TRIGONOMETRY

Complete Notes for Competitive Exams (JEE / Banking / SSC)

Yeh notes trigonometry ke saare important concepts, formulas, identities, aur exam-oriented tricks cover
karte hain. JEE, SSC, Banking (aur similar) exams ke liye design kiya gaya hai — jahan speed aur
formula-recall dono important hote hain.

Contents
1. Basic Concepts & Trigonometric Ratios

2. Standard Angle Values Table

3. Fundamental (Pythagorean) Identities

4. Sign of Ratios in Four Quadrants (ASTC Rule)

5. Sum, Difference & Product Formulas

6. Multiple & Sub-Multiple Angle Formulas

7. Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

8. Maximum & Minimum Values

9. Heights & Distances

10. Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Basics)

11. Important Tricks & Shortcuts

12. Practice Questions

 1. Basic Concepts & Trigonometric Ratios
Ek right-angled triangle mein, agar ek angle θ hai, to teeno sides ke ratios ko trigonometric ratios kehte
hain. Sides hote hain: Hypotenuse (H), Perpendicular/Opposite (P), Base/Adjacent (B).

Ratio Formula Reciprocal

sin θ P/H cosec θ = H / P

cos θ B/H sec θ = H / B

tan θ P/B cot θ = B / P

Yaad rakhne ka trick: Pandit Badri Prasad Har Har Bole, Sona Chandi Tole (P/H, B/H, P/B, H/P, H/B, B/P —
sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec, cot).

2. Standard Angle Values Table

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sin θ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1

cos θ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tan θ 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined

cot θ Not Defined √3 1 1/√3 0

sec θ 1 2/√3 √2 2 Not Defined

cosec θ Not Defined 2 √2 2/√3 1

Trick: sin ke liye 0,1,2,3,4 ko root karke /2 karo → 0, 1/2, 1/√2, √3/2, 1. cos ke liye ulta order use karo.

3. Fundamental (Pythagorean) Identities

sin²θ + cos²θ = 1

1 + tan²θ = sec²θ

1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ

In teeno se derive hone wale useful forms:

sin²θ = 1 − cos²θ | cos²θ = 1 − sin²θ

sec²θ − tan²θ = 1 | cosec²θ − cot²θ = 1

4. Sign of Ratios in Four Quadrants (ASTC Rule)

Quadrant Angle Range Positive Ratios

I 0° – 90° All (sin, cos, tan)

II 90° – 180° sin, cosec

III 180° – 270° tan, cot

 IV 270° – 360° cos, sec

Trick: "Add Sugar To Coffee" — I: All, II: Sin, III: Tan, IV: Cos (positive rehte hain).
 5. Sum, Difference & Product Formulas
Sum & Difference:
sin(A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B

cos(A ± B) = cos A cos B ■ sin A sin B

tan(A ± B) = (tan A ± tan B) / (1 ■ tan A tan B)

Sum-to-Product:
sin A + sin B = 2 sin((A+B)/2) cos((A−B)/2)

sin A − sin B = 2 cos((A+B)/2) sin((A−B)/2)

cos A + cos B = 2 cos((A+B)/2) cos((A−B)/2)

cos A − cos B = −2 sin((A+B)/2) sin((A−B)/2)

Product-to-Sum:
2 sin A cos B = sin(A+B) + sin(A−B)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A+B) − sin(A−B)

2 cos A cos B = cos(A+B) + cos(A−B)

2 sin A sin B = cos(A−B) − cos(A+B)

6. Multiple & Sub-Multiple Angle Formulas

Double Angle (2A):
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2 tan A / (1 + tan²A)

cos 2A = cos²A − sin²A = 2cos²A − 1 = 1 − 2sin²A = (1−tan²A)/(1+tan²A)

tan 2A = 2 tan A / (1 − tan²A)

Triple Angle (3A):

sin 3A = 3 sin A − 4 sin³A

cos 3A = 4 cos³A − 3 cos A

tan 3A = (3tan A − tan³A) / (1 − 3tan²A)

Half Angle (A/2):

sin(A/2) = ± √[(1 − cos A)/2]

cos(A/2) = ± √[(1 + cos A)/2]

tan(A/2) = ± √[(1 − cos A)/(1 + cos A)]

7. Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Allied angles woh angles hote hain jo 90° ke multiples ± θ ke form mein hote hain (jaise 90°−θ, 90°+θ,
180°−θ, 180°+θ, 270°−θ, 270°+θ, 360°−θ).

Angle sin cos tan

(90° − θ) cos θ sin θ cot θ

(90° + θ) cos θ −sin θ −cot θ

(180° − θ) sin θ −cos θ −tan θ

(180° + θ) −sin θ −cos θ tan θ

(360° − θ) −sin θ cos θ −tan θ

Trick: 90°/270° pe function badal jaata hai (sin↔cos, tan↔cot), 180°/360° pe function same rehta hai. Sign
ASTC rule se decide hota hai.
 8. Maximum & Minimum Values
−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 and −1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1

Max/Min of (a sin θ + b cos θ) = ± √(a² + b²)

Max/Min of (a sin θ + b cos θ + c) = c ± √(a² + b²)

Yeh formula competitive exams mein 'maximum/minimum value of expression' waale questions ke liye bahut
frequently use hota hai — direct formula se seconds mein answer aa jaata hai.

9. Heights & Distances

Angle of Elevation: Horizontal line se upar dekhne par jo angle banta hai.
Angle of Depression: Horizontal line se neeche dekhne par jo angle banta hai.

tan θ = Height / Distance (base) — most common relation used in problems

Key Tip: Do observations se do equations banao (tan θ■ aur tan θ■), phir unhe simultaneously solve
karo. Agar tower ki height H aur base distances d■, d■ diye ho, to:

H = (d■ − d■) × tan θ■ × tan θ■ / (tan θ■ − tan θ■) (jab dono angle same side se ho)

10. Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Basics)

Inverse trig functions ratio se angle nikalte hain. Principal value branches yaad rakhna zaroori hai:

Function Domain Range (Principal Value)

sin■¹x [−1, 1] [−π/2, π/2]

cos■¹x [−1, 1] [0, π]

tan■¹x R (all reals) (−π/2, π/2)

sin■¹x + cos■¹x = π/2 | tan■¹x + cot■¹x = π/2

 11. Important Tricks & Shortcuts
• sin θ · cosec θ = 1, cos θ · sec θ = 1, tan θ · cot θ = 1 — reciprocal check karke galti bachao.

• Agar angles A+B = 90°, to sin A = cos B aur tan A = cot B (complementary angle trick).

• sin(nπ + θ) = (−1)■ sin θ, cos(nπ + θ) = (−1)■ cos θ — general solutions mein useful.

• 3 angles A, B, C jinka sum 180° ho (triangle), unme: tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A · tan B · tan C.

• Values yaad rakhne ke liye hamesha unit circle diagram ek baar practice karo — formulas apne aap
clear ho jaate hain.

• Approximation: 1° ≈ 0.0175 radian; π radian = 180° — degree-radian conversion competitive exams

mein aksar aata hai.

• sin θ + cos θ ka maximum value √2 hai (θ = 45° par), aur minimum −√2 (θ = 225° par).

12. Practice Questions

• Q1. If sin θ = 3/5, find the value of cos θ and tan θ (θ in first quadrant).

• Q2. Prove that: (1 − cos 2A) / sin 2A = tan A

• Q3. Find the maximum value of 3 sin θ + 4 cos θ.

• Q4. Evaluate: sin 75° using the sum formula.

• Q5. If tan A = 1/2 and tan B = 1/3, find tan(A + B).

• Q6. A tower's angle of elevation from a point 30 m away is 30°. Find the height of the tower.

• Q7. Prove that: sec²θ + cosec²θ = sec²θ · cosec²θ

• Q8. Find the value of cos 15° using half-angle or difference formula.

• Q9. If sin θ + cosec θ = 2, find the value of sin■θ + cosec■θ.

• Q10. Evaluate: tan 20° · tan 40° · tan 60° · tan 80° (well-known identity result).

Tip: In notes ko regular revise karo, especially formula sections (5, 6, 7, 8) — competitive exams mein direct
formula-based questions bahut aate hain. Practice questions khud solve karke confidence build karo.