Electronic Structure of matter Electron configuration- the way in which
electrons are distributed in the different
Rutherford’s model- describes the atom as orbitals around the nucleus of an atom.
mostly empty space. Its mass is concentrated
in the nucleus that consists of protons and Atomic orbital – the region of space in
neutrons. It couldn’t explain the chemical which there is a high probability of finding
properties of elements. the electron in an atom
Bohr’s atomic model- Describes the atom Electron cloud – an imaginary
like a solar system, where the electron is representation of an electron’s rapidly
found only in specific circular paths, or changing position around the nucleus over
orbits, around the nucleus time
Energy levels- Fixed energies that electrons Electron configuration – the distribution
have of electrons within the orbitals of the atoms
of an element
-an electron that has received enough energy
can jump to a high energy level. Excited state – any electron configuration
of an atom or molecule other than the lowest
-when the electron returns to a lower energy energy (ground) state
level, energy is emitted in the form of light
Exclusion Principle – a principle
Atomic orbital- volume or region of space developed by Wolfgang Pauli stating that no
around the nucleus where the electron is two electrons in an atom can have the same
most likely to be found. set of four quantum numbers
Schrodinger- formulated a math equation Ground state – the electron configuration
that describes the behavior of the electron. of an atom or ion that is lowest in energy
Quantum Mechanical model- describes the Quantum number- a number that specifies
atom as having a nucleus at the center a property of an orbital or an electron
around which the electrons move. Describes
a region in space where electron is most
likely to be found.
Chemical bonding
- An electron is imagine to be a cloud
of negative charge having a certain Valence electrons- outermost electrons
geometrical shape. The electrons are which are directly involved in chemical
arranged in principal or main energy bonding (lets bond scientifically Tara
levels that consist of one or more HAHAHAH)
sublevels.
Lewis symbol- composed of the symbol of
the element and dots which represent the
number of valence electrons of an atom that atom. The valence e of these metal atoms
can easily be determined. are usually called “sea of electrons”.
- Atoms form bonds with one another - Thermal and electrical conductivity
to become stable and attain the in metal are due to free flow of
electron configuration of the noble electrons in the solid phase.
gas nearest it.
Metals- lustrous, malleable, and ductile
Ionic bond- involves complete transfer of
electrons; ions are formed. It involves Anion-a negatively charged particle
metals with low Electro negativity and non- Cation-a positively charged particle
metals with high electro negativity
Chemical bond-the force or energy that
Ionic compounds- conduct electricity when holds atoms or ions together
in solution but nor in solid phase. Are
generally soluble in water and in polar Covalent bond-a bond formed when atoms
solvents. share electrons to attain stability
Covalent bond- involves the Sharing of Electro negativity-is a measure of the
electrons that results in the formation of tendency of an atom to attract electron
covalent compound whose representative
Ionic bond-a bond which involves
particle is a molecule. As a whole a
complete transfer of electrons
molecule does not carry a charge.
Ionization energy-is the energy required to
Covalent bonds- maybe polar or non-polar
remove an electron from the outermost
- Two identical non-metallic atoms energy level of an atom
always form a nonpolarcovalent
Ions-charged particles
compound. Examples: N2, O2, H2,
- Non-identical atoms with electro Luster-the property of metals to reflect
negativity difference higher than 0.4 light
and lower than 1.9 produce polar
covalent bond. Malleable-the property of metals to be
hammered into thin sheet
Covalent compound- non-conductors of
electricity in the solid phase and in solution. Metallic bond- A bond formed by the
Has lower melting temp. Than compound attractions of cations and the electrons
formed by ionic bonds. around then.
Metallic bonding- exists in metals through
the attraction between the freely-moving
valence e and the positively charged metal Carbon compounds
Carbon atoms have special abilities: carbon Ethene is a gaseous organic compound
atoms can form chemical bonds with other with a chemical formula CH2CH2. It is a
carbon atoms and other nonmetal atoms in plant’s compound that is responsible for the
many ways. They can form single, double, ripening of fruits.
and triple bonds. These abilities of carbon
atoms are the reasons why there are some
many kinds of organic compounds. Alcohols are a group of organic
compounds that contain a hydroxyl group, -
OH, that is chemically bonded to a carbon
Organic compounds -compounds that atom in the compound. They have special
are primarily composed of carbon atoms, uses such as a disinfectant, fuel, and as a
which are chemically bonded with hydrogen main component (ethyl alcohol) of liquor
and other elements such as oxygen, sulfur, and other alcoholic drinks.
and nitrogen. Are naturally produced by
living organisms, but can also be produced
artificially. Carbonyl compounds like acetone, and
formaldehyde have a carbonyl functional
Organic compounds such as gasoline,
group, C=O, which is chemically bonded to
kerosene, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol,
a carbon atom in the compound.
formaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, and
lubricating oil have important uses. These Alkanes- are hydrocarbon compounds
uses are based on their specific chemical where atoms only form single bonds with
properties. other carbon atoms.
Hydrocarbons are a specific group of Alkenes- are hydrocarbon compounds
organic compounds which contain carbon which have double bonds between carbon
and hydrogen only. atoms.
Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene Alkynes- are hydrocarbon compounds
is an alkyne hydrocarbon with a chemical which have triple bonds between carbon
formula C2H2. This organic compound is atoms.
commonly used as fuel in an oxy-acetylene
welding torch. Ethyne (acetylene) is also Boiling point- It is the temperature in which
produced when Calcium carbide, CaC2, a substance goes from the liquid phase to the
reacts with water in the air. It has the ability gas phase.
to hasten the ripening of fruits. That is why
Carbonyl containing compounds- are
fruit vendors use calcium carbide in ripening
organic compounds where a carbon atom is
their fruits in just a few days.
bonded to a carbonyl group (C=O). To
illustrate: C—C=O
Flammability- is the property of a The number of moles multiplied by
substance that describes how easily it burns. the Avogadro’s number gives the
number of particles.
Hydrocarbons- are organic compounds Percentage composition of a
consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen compound tells you the percentage
atoms. of the mass made up by each element
Organic compound- is any chemical in a compound
compounds that mainly contain carbon that Avogadro’s number - the number equal
is chemically bonded with hydrogen and to 6.02 x 10 23 which refers to the
other nonmetal elements like oxygen, sulfur, number of atoms or ions or molecules
and nitrogen. equal to 1 mole
Viscosity- is the property of a fluid that Chemical formula- a combination of
describes a substance’s resistance to flow or the symbol of elements and subscript
deformation. numbers representing a compound
Volatility- is the property that describes Molar mass- the mass of one mole of a
how a substance easily evaporates substance
Mole- SI unit to express the amount of a
substance
What’s in a mole?
Molecule- the smallest unit of a
Different kinds of materials with the
substance that retains its physical and
same number of particles have
chemical properties, it may be composed
different masses.
of one kind of atom or two or more
One mole contains the Avogadro’s
kinds of atoms bonded together.
number of particles equal to 6.02 x
10 23. Percentage- composition the
Different substances with the same percentage by mass of each element in a
number of moles have the same compound
number of particles but they have
different masses.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole
of a substance expressed in grams.
The molar mass of a monatomic
element like Na, Li, and Mg is
numerically equal to its atomic mass
expressed in grams.
The mass of the substance divided by
its molar mass gives the number of
moles of the substance.