STATISTIC

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 Table of Contents

Z-Score………………………………………………………………………………………I - IV

Double Replacement…………………………………………………………………...….V - VII

T - Distribution……………………………………………………………………………….VIII

Links for more detailed explanations…………………………………………………………IX

I.​ Z - Score and Double Replacement

A.​ Formula Z Score

●​ Z = X - X̅ / s

​ Z - Standard Score
​ X - raw score or observed value
​ X̅ - Sample Mean
​ s - sample standard deviation

●​ Z = X - μ / σ

​ Z - Standard Score
​ X - raw score or observed value
​ μ = population Mean
​ σ = population standard deviation

A.​ 1. Sample Problems

1.​ On a final examination in Biology, the mean was

75 and the standard deviation was 12. Determine the
standard score of a student who received a score of
60 assuming that the scores are normally distributed.

X= 60

X̅ =75

S = 12

Z = 60 - 75 / 12

Z=- 1.25

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 2.​ On the first periodic exam in Statistics, the
population mean was 70 and the population
standard deviation was 9. Determine the standard
score of a student who got a score of 88 assuming
that the scores are normally distributed.

X = 88

μ = 70

σ=9

Z = 88 - 70 / 9

Z= 2

3.​ In a Science test, the mean score is 42 and the

standard deviation is 5. Assuming the scores are
normally distributed what percent of the score is:

a.​ Greater than 48

b.​ Less than 50
c.​ Between 30 and 48
Step 1: Letter A Greater than 48

a.​ X = 49

X̅ =42

S=5

Z = 49 - 42 / 5

Z = 1. 2

II
Step 2 : Letter A

0 = 0.5

1.2 = 0.3849

A1 = 0.3849
A2 = 0.5
A = A2 - A1
= 0.5 - 0.3849
= 0.1151
= 11.51%
b.​ Step 1 for b Less than 50

X = 50

X̅ =42

S=5

Z = 50 - 42 / 5

Z= 1.6

Step 2 for b
0 = 0.5

1.6 = 0.4452

A1 = 0.5

A2 = 0.4452

A = A1 + A2 (LESS THAN, THATS WHY ITS ADDITION)

A = 0.5 + 0.4452

A = 0.9452

A = 94.52%

III
 c.​ Between 30 and 48

X = 30, 48

X̅ =42

S=5

1.​ Substitute X to 30

Z = 30 - 42 / 5

A1 = -2.4

2.​ Substitute X to 48

Z = 48 - 42 / 5

A2 = 1.2

2.4 = 0.4918

1.2 = 0.3849

A1 = 0.4918

A2 = 0.3849

A = 0.4918 + 0.3849
(Addition because -2.4)

=0.8767 or 87.67%

IV
 B. Double Replacement

a.​ Formula for:

●​ Mean μ

​ μ = Σ X̅ / n

Where :

X̅ = sample mean

n = Number of observation

Alternative formula for the mean is:

​ μ = Σ X̅ ( PX̅ )

X̅ = Sample mean

Px = Probability of each mean

A.​ Sample Problems (Sampling Distribution)

1.​ Consider the population consisting of values of 2, 3, and 5. List all the sample size 2
that can be drawn from the population mean with replacement. Then, compute the
mean X̅ for each sample. Lastly, find the mean of the sampling distribution of means
and the mean of the population.

Solution: All the possible samples of size of 2 with replacement are listed down below. The
corresponding means of all these samples are shown in the third column. For instance the
first sample consists of (2 , 2) and the corresponding mean is (2 + 2) / 2 = 2.0. The second
sample consists of (2, 3) / 2 = 2.5. And so on

V
 Mean of Samples Drawn with Replacement
From Population (2, 3, 5)

OBSERVATION SAMPLE X̅

1 2, 2 2.0

2 2, 3 2.5

3 2, 5 3.5

4 3, 2 2.5

5 3, 3 3.0

6 3, 5 4.0

7 5, 2 3.5

8 5, 3 4.0

9 5, 5 5.0

X̅ = Sample / 2

X̅ = 2 + 2 / 2 = 2.0

A.​ Variance and Standard Deviation Formula

●​ Variance (Sample) = (X̅ - μ)² / n -1

●​ σ(Standard Deviation) (Sample) = √(X̅ - μ)² / n -1
●​ Variance (Population) = (X̅ - μ)² / n
●​ σ(Standard Deviation) (Population) = √(X̅ - μ)² / n

VI
Sampling Distribution of X̅ with replacement

X̅ Probability (PX̅) X̅(PX̅)

2.0 1/9 2/9

2.5 1/9 5/18

3.5 1/9 7/18

2.5 1/9 5/18

3.0 1/9 1/3

4.0 1/9 4/9

3.5 1/9 7/18

4.0 1/9 4/9

5.0 1/9 5/9

X̅=30 X̅(PX̅)= 3.33

To get the X̅(PX̅) multiply the X̅ value to the (PX̅) value.

If the answer is decimal on your calculator press the ab/c button to convert it into fraction.

Checking:
Mean of the population (2, 3, 5)
a.​ μ = Σ X / n

=2+3+5/3

= 10 / 3

= 3.33

b.​ μ = Σ X̅ / n

= 30 / 9

= 3.33
2. Mean Variance and Standard Deviation of ( 2, 5, 7, 8 ) with replacement sample size 2

OBSERVATION SAMPLE X̅ X̅ - μ (X̅ - μ)²

1 2, 2 2.0 -3.5 12.25

2 2, 5 3.5 -2.0 4

3 2, 7 4.5 -1.0 1

4 2, 8 5.0 -0.5 0.25

5 5, 2 3.5 -2.0 4

6 5, 5 5.0 -0.5 0.25

7 5, 7 6.0 0.5 0.25

8 5, 8 6.5 1.0 1

9 7, 2 4.5 -1.0 1

10 7, 5 6.0 0.5 0.25

11 7, 7 7.0 1.5 2.25

12 7, 8 7.5 2.0 4

13 8, 2 5.0 -0.5 0.25

14 8, 5 6.5 1.0 1

15 8, 7 7.5 2.0 4

16 8, 8 8.0 2.5 6.25

μ =88 / 16 = 5.5 = 42.00

Variance = (X̅ - μ)² / n -1

σ²(Variance) = 42 / 17
σ² = 2.47

σ(Standard Deviation) = √(X̅ - μ)² / n -1

σ = √2.47
σ = 1.57
3. A population consists of three numbers (2,4,6). Consider all possible samples of size 2
which can be drawn without replacement from the population.

OBSERVATION SAMPLE MEAN X̅ X̅ - μ (X̅ - μ)²

1 2, 4 3 -1 1

2 2, 6 4 0 0

3 4, 2 3 -1 1

4 4, 6 5 1 1

5 6, 2 4 0 0

6 6, 4 5 1 1
X̅ = 24 / 6 =4 =4

σ²(Variance) = 4 / 6
σ²(Variance) = 0.666666 OR 0.67

σ ( Standard Deviation) = √0.66

σ = 0.81

Shortcut

OBSERVATION X X-μ (X̅ - μ)²

1 2 -2 4

2 4 0 0

3 6 2 4

12/3 = 4 =8

σ²(Variance) = 8 / 3 = 2.7

σ ( Standard Deviation) = √2.7 = 1.64

VII
II. T - Distribution and Critical value:

1.​ Formulas
●​ T - distribution Formula

​ t = X̅ - μ / s / √n

Where:
X̅ = Sample mean
μ = Population mean
s = Standard deviation
n = Sample size

●​ Degree of Freedom Formula

​ df = n-1

●​ T critical value
​α = Confidence level - 1
​α / 2

Where
α = two tail
α/2 = one tail
2.​ Example: A student researcher wants to determine
whether the mean score in mathematics of the 25 students in
Grade 8 Section Newton is significantly different from the
average of the school which is 89. The mean and the
standard deviation of the score of the students in Section
Newton is 95 and 15, respectively. Assume a 95%
confidence level.

A.​ Step 1 Df:

Df = n-1
Df = 25-1
Df = 24

Step 2 Critical value:

Confidence level is 95%
(1- α) 100%= 95%
1- α = 0.95
α = 0.05 - two tail
α/2 = 0.025 - one tail
CV = 2.064

Step 3 T statistic:
t = X̅ - μ / s / √n

t= 95 - 89 / 15 / √25

t=2
B.​ Example 2

Mean = 435 / 15 = 29

Variance = 634 / 15 = 42.27

SD = √42.27 = 6.50

Df = 15 -1 = 14

Confidence Level = 90%

Two tail = 0.90 -1

Two tail = 0.1

One tail = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05

CV = 1.761

t= 29 - 0 / 6.50 / √15

T= 1.151

VIII
III. Margin of Error and Confidence Levels

1.​ Formulas
●​ Margin of Error Formula

​ t a/2 (s/√n)

Where

t a/2 = Critical Value

s = Standard Deviation

n = number of observations

●​ Upper and Lower Confidence Level

​ X̄ -E<M< X̄+E

Where
X̄ = Mean
E = Margin of Error

Lower Confidence Level = X̄ -E

Upper Confidence Level = X̄+E
A.​ Example #1

Given : Confidence level = 95%

Population mean = 43

OBSERVATION X ( x -X̄ ) ( x -X̄ )^(2)

1 41 -5 25

2 38 -8 64

3 50 4 16

4 44 -2 4

5 42 -4 16

6 46 0 0

7 45 -1 1

8 56 10 100

9 54 8 64

10 38 -8 64

11 44 -2 4

12 42 -4 16

13 42 -4 16

14 40 -6 36

15 56 10 100

16 58 12 144
=736/16 = 46 =670 / 16 - 1

Variance σ2 =( x -X̄ )^(2)/n-1

= 670 / 16 -1
= 44.67

SD σ = √( x -X̄ )^(2)/n-1
= √44.67
= 6.68
Df = 16 - 1 =15

Critical Value:

Two tail = 1 - 0.95 = 0.05

One tail = 0.05 / 2 = 0.025

CV = 2.131

T - test:

t = X̄ - μ/(s/√n)

t = 46 - 43 / 6.68 / √16

t = 3 / 1.67 = 1.80

t = 1.80

Margin of Error:

E= t a/2 (s/√n)

E = 2.131 (6.68/√16)

E = 3.56

Confidence Levels:

X̄ -E<M< X̄+E

46 - 3.56 < M < 46 + 3.56

42.44 < M < 49.56

Lower Confidence Level = 42.44

Upper Confidence Level = 49.56

Example #2

Given: 95, 90, 93, 93, 91, 95, 92, 92, 95, 95, 92, 95, 95, 93, 95, 95, 93, 95
Confidence Level: 99%

OBSERVATION X ( x -X̄ ) ( x -X̄ )^(2)

1 95 1.4 1.96

2 90 -3.6 12.96

3 93 -0.6 0.36

4 93 -0.6 0.36

5 91 -2.6 6.76

6 95 1.4 1.96

7 92 -1.6 2.56

8 92 -1.6 2.56

9 95 1.4 1.96

10 95 1.4 1.96

11 92 -1.6 2.56

12 95 1.4 1.96

13 95 1.4 1.96

14 93 -0.6 0.36

15 95 1.4 1.96

16 95 1.4 1.96

17 93 -0.6 0.36

18 95 1.4 1.96

X̄ = 1,684/18 = 93.6 46.48

Estimated μ = 92.47
Step 2: Variance and Standard deviation
σ2 =( x -X̄ )^(2)/n-1
σ2 = 46.48/18-1
σ2 = 2.73411764
σ2 = 2.73

σ = √( x -X̄ )^(2)/n-1
σ = √2.73
σ = 1.65

Step 3: Degree of Freedom

Df = n - 1
Df = 18 -1
Df = 17

Step 4: Alpha one tail, two tail and critical value

(1 - α ) 100% = 99%
1 - α = 0.99
α = 0.01
α/2 = 0.005

Critical value = 2.898

Step 5 : Margin of error

e= t a/2 (s/√n)
E = 2.898 (1.65/√18)
E = 2.898 (0.38890872)
E = 1.13
Step 6: upper and lower confidence level

X̄ -E<M< X̄+E
93.6- 1.13 <M< 93.6 + 1.13
92.47 <M< 94.73
Lower confidence level = 92.47
Upper confidence level = 94.73

Step 7: T-distribution
t = X̄ - μ/(s/√n)
t = 93.6 - 92.47/(1.65/√18)
t = 1.13/0.38890872
t = 2.91
For more detailed explanations, clink the link below:

Z - score : (6) How To Find The Z Score, Confidence Interval, and Margin of Error for a
Population Mean - YouTube

(6) How To Find The Z Score Given The Confidence Level of a Normal Distribution 2 -
YouTube

T - test: (6) Hypothesis Testing Problems - Z Test & T Statistics - One & Two Tailed Tests 2
- YouTube

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