Material Testing Lab (KME352)
EXPERIMENT NO- 2
OBJECTIVE: Toperform bending test on UTM.
APPARATUS:UTM, Test specimen, Vernier caliper, bending fixture.
THEORY:
point loading system. The bending fixture
Bending test is performed onbeam by using the three
of hvdraulic cylinder of the UTM. The loading is held in the middle
IS Supported on the platform by using a
At a particular load. the deflection at the center of the beam is determined
Cross head. after bending
The distance between the original position of the beam and its position
dial guage. maximum at the center in this
IS different at different pointsalong the length if the beam, being
case. This difference is called deflection.
The deflection at the beam center is given by:
WL3 Eq. (1)
48EI
Where, W= load acting at the centre, (N)
L=length of the beam between the supports, (mm)
E= young's modulus of material of the
beam, (N/mm?)
neutral
of the cross section (moment of inertia) ofthe beam about the
1= second momentof area
axis, (mm')
BENDING STRESS:
As per bending equation,
M ... Eq. (2)
Where, M= Bending moment, N-mm
|= Moment of inertia, mm
Op Bending stress, N/mm²
y= Distance of the fibre of the beam from the neutral axis, mm
Bend or flexure testing is common in springs and brittle materials whose failure behaviors
are
linear such as concretes, stones, woods, plastics, glasses and ceramics. Other types of brittle
materials such as powder metallurgy processed metals and materials are normally tested under a
transverse flexure. Bend test is therefore suitable for evaluating strength of brittle materials where
interpretation of tensile test result of the same material is difficult due to breaking of specimens
MED, IET LUCKNOW
Material Testing Lab (KME352)
around specimen gripping. The evaluation of the tensile result is therefore not validsince the failed
areas are not included in the specimen gauge length.
Midspan
L
W/2 W/2 W/2
W/2
a) Three-point bending b) Four-point bending
Fiqure 3. BEND TESTING OFARECTANGULAR BAR UNDER (A) THREE-POINT BENDING (B) FOUR-POINT BENDING
PROCEDURE:
Measure the length, width and the thickness of test piece, by Vernier Caliper.
Place the test piece on the supports of the bending fixture. Mark on the locations where the
load will be applied under three-point bending.
Start the machine and note down the load and dial gauge readings.
Bend testing is carried out using a universal testing machine until failure takes place.
Construct the load-extension or load-deflection curve if the dial gauge is used.
OBSERVATIONS:
Width of the beam= mim
Thickness of beam= mm
Length of beam = mm
bd3
Moment of inertia of rectangular section, I= mm4
12
Least count of the Vernier =
6 MED, IET LUCKNOW
Material Testing Lab
(KME352)
Bending Stress Deflection Young's Modulus
[Link]. Load W Bending Moment E= WJ3/ 4881
Ob = M. y/ I 8 (mm)
(N) M=W.l /4 N /mm2
(N. mm) N/mm2
1.
2
3
4
RESULTS: N/mm².
is
1. The Bending stress induced in the given specimen
N/mm².
2. The Young's modulus of the specimen is
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The test specimen should be standard in size.
2. The load should be applied gradually.
3. Test piece should be properly touching the fixture.
4. Test piece should be straight.
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