CE TRK 1 101 Structural Engineering 1 (Reinforced Concrete Design)

Assignment

1. Types of Structure using Reinforced Concrete Design.

 Foundations- the foundation of a structure is what supports it on the
ground. It is generally buried and transmits its own weight and the loads
received to the ground, so that the supporting structure is stable. The
transmitted pressure should be less than the allowable and the
settlements should be limited.
 Slabs- The reinforced concrete slab is a structural element that serves to
be separation between consecutive floors of a building and at the same
time it serves as a support for occupancy loads whether live loads and/or
dead loads.
 Columns- are those vertical elements that support compressive and
bending forces. Responsible for transmitting all the loads of the structure
so its construction requires special care.
 Beams- structural elements that can be made of reinforced concrete.
Designed to support linear loads, concentrated or uniform in a single
direction. The beam supports loads of compression, which are absorbed
by the concrete and the bending are countered.

FOUNDATION SLABS

COLUMNS BEAMS
2. Specification and Building Codes used in Reinforced Concrete Design
 NSCP 2015: The main legal and technical reference for structural design,
containing Chapter 4 specifically for structural concrete design, analysis,
and detailing.
 National Building Code (PD 1096): Sets the overarching legal
compliance for building safety, fire resistance, and structural grouping
types (such as Type IV and V concrete structures).
 The American Concrete Institute (ACI) 318 standard is the premier
reference for structural concrete design globally. Because the
Philippines adopts its provisions directly into Chapter 4 of the National
Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP), changes in ACI 318 directly
shape local building practices.

3. Design Philosophy used in Reinforced Concrete Design

A. Working Stress Method (WSM)

 Based on actual/working loads acting on the structure.

 Assumes materials behave within the linear-elastic range.
 Safety is provided using a Factor of Safety (FOS).
 Allowable stress = strength of material ÷ FOS.
 Considers service conditions such as creep, shrinkage, and
stress concentrations.
 Does not adequately account for simultaneous load e ects
and load combinations.
  Generally produces larger and more uneconomical sections
because of high safety factors.
 Still used for some special structures, such as water tanks
and chimneys.

Main idea: Keep stresses below allowable limits under working loads.

B. Ultimate Load Method (ULM)

 Also called the Ultimate Strength Method or Load Factor

Method.

 Uses factored loads to ensure safety at ultimate conditions.

 Takes advantage of the nonlinear portion of the stress-strain

curve of materials.

 Considers the e ects of di erent loads acting

simultaneously.

 Allows the design of thinner and more economical sections

than WSM.

 Mainly focuses on the strength/failure condition.

 Does not adequately consider serviceability, such as

cracking and deflection.

 Uses a load factor to increase service loads to ultimate design

loads.

Main idea: Ensure the structure has enough strength to resist factored
ultimate loads.

C. Limit State Method (LSM)

 A combination/extension of the concepts of WSM and ULM.

 Considers both safety and serviceability.

 Uses partial safety factors for materials and loads.

 Checks two major limit states:

 Ultimate Limit State (ULS): strength, overturning, sliding,

fatigue, etc.
 Serviceability Limit State (SLS): cracking, deflection,
vibration, etc.
 Provides safety against failure at maximum/factored loads.
  Ensures acceptable performance under working/service
loads.
 Generally provides a safer and more economical design than
WSM.

Main idea: Ensure both adequate strength and satisfactory serviceability.

Design Loads Material

Main Concern Serviceability Economy
Philosophy Used Behavior
Allowable Working Less
WSM Elastic Considered
stress loads economical
Ultimate Factored Not adequately More
ULM Nonlinear/ultimate
strength loads considered economical
Factored +
Strength + Elastic & Most
LSM service Considered
serviceability nonlinear balanced
loads

4. Di erence of ASD and LRFD

ASD – Allowable Stress Design LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design

Uses allowable stresses to design Uses factored loads and factored

structural members. resistance.

Based mainly on service/working

Based on ultimate/strength-level loads.
loads.

Loads are generally not multiplied by

Loads are multiplied by load factors.
load factors.

Material strength is reduced by applying

Nominal strength is reduced using a
a factor of safety to obtain allowable
resistance factor (φ).
stress.

Basic concept: Actual stress ≤ Basic concept: Factored load e ect ≤

Allowable stress. Factored resistance.

Uses a single overall factor of safety in Uses di erent load factors depending on
many traditional formulations. the type of load and a resistance factor.

More closely represents the structure's

More directly evaluates the structure at or
behavior under normal service
near its failure/ultimate condition.
conditions.
ASD – Allowable Stress Design LRFD – Load and Resistance Factor Design

Generally simpler to understand and Generally more systematic but can involve
calculate. more complicated load combinations.

Traditionally associated with the Associated with strength/ultimate limit-

Working Stress Method (WSM). state design.

Safety is provided by separately accounting

Safety is provided mainly by limiting
for load uncertainty and resistance
stresses to an allowable value.
uncertainty.

Commonly checks service-level Primarily checks strength limit states, while

stresses. serviceability is checked separately.

ASD: Keep the stress below an allowable stress.

LRFD: Increase the loads and reduce the strength, then make sure the factored load
does not exceed the factored resistance.

ASD and LRFD are both legitimate design approaches; they di er mainly in how safety
and uncertainty are incorporated, not simply in whether a structure is "safe" or
"unsafe."

5. Gravity Loads considered in RCD

In reinforced concrete design, gravity loads are loads acting primarily in the
vertical direction. Under NSCP 2015, the main gravity loads considered are:
 Load Description

Permanent weight of the structure, including slabs,

Dead Load (D) beams, columns, walls, finishes, roofing, and fixed
equipment.

Loads caused by occupants, furniture, movable

Live Load (L) equipment, storage, and other temporary uses of the
building.

Roof Live Load Loads imposed on roofs that are not permanent, such
(Lᵣ) as maintenance workers and temporary loads.

Load resulting from accumulated rainwater on roofs,

Rain Load (R) particularly where drainage is inadequate or ponding
can occur.

Applicable mainly to structures where snow loading is

Snow Load (S) relevant; generally not a governing gravity load in the
Philippines.

The weight of the reinforced concrete members

Self-Weight themselves; it is included as part of the dead load.

Other Permanent partitions, finishes, mechanical/electrical

Permanent equipment, and other fixed components that contribute
Loads to the building's weight.

Gravity loads in reinforced concrete design under NSCP 2015 mainly consist
of dead loads, live loads, roof live loads, and applicable rain/snow loads. These loads
are combined and factored according to the NSCP load combinations to determine the
required strength of beams, slabs, columns, walls, and foundations.

6. Lateral Loads considered in RCD

Lateral loads are horizontal forces acting on a reinforced concrete structure.

Under NSCP 2015, the main lateral loads considered are:
 Lateral Load Description

Horizontal forces caused by wind pressure

Wind Load (W) acting on the building's walls, roof, and other
exposed surfaces.

Forces generated by ground motion during

an earthquake. These are especially important in
Earthquake Load (E)
the Philippines because of its high seismic
activity.

Horizontal pressure exerted by soil on

Earth Pressure retaining walls, basement walls, and other below-
ground structural elements.

Water/Hydrostatic Horizontal pressure from water acting on

Pressure walls, tanks, basements, and similar structures.

Loads such as impact, blast, or other

Other Lateral Loads special horizontal forces may be considered when
applicable to the structure.

For typical reinforced concrete buildings, the two major lateral loads are:

1. Wind Load (W)

2. Earthquake Load (E)

These loads are considered in the design of columns, beams, shear walls,
diaphragms, and foundations to ensure adequate strength, sti ness, and stability.

Lateral loads in RCD under NSCP 2015 primarily include wind and
earthquake loads, with soil and water pressures considered where applicable.
These forces produce horizontal actions such as shear, bending, and overturning
that must be resisted by the reinforced concrete structural system.