthe affrnce bebe == and equals)? 5. Explain OOP eanept with exangle, 6 hal polgrphion? Typ? 7. Difference bhucen abstract cast and interface? 8. What i thease of slate bayuord? 9. What & exept handling? Explain flow 10, Difrens balan throw ond ren? UL What ae wrappers? Why are they wed? 12, What i String pol in Jan? 3B. What is cllactons framework? 14, What is mallrentng? He to cree a Uread? 15, What ie eycrointion? Why ie ib nmaded? 3 Quick Revision Tipe ie een Pee ig pis ply Sino 2 al Dal ml pj sgh ng ial a and many more! E | | | @ qa_insights ® Best Practices + Tova Features + 30K, JRE, JVM + Packages & import + public, priate + protected, default oe Fellow naming conventions Use meaningfl variable snd mathed, names Prefer immutability Use final wherever pos Handle excopions propery, don't ignore them Follow SOLID principles Write clean, modular and reusable code Avoid code duplication Use appropriate data shrachares Comment enly where necessary, v v v v v v v v v v WE Remember 1 Code nore, Thi oe 8 Undedand cmc dei ju # Consiatnay is the hy te mastery 1 Make your oun short nats, G is = Clases Objects + Constructors + Encapsulation «+ Inheritance + Palymorphism + Abntraction + Keguords + Data Types + Nariables + Operators + Contra Statements + Aare + ley, catch, finally + throw, throws + Exception Hierarchy + Custom Exception ® Common Mistakes SQ x x x 7 What's Coming in Part 2? egensone Stay tuned! 97 Forging to close resources (Fle, DB conactions) Catching Exception without specific handling. Using null without checks (WullPeinterException) Net allowing access modifiers cenretly, Mg te df Net everiding equls() and hashCode() agether Creaking abjects iste lope enneceeily, Callao Dap Divs Sreane & Fact Intrfces Design Pater SDRC Database Comactinty V0 & NID Tater QRA (Advanced Lee) alone Prajett Tdsee Chaat Shets A Ouick Nate Quality Insights, Better Carvers! iy Insigl@r INSIGHTS —— QUALITY INSIGHTS, BETTER TESTING! —— ~ FOLLOW. & COMMENT > 2 = ~ ommms « @qa_insights y cated TESTING INSIGHTS | TOOLS | TUTORIALS | CAREERTIPS | RESOURCES