CHAPTER 7: RISK REDUCTION APPROACH, STRATEGIES

AND POLICIES
Disaster Risk Management (CE 78506) | TU IOE | BCE IV/II | Exam Notes

1. WHAT IS DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)?

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach aimed at minimizing the adverse impacts of
natural hazards and related environmental, technological, and biological disasters. Its primary goal is
to:
• Prevent NEW disaster risks from being created
• Reduce EXISTING disaster risks
• Build RESILIENCE among individuals, communities, and nations

Simple definition: DRR = All activities done BEFORE a disaster to reduce its impact on people and
property.

Key Formula:
DRR = Hazard Assessment + Vulnerability Reduction + Capacity Building + Policy
Framework
OR: Risk = Hazard × Vulnerability / Capacity → DRR reduces risk by reducing vulnerability
& increasing capacity

📝 DRR ≠ DRM. DRR is specifically about REDUCING risk before disaster. DRM is the broader cycle
including response & recovery too.

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRR AND DRM

S.N. Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Disaster Risk Management (DRM)
1 Focus: BEFORE disaster Focus: Entire cycle — before, during & after
(prevention/mitigation) disaster
2 Aims to prevent risks from materializing Manages risks even after they materialize
3 Tools: Hazard mapping, land-use planning, Tools: DRR + Emergency response +
building codes Recovery plans
4 Long-term/proactive approach Both proactive and reactive approach
5 Example: Building earthquake-resistant Example: Building codes + SAR teams +
structures Reconstruction plans

3. RISK REDUCTION APPROACHES

3.1 Structural Mitigation Measures
Physical/engineering interventions to reduce hazard impact:
• Earthquake: Retrofitting of old buildings, earthquake-resistant construction, building codes
enforcement
• Flood: Construction of embankments, dams, retaining walls, flood barriers, levees
• Landslide: Slope stabilization, retaining walls, drainage systems, bio-engineering (planting
trees)
• GLOF: Siphoning water from glacial lakes, construction of check dams, early warning
infrastructure
• Drought: Construction of irrigation canals, reservoirs, rainwater harvesting structures
3.2 Non-Structural Mitigation Measures
Policy, awareness, planning, and institutional measures:
• Land-use planning: Restricting construction in flood plains, landslide zones, earthquake fault
lines
• Building codes: Enforcing construction standards (NBC — Nepal Building Code)
• Early Warning Systems (EWS): Flood EWS on rivers, landslide EWS on hills
• Public awareness and education: Community training, disaster drills, school programs
• Insurance schemes: Disaster risk insurance for farmers, property
• Hazard mapping: Identifying and mapping hazard-prone areas at national, district, local levels
• Contingency planning: Pre-disaster plans at all levels

💡 EXAM TIP: Exam asks both 'structural and non-structural measures' — always write at least 4
examples each. Link them to Nepal's context.

4. DECENTRALIZATION IN DRR (from the manual)

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 2017 has envisioned giving the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Authority (NDRRMA) greater power. The most crucial part of
decentralization is a system for responding to disasters at the local level — disaster management is
primarily a bottom-up process.

• Local governments and communities must act quickly and effectively during disasters
• Skilled local actors are essential for saving lives — first responders are always local
• Security agencies (Nepal Army, Armed Police Force, Nepal Police) are key responders
• The Act requires deployment of security forces during disasters
• Challenges: Dependency on MoHA for decisions, limited financial authority, unclear mandates

5. ORGANIZATIONAL/INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR DRM IN NEPAL

The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act 2017 established a hierarchical structure with
clearly defined roles at all three levels:

5.1 National / Federal Level

A. National Council for Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (NCDRRM)
• Chaired by: Prime Minister
• Approves national disaster management policies and plans
• Provides direction to executive committee and national authority
• Policy guidance to province and local level
• Management of financial resources for disaster management
• Evaluation of disaster management activities

B. Executive Committee
• Chaired by: Home Minister
• Submits national policies and plans to the council
• Implements DRR, disaster response, rehabilitation and mitigation related policies
• Implementation and approval of disaster risk reduction strategies and programs
• Determines role of public, private and NGOs in disaster management
• Institutional capacity building of national, province and district and local level
 • Incorporate disaster management related courses from school to higher education
• Vulnerability assessment and hazard mapping

C. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority (NDRRMA)

• Acts under the Home Ministry as the focal point for disaster management in Nepal
• Implements the plans, programs and decisions approved from the council and executive
committee
• Works as resource centre for disaster reduction and management
• Studies and conducts research on causes and mitigation of landslides, floods, earthquakes,
etc.
• Provides financial and technical assistance to province and local level
• Involves private, NGOs and local community in disaster management
• Formation of search and rescue teams at national, province and local level

5.2 Province / State Level

Province Disaster Management Committee (PDMC) — chaired by Chief Minister
• Implements disaster-related medium and short-term policies based on national policies
• Facilitation and coordination for preparedness activities of local disaster management
committee
• Coordination with national, province and local level for search and rescue effectiveness
• Makes standards for rescue items management
• Management of drinking water, food, clothes and medicines in disaster-affected areas
• Recommends to Government of Nepal for declaration of emergency
• Moves unsafe people to safe places
• Establishment of disaster management information system and installation of Early Warning
System (EWS)

5.3 District Level / Local Level

A. District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) — chaired by Chief District Officer (CDO)
• Implements the policies, plans and programs approved by council, executive and province
committees
• Preparation and implementation of Disaster Response Plan of the district
• Mobilizes emergency operation centre (EOC) of the district
• Conducts search and rescue works in the affected areas
• Management of dead bodies due to disasters
• Management of drinking water, food, clothes and medicines
• Keeps intact security forces
• Coordination of national and international assistance during disaster
• Information flow about disasters

B. Local Disaster Management Committee (LDMC)

• Design and implementation of local disaster management plan
• Allocation of budget for disaster reduction
• Coordination of public, private, NGOs, local volunteers and social mobilizers
• Implementation of building codes and standards/guidelines
• Formation of disaster preparedness committee at ward and community level
• Training about mock-drill
 • Management of rescue and relief at affected areas
• Establishment of disaster management information system and installation of EWS
• Activate the emergency operation centre (EOC) at local level

INSTITUTIONAL HIERARCHY (Easy to remember)

NCDRRM (PM) → Executive Committee (Home Minister) → NDRRMA (MoHA)
↓
Province: PDMC (Chief Minister)
↓
District: DDMC (CDO) → Local: LDMC (Ward Chair)

6. LEGAL POLICIES FOR DISASTER RESPONSE IN NEPAL

Act / Policy Key Features Year

Natural Calamity First structured DRM law; established relief fund; 1982
Relief Act focused on response, not risk reduction; now replaced
(NCRA)
Soil & Watershed Controls and mitigates landslides, floods, soil erosion 1982
Conservation Act
Water Resource Minimizes adverse environmental impacts from floods, 1992
Act erosion
Forest Act Comprehensive forest resource management; role in 1993
disaster mitigation
Environment Mandated Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for 1996
Protection Act projects
Building Act Regulates building construction against earthquakes, 1998
fires, natural calamities
Constitution of Made DRM a directive principle and policy obligation; 2015
Nepal concurrent powers at federal, state and local levels
Local Empowered local bodies for DRR; hazard mapping, 2017
Government EWS, coordination, resource mobilization
Operation Act
(LGOA)
Disaster Risk Most comprehensive DRM law; covers full cycle; 2017 (Current)
Reduction and established NCDRRM, NDRRMA, PDMC, DDMC,
Management Act LDMC; defines roles of security forces

💡 EXAM TIP: Most important laws to remember for exam: (1) NCRA 1982 (old), (2) DRR and
Management Act 2017 (current), (3) Constitution 2015, (4) LGOA 2017

7. NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN NEPAL

(NSDRMN)
The National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management in Nepal (NSDRMN) was developed in 2009 to
provide a comprehensive framework for disaster risk management in the country. It outlines priorities
and objectives to reduce disaster risks and build resilience.

7 Priorities / Objectives of NSDRMN:

 # Priority Key Actions
1 Institutional & Legal Framework Develop institutional/legal framework; establish
NDRRMA; strengthen capacity of agencies
2 Disaster Risk Assessment & Conduct comprehensive risk assessments; develop
Monitoring national disaster risk profile; establish multi-hazard EWS
3 Disaster Prevention & Mitigation Integrate DRR into development planning; implement
structural and non-structural measures; land-use
planning; building codes
4 Disaster Preparedness & Strengthen capacity of communities and government;
Response develop and implement preparedness and contingency
plans
5 Recovery & Reconstruction Ensure timely and effective recovery; incorporate DRR
measures into post-disaster reconstruction
6 Capacity Building & Training Enhance capacity through training and education;
promote public awareness and education on DRR
7 Monitoring & Evaluation Establish monitoring & evaluation system; regularly
review and update NSDRMN based on lessons learned

📝 Additional policies in Nepal's DRR: (1) National Disaster Risk Reduction Policy — mainstreams
DRR into development planning, (2) Early Warning Systems — established for floods, landslides,
earthquakes, (3) Resource Allocation — PM's Disaster Relief Fund, (4) International Cooperation —
bilateral and multilateral partnerships

8. HYOGO FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (HFA) 2005–2015

The Hyogo Framework for Action was adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction in
Kobe, Japan in January 2005. It was the first major international agreement that explained, described
and detailed the work that is required from all different sectors and actors to reduce disaster losses.

5 Priorities of Hyogo Framework:

Priority 1: Governance — Institutional and policy framework

Make disaster risk reduction a national and local priority. Establish institutions, legislation,
and policies. Ensure strong foundation for DRR at all levels.

Priority 2: Risk Assessment — Know the risk and take action

Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. Develop national and
local risk assessments. Establish early warning systems.

Priority 3: Knowledge and Education — Build understanding and awareness

Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all
levels. Include DRR in school curricula.

Priority 4: Reducing underlying risk factors

Reduce the underlying risk factors — address social, economic, and environmental
vulnerabilities. Integrate DRR into development policies. Land-use planning, building codes.
 Priority 5: Preparedness — Be ready and able to respond
Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. Develop contingency
plans, early warning systems, regular drills.

💡 EXAM TIP: Remember HFA's 5 Priorities as: GOVERNANCE → RISK → KNOWLEDGE →

REDUCTION → PREPAREDNESS

9. SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 2015–2030

The Sendai Framework is an international document adopted by UN member states in 2015 at the
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan. It is the successor to the Hyogo
Framework for Action (2005–2015).

7 Global Targets of Sendai Framework (by 2030):

• Substantially REDUCE global disaster mortality
• Substantially REDUCE the number of affected people globally
• REDUCE direct disaster economic loss in relation to global GDP
• Substantially REDUCE disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic
services
• Substantially INCREASE countries with national and local DRR strategies
• Substantially ENHANCE international cooperation to developing countries
• Substantially INCREASE availability of multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk
information

4 Priorities for Action (Sendai Framework):

Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk

Develop, update and disseminate disaster risk information/data — risk profiles, hazard &
vulnerability assessments. Build knowledge for disaster risk governance and prevention.

Priority 2: Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to Manage Disaster Risk

Foster collaboration across mechanisms and institutions; integrate DRR into all sectors;
national DRR strategies at all levels; share responsibilities between government and relevant
stakeholders.

Priority 3: Investing in Disaster Risk Reduction for Resilience

Invest in prevention and reduction of disaster risk through structural and non-structural
measures, economic, social, health, cultural and educational measures. Promote disaster risk
transfer and insurance.

Priority 4: Enhancing Disaster Preparedness for Effective Response and to 'Build

Back Better'
Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery. Build Back Better —
make reconstruction more disaster-resilient. Develop and update preparedness policies,
plans, programs.

Hyogo Framework (2005–2015) Sendai Framework (2015–2030)

 Foc Disaster MANAGEMENT Disaster RISK (proactive prevention)
us
Prio 5 Priorities 4 Priorities for Action
ritie
s
Tar No specific measurable targets 7 specific global targets by 2030
gets
App Government-centered Whole-of-society (all stakeholders)
roac
h
Key Resilience building Build Back Better + Risk governance
con
cept
Ven Kobe, Japan (Jan 2005) Sendai, Japan (March 2015)
ue

💡 EXAM TIP: KEY DIFFERENCE: Hyogo = Disaster Management. Sendai = Disaster RISK focus + 7
measurable targets + Build Back Better. Sendai is stronger and more specific.

10. SENDAI FRAMEWORK IN NEPALESE PERSPECTIVE

Nepal is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world and has aligned its DRR policies with
the Sendai Framework 2015–2030. Nepal's commitments include:
• DRR and Management Act 2017: Enacted to align with Sendai Framework — provides legal
basis for DRR at all levels
• NDRRMA established: National authority for implementing Sendai Framework priorities in
Nepal
• Multi-Hazard Early Warning System: Flood EWS on Koshi, Narayani, Karnali rivers; landslide
EWS in hills
• Post-2015 Gorkha Earthquake reconstruction: 'Build Back Better' principle applied — NRA
(National Reconstruction Authority) enforced earthquake-resistant construction
• Local Disaster Management Plans: Required at municipality level, aligned with Sendai Priority
2
• DRRAP (Disaster Risk Reduction Action Plan): Nepal's flagship program implementing Sendai
Framework
• Climate change integration: Nepal's NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) includes DRR
components
• School safety programs: Disaster-resilient school construction, school disaster preparedness
drills
• Investment in DRR: Nepal allocates budget for DRR through Prime Minister's Disaster Relief
Fund and local funds
• International cooperation: Nepal receives support from UN, World Bank, ADB, bilateral donors
for DRR

📝 Nepal's risk ranking: 11th most earthquake-prone, 20th most flood-prone, 4th most climate-
vulnerable country in the world (BCPR/UNDP report).

11. DRRAP — DISASTER RISK REDUCTION ACTION PLAN (FLAGSHIP

PROGRAM IN NEPAL)
DRRAP is Nepal's flagship program for implementing the Sendai Framework at the national level. It is
coordinated by NDRRMA (formerly MoHA) with support from UN agencies and donor countries.
Key Components of DRRAP:
• Risk identification and assessment: National hazard and vulnerability mapping
• Early Warning Systems: Multi-hazard EWS for floods, landslides, earthquakes
• Community-based DRR: Local risk reduction plans and community preparedness
• School and hospital safety: Retrofitting unsafe schools and health facilities
• Land-use planning: Identifying and enforcing hazard zone regulations
• Capacity building: Training of disaster managers, first responders, community leaders
• Data management: Establishing national disaster information management system

12. ROLE OF NEPAL RED CROSS SOCIETY (NRCS) IN DRR

Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS), established in 1963 and mandated by the Red Cross Act 1964, is a
leading humanitarian organization playing a pivotal role in disaster risk management in Nepal.

Capacity:
• More than 6,000 organizational units across the country
• More than 1 million members in NRCS
• Nearly 100,000 volunteers in several disciplines

Major Tasks of NRCS in DRR:

• Community-based Disaster Preparedness Programs: Building capacities of communities;
community-based early warning systems, hazard mapping, risk awareness campaigns
• Disaster Response Operations: Mobilization of trained volunteers; search and rescue, first aid,
temporary shelter, distribution of relief supplies; significant role in 2015 Gorkha EQ
• Disaster Risk Reduction Programs: Implementation of DRR programs; focus on mitigating
disaster risks and enhancing community resilience
• Collaboration and Coordination: Close collaboration with government, local authorities, and
other stakeholders; coordination of disaster management efforts
• Capacity Building and Training: Regular training and capacity-building programs for volunteers,
staff, and community members
• International Support and Partnerships: Collaboration with IFRC and partner National
Societies; resource mobilization
• Advocacy and Awareness: Advocacy for DRR policies; raising public awareness about disaster
preparedness
• Auxiliary Role to the Government: Mandated by Red Cross Act 1964 to provide relief services;
acts as auxiliary to government in humanitarian field

13. ROLE OF MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (MoHA) IN DRM

MoHA is the nodal ministry responsible for disaster management in Nepal. It coordinates all disaster-
related activities at the national level.

• Overall coordination of national disaster response and preparedness

• Hosts NDRRMA (National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority) under it
• Mobilizes security forces (Nepal Army, Armed Police Force, Nepal Police) during disasters
• Manages the Prime Minister's Disaster Relief Fund
• Coordinates international assistance and UN agencies during disasters
 • Prepares national disaster response framework
• Issues disaster warnings and mobilizes EOC (Emergency Operation Centre)
• Manages search and rescue operations at national level
• Coordinates post-disaster recovery and reconstruction

14. INTEGRATION OF DRR INTO DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN NEPAL

Nepal has progressively integrated DRR into its development plans:

Plan Period DRR Integration

10th Plan (2002– First plan to explicitly address irrigation and water-induced disaster control
07)
3-Year Interim Plan Dedicated entire chapter to natural disaster management; established EWS;
(2007/08–09/10) coordinated DRR approach
12th Plan (2010– Aligned with Hyogo Framework; developed disaster-resilient Nepal vision;
13) mainstreamed DRR
13th Plan (2013– DRM as critical component of development; 3 key strategies: legal institution,
16) community linkages, early preparedness
14th Plan Dedicated section to DRM, environment, and climate change; specific
(2016/17–2018/19) strategies for all hazard types; 'Build Back Better'
15th Plan onwards Full alignment with Sendai Framework 2015–2030; NDRRMA as
implementing body

15. PAST EXAM QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

Past Q (2082 Back — 8 marks): Explain the use of the Sendai Framework in disaster risk
management from a Nepalese perspective. [8]

Answer Framework (8 marks):

Introduction (1 mark): What is Sendai Framework?
The Sendai Framework for DRR 2015–2030 is an international agreement adopted by 187 UN
member states at Sendai, Japan in March 2015. It is the successor to the Hyogo Framework (2005–
2015) and focuses on preventing new risk, reducing existing risk, and building resilience with 4
Priorities and 7 global targets.

4 Priorities for Action (3 marks):

• Priority 1: Understanding Disaster Risk
• Priority 2: Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance
• Priority 3: Investing in DRR for Resilience
• Priority 4: Enhancing Preparedness + Build Back Better

Nepal's Implementation (4 marks):

• DRR & Management Act 2017 enacted in alignment with Sendai Framework
• NDRRMA established as implementing authority (Priority 2 — Governance)
• Multi-hazard EWS for floods, landslides (Priority 1 — Understanding risk)
• Post-2015 EQ: Build Back Better through NRA (Priority 4 — Preparedness)
• DRRAP flagship program implements Sendai at national level
 • School and hospital safety programs (Priority 3 — Investment in resilience)
• Budget allocation: PM's Disaster Relief Fund for DRR activities
• Nepal's 14th Three Year Plan includes DRR aligned with Sendai targets

Past Q (2081 Regular): What are the objectives of risk reduction policies in Nepal? Explain
national strategies for disaster response in Nepal. [5]

Answer Framework (5 marks):

Objectives of Risk Reduction Policies in Nepal (2 marks):
• Prevent new disaster risks from being created through development activities
• Reduce existing disaster risks through structural and non-structural measures
• Build resilience of communities and systems to withstand and recover from disasters
• Mainstream DRR into national development planning
• Strengthen institutional and legal framework for DRM
• Protect lives, livelihoods, and assets of vulnerable populations
• Ensure effective emergency response and recovery

National Strategies for Disaster Response in Nepal (3 marks): [Write from Section 7 — 7 priorities of
NSDRMN with brief explanation of each]

Past Q (2079 Regular): What are the priorities of the Hyogo Framework for action. Also
mentioned the priorities of National strategies for disaster risk management in Nepal
(NSDRMN) action with its objectives. [10]

Answer Framework (10 marks = write full 4-5 pages):

Hyogo Framework 5 Priorities (4 marks): [Write from Section 8]
NSDRMN Priorities (6 marks): [Write all 7 priorities with objectives from Section 7]

Past Q (2078 / 2075 Regular): Explain organizational policies of Disaster Risk Management
in National level and province level in Nepal. [8]

Answer: [Write from Section 5 — National level: NCDRRM, Executive Committee, NDRRMA;
Province level: PDMC with all their roles]

Past Q (2077 Regular): Describe organization policies of disaster management system in

Nepal. Explain the Role of Ministry of Home Affair and Nepal Red Cross Society during the
disaster in Nepal. [8]

Answer: [Organization policies = Section 5 hierarchy. MoHA role = Section 13. NRCS role =
Section 12]

Past Q (2074 Regular): What are the aspects of disaster risk reduction and describe how
these things are incorporated in the national strategy for disaster risk management in
Nepal. [10]

Answer Framework:
Aspects of DRR (3 marks): Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Risk assessment, Capacity building,
Policy framework
Incorporation in NSDRMN (7 marks): [Write 7 priorities of NSDRMN with how each aspect is
incorporated]

Past Q (Short Note — multiple years): Write short notes on: (a) Hyogo Framework for DRR
(b) DRRAP-flagship program in Nepal (c) Paradigm shift in DRM [4 marks each]

Short Note: Hyogo Framework [4 marks]

• Adopted: World Conference on Disaster Reduction, Kobe, Japan, January 2005
• Period: 2005–2015 (10 years)
• 5 Priorities: (1) Governance (2) Risk Assessment (3) Knowledge & Education (4) Reduce
Underlying Risk (5) Preparedness
• Impact: First comprehensive global framework; created foundation for DRR; led to creation of
Sendai Framework
• Nepal: NSDRMN 2009 developed in alignment with Hyogo Framework

Short Note: DRRAP Flagship Program [4 marks]

• Full form: Disaster Risk Reduction Action Plan
• Nepal's national flagship program for implementing Sendai Framework
• Coordinated by NDRRMA under Ministry of Home Affairs
• Components: Hazard mapping, EWS, community DRR, school/hospital safety, capacity
building
• Supported by UN agencies (UNDP, UNICEF, WHO) and bilateral donors

Short Note: Paradigm Shift in DRM [4 marks]

Stage Old Paradigm (Before 1990s) New Paradigm (After 2000s)
Focus Response & Relief (reactive) Prevention & Mitigation
(proactive)
Approach Top-down: Government Bottom-up: Community
decides participates
View of disaster Acts of God — unavoidable Result of poor development
decisions
Tools Emergency response only Risk assessment + DRR +
Response + Recovery
Framework Ad-hoc response plans Hyogo (2005) → Sendai (2015)
frameworks
Nepal NCRA 1982: focus on relief DRR Act 2017: full DRM cycle
+ risk reduction

16. PROBABLE QUESTIONS FOR 2082/2083 EXAM

Probable Q 1: Explain the Sendai Framework for DRR 2015–2030. How is it being
implemented in Nepal? Compare it with the Hyogo Framework. [8]

Answer hint: Introduction of Sendai → 7 global targets → 4 priorities → Nepal implementation

(NDRRMA, DRRAP, Build Back Better, EWS) → Comparison table with Hyogo.
 Probable Q 2: What are the national strategies and legal policies for disaster response in
Central Level and Provincial Level in Nepal? [5+5=10]

Answer hint: Central = NCDRRM (PM), Executive Committee (Home Minister), NDRRMA with all their
roles. Provincial = PDMC (Chief Minister) with all roles.

Probable Q 3: What is DRR? Explain the structural and non-structural mitigation measures
with examples from Nepal. [6]

Answer hint: DRR definition → Structural (4 types with examples: embankments for floods, retrofitting
for EQ, slope stabilization for landslide) → Non-structural (4 types: land-use planning, building codes,
EWS, community training).

Probable Q 4 (Short Note): Write short notes on: (a) Paradigm shift in DRM (b) DRRAP
flagship program (c) Hyogo Framework (d) Role of MoHA during disaster [4×4=16]

Answer hint: Use the short note answers from Section 15 above for each. Each short note = 1-1.5
pages.

Probable Q 5: Explain the objectives of risk reduction policies and national strategies for
disaster risk management in Nepal. [5]

Answer hint: Objectives (5 points from Section 7 intro) + NSDRMN 7 priorities summary.

Probable Q 6: Explain the role of Nepal Red Cross Society and Ministry of Home Affairs in
disaster management. [6]

Answer hint: NRCS = 8 tasks from Section 12. MoHA = 9 roles from Section 13.

17. QUICK REVISION CARD

⚡ KEY FACTS TO MEMORIZE

• DRR Act 2017 is Nepal's most comprehensive DRM law — replaces NCRA 1982
• NCDRRM chaired by PM | Executive Committee chaired by Home Minister | NDRRMA
under MoHA
• Province: PDMC (Chief Minister) | District: DDMC (CDO) | Local: LDMC
• NSDRMN 2009: 7 priorities (1-Institutional 2-Risk Assessment 3-Prevention 4-
Preparedness 5-Recovery 6-Capacity 7-M&E)
• Hyogo Framework: Kobe, Japan, January 2005 | 5 Priorities | Period: 2005–2015
• Sendai Framework: Sendai, Japan, March 2015 | 4 Priorities | 7 Targets | Period:
2015–2030
• Key Sendai concept: 'Build Back Better' (BBB) — reconstruction must be disaster-
resilient
• DRRAP = Disaster Risk Reduction Action Plan = Nepal's flagship program for Sendai
implementation
• NRCS: Established 1963 | Mandated by Red Cross Act 1964 | 6,000+ units | 1M+
members | 100K volunteers
• Nepal's rank: 11th earthquake-prone, 20th flood-prone, 4th climate-vulnerable
(BCPR/UNDP)

Best of luck for your exams! Study Smart & Stay Safe. 🎓