STAT 101 — Tutorial Sheet 5
Summary Statistics for Grouped Data and Probability
March 26, 2026
Instructions
Answer all questions. Show all calculations clearly and interpret your answers where
required.
Section A: Summary Statistics for Grouped Data
Question 1
a) Why do we use class midpoints when calculating the mean for grouped data?
b) Explain why the median for grouped data is estimated and not exact.
c) What is the difference between the modal class and the mode?
Question 2
The table below shows the distribution of daily study hours for students:
Study Hours Frequency
0–2 5
2–4 9
4–6 12
6–8 8
8–10 6
Compute and interpret the following statistics:
a) the mean
b) median
c) the mode
d) the standard deviation
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e) the Inter quartile range (IQR)
f) Using the summary statistics above, comment on the shape of the distribution of
this data.
Section B: Probability
Question 3
Define and give an example of the following:
(i) Experiment
(ii) Outcome
(iii) Sample space
(iv) Event
(v) Simple event
(vi) Impossible event
(vii) Certain event
(viii) Complementary event
(ix) Compound events
(x) Mutually exclusive events
(xi) Independent events
(xii) Dependent events
Question 4
a) Classify each as theoretical, empirical, or subjective probability:
(i) Probability of getting a 6 on a fair die
(ii) Rain predicted based on past weather data
(iii) A fan predicting their team will win
b) State whether the events are independent, dependent, or mutually exclusive.
(i) Tossing a coin and rolling a die
(ii) Drawing two cards without replacement
(iii) Getting a head and a tail in the same toss
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Question 5
a) List the sample space for tossing a coin three times.
b) Let:
A = a head and at least one tail, B = at least one head, C = No head is observed
List the elements of:
(i) A
(ii) B
(iii) C
(iv) A ∩ C
(v) A ∪ C
(vi) A ∩ B
(vii) A ∩ B c
c) Determine the type of the following events:
(i) A
(ii) B
(iii) C
(iv) A ∩ C
(v) A ∪ C
(vi) A ∩ B
(vii) A ∩ B c
d) Find the following probabilities:
(i) P (A)
(ii) P (B)
(iii) P (C)
(iv) P (A ∩ C)
(v) P (A ∪ C)
(vi) P (A ∩ B)
(vii) P (A ∩ B c )
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Question 6
A fair die is rolled twice
a) Write the sample space.
b) Define the following events:
A = the sum of the pair is odd and greater than 5, B = the pair is even,
C = a one is observed first.
List the elements of:
(i) A
(ii) B
(iii) C
(iv) A ∩ C
(v) A ∪ C
(vi) A ∩ B
(vii) A ∩ C c
c) Determine the type of the following events:
(i) A
(ii) B
(iii) C
(iv) A ∩ C
(v) A ∪ C
(vi) A ∩ B
(vii) A ∩ C c
d) Find the following probabilities:
(i) P (A)
(ii) P (B)
(iii) P (C)
(iv) P (A ∩ C)
(v) P (A ∪ C)
(vi) P (A ∩ B)
(vii) P (A ∩ C c )
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Question 7
a) From a deck of 52 cards, Let:
A = heart, B = king
(i) P (A)
(ii) P (B)
(iii) P (A ∩ B)
(iv) P (A ∪ B)
b) Construct a sample space that describes all three-child families according to the
genders of the children concerning birth order. Find the probability of:
(i) Exactly two girls
(ii) The eldest daughter
(iii) Second born is a boy if first born is a boy.
c) Given that A and B are independent events, and
P (A) = 0.5, P (B) = 0.4
Find
(i) P (A ∩ B)
(ii) P (A ∪ B)
d) Find P (A ∩ B), if
P (A) = 0.6, P (B|A) = 0.3
e) A factory produces 1000 items, and 25 are defective.
(i) Find the probability of selecting a defective item.
(ii) Is this theoretical or empirical probability?
(iii) If production increases, what happens to the accuracy of the probability?
Question 8
Some trees in a forest were showing signs of disease. A random sample of 200 trees of
various sizes was examined yielding the following results:
Type Disease free Doubtful Diseased Total
Small 24 8 8 68
Medium 46 32 14 92
Large 35 18 15 40
Total 105 58 37 200
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What is the probability that one tree selected at random is
a) large?
b) diseased?
c) both small and diseased?
d) either small or disease-free?
e) What is the probability that one tree selected at random from the population of
medium trees is doubtful of disease?