APPENDIX B TO §1910.

1200 – PHYSICAL HAZARD CRITERIA

(MANDATORY)

B.1 EXPLOSIVES

B.1.1 Definitions and general considerations

B.1.1.1 An explosive chemical is a solid or liquid chemical which is in itself capable by

chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such a speed as to
cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic chemicals are included even when they do not
evolve gases.

A pyrotechnic chemical is a chemical designed to produce an effect by heat, light,

sound, gas or smoke or a combination of these as the result of non-detonative self-sustaining
exothermic chemical reactions.

An explosive item is an item containing one or more explosive chemicals.

A pyrotechnic item is an item containing one or more pyrotechnic chemicals.

An unstable explosive is an explosive which is thermally unstable and/or too

sensitive for normal handling, transport, or use.

An intentional explosive is a chemical or item which is manufactured with a view

to produce a practical explosive or pyrotechnic effect.

B.1.1.2 The class of explosives comprises:

(a) Explosive chemicals;

(b) Explosive items, except devices containing explosive chemicals in such

quantity or of such a character that their inadvertent or accidental ignition or
initiation shall not cause any effect external to the device either by projection,
fire, smoke, heat or loud noise; and

(c) Chemicals and items not included under (a) and (b) above which are
manufactured with the view to producing a practical explosive or pyrotechnic
effect.

B.1.2 Classification criteria

Chemicals and items of this class shall be classified as unstable explosives or shall
be assigned to one of the following six divisions depending on the type of hazard they present:

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 (a) Division 1.1 - Chemicals and items which have a mass explosion hazard (a
mass explosion is one which affects almost the entire quantity present
virtually instantaneously);

(b) Division 1.2 - Chemicals and items which have a projection hazard but not a
mass explosion hazard;

(c) Division 1.3 - Chemicals and items which have a fire hazard and either a
minor blast hazard or a minor projection hazard or both, but not a mass
explosion hazard:

(i) Combustion of which gives rise to considerable radiant heat; or

(ii) Which burn one after another, producing minor blast or projection
effects or both;

(d) Division 1.4 - Chemicals and items which present no significant hazard:
chemicals and items which present only a small hazard in the event of
ignition or initiation. The effects are largely confined to the package and no
projection of fragments of appreciable size or range is to be expected. An
external fire shall not cause virtually instantaneous explosion of almost the
entire contents of the package;

(e) Division 1.5 - Very insensitive chemicals which have a mass explosion
hazard: chemicals which have a mass explosion hazard but are so insensitive
that there is very little probability of initiation or of transition from burning to
detonation under normal conditions;

(f) Division 1.6 - Extremely insensitive items which do not have a mass
explosion hazard: items which contain only extremely insensitive detonating
chemicals and which demonstrate a negligible probability of accidental
initiation or propagation.

B.1.3 Additional classification considerations

B.1.3.1 Explosives shall be classified as unstable explosives or shall be assigned to one of

the six divisions identified in B.1.2 in accordance with the three step procedure in Part I of the
UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6). The first step is to ascertain whether
the substance or mixture has explosive effects (Test Series 1). The second step is the acceptance
procedure (Test Series 2 to 4) and the third step is the assignment to a hazard division (Test
Series 5 to 7). The assessment whether a candidate for “ammonium nitrate emulsion or
suspension or gel, intermediate for blasting explosives (ANE)” is insensitive enough for
inclusion as an oxidizing liquid (See B.13) or an oxidizing solid (See B.14) is determined by Test
Series 8 tests.

NOTE: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the

chemical as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical
is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and which is

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considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be
based on testing of the chemical in the new form.

B.1.3.2 Explosive properties are associated with the presence of certain chemical groups
in a molecule which can react to produce very rapid increases in temperature or pressure. The
screening procedure in B.1.3.1 is aimed at identifying the presence of such reactive groups and
the potential for rapid energy release. If the screening procedure identifies the chemical as a
potential explosive, the acceptance procedure (See section 10.3 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)) is necessary for classification.

NOTE: Neither a Series 1 type (a) propagation of detonation test nor a Series 2 type (a)
test of sensitivity to detonative shock is necessary if the exothermic decomposition energy of
organic materials is less than 800 J/g.

B.1.3.3 If a mixture contains any known explosives, the acceptance procedure is

necessary for classification.

B.1.3.4 A chemical is not classified as explosive if:

(a) There are no chemical groups associated with explosive properties present in
the molecule. Examples of groups which may indicate explosive properties
are given in Table A6.1 in Appendix 6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6); or

(b) The substance contains chemical groups associated with explosive properties
which include oxygen and the calculated oxygen balance is less than -200.

The oxygen balance is calculated for the chemical reaction:

C x H y O z + [x + (y/4)-(z/2)] O 2 → x. CO 2 + (y/2) H 2 O
using the formula: oxygen balance = -1600 [2x +(y/2) -z]/molecular weight;
or

(c) The organic substance or a homogenous mixture of organic substances

contains chemical groups associated with explosive properties but the
exothermic decomposition energy is less than 500 J/g and the onset of
exothermic decomposition is below 500°C (932°F). The exothermic
decomposition energy may be determined using a suitable calorimetric
technique; or

(d) For mixtures of inorganic oxidizing substances with organic material(s), the
concentration of the inorganic oxidizing substance is:

(i) less than 15%, by mass, if the oxidizing substance is assigned to

Category 1 or 2;

(ii) less than 30%, by mass, if the oxidizing substance is assigned to

Category 3.

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 B.2 FLAMMABLE GASES

B.2.1 Definition

Flammable gas means a gas having a flammable range with air at 20°C (68°F)
and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi).

B.2.2 Classification criteria

A flammable gas shall be classified in one of the two categories for this class in
accordance with Table B.2.1:

Table B.2.1: Criteria for flammable gases

Category Criteria
1 Gases, which at 20°C (68°F) and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi):
(a) are ignitable when in a mixture of 13% or less by volume in air; or
(b) have a flammable range with air of at least 12 percentage points regardless of the lower
flammable limit.
2 Gases, other than those of Category 1, which, at 20°C (68°F) and a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psi), have a flammable range while mixed in air.

NOTE: Aerosols should not be classified as flammable gases. See B.3.

B.2.3 Additional classification considerations

Flammability shall be determined by tests or by calculation in accordance with

ISO 10156 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6). Where insufficient data are available to use
this method, equivalent validated methods may be used.

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 B.3 FLAMMABLE AEROSOLS

B.3.1 Definition

Aerosol means any non-refillable receptacle containing a gas compressed,

liquefied or dissolved under pressure, and fitted with a release device allowing the contents to be
ejected as particles in suspension in a gas, or as a foam, paste, powder, liquid or gas.

B.3.2 Classification criteria

B.3.2.1 Aerosols shall be considered for classification as flammable if they contain any
component which is classified as flammable in accordance with this Appendix, i.e.:

Flammable liquids (See B.6);

Flammable gases (See B.2);

Flammable solids (See B.7).

NOTE 1: Flammable components do not include pyrophoric, self-heating or water-reactive

chemicals.

NOTE 2: Flammable aerosols do not fall additionally within the scope of flammable gases,
flammable liquids, or flammable solids.

B.3.2.2 A flammable aerosol shall be classified in one of the two categories for this class
in accordance with Table B.3.1.

Table B.3.1: Criteria for flammable aerosols

Category Criteria
Contains ≥ 85% flammable components and the chemical heat of combustion is ≥ 30 kJ/g; or
a) For spray aerosols, in the ignition distance test, ignition occurs at a distance ≥ 75 cm (29.5 in),
or
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b) For foam aerosols, in the aerosol foam flammability test
(i) The flame height is ≥ 20 cm (7.87 in) and the flame duration ≥ 2 s; or
(ii) The flame height is ≥ 4 cm (1.57 in) and the flame duration ≥ 7 s
Contains > 1% flammable components, or the heat of combustion is ≥ 20 kJ/g; and
a) For spray aerosols, in the ignition distance test, ignition occurs at a distance ≥ 15 cm (5.9 in),
or
in the enclosed space ignition test, the
2 (i) Time equivalent is ≤ 300 s/m3; or
(ii) Deflagration density is ≤ 300 g/m3
b) For foam aerosols, in the aerosol foam flammability test, the flame height is ≥ 4 cm and the
flame duration is ≥ 2 s
and it does not meet the criteria for Category 1

NOTE: Aerosols not submitted to the flammability classification procedures in this

Appendix shall be classified as extremely flammable (Category 1).

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B.3.3 Additional classification considerations

B.3.3.1 To classify a flammable aerosol, data on its flammable components, on its

chemical heat of combustion and, if applicable, the results of the aerosol foam flammability test
(for foam aerosols) and of the ignition distance test and enclosed space test (for spray aerosols)
are necessary.

B.3.3.2 The chemical heat of combustion (∆Hc), in kilojoules per gram (kJ/g), is the
product of the theoretical heat of combustion (∆Hcomb), and a combustion efficiency, usually
less than 1.0 (a typical combustion efficiency is 0.95 or 95%).

For a composite aerosol formulation, the chemical heat of combustion is the

summation of the weighted heats of combustion for the individual components, as follows:
n
∆Hc (product) = ∑ [ wi% × ∆Hc(i)]
i

where:

∆Hc = chemical heat of combustion (kJ/g);

wi% = mass fraction of component i in the product;
∆Hc(i) = specific heat of combustion (kJ/g) of component i in the product;

The chemical heats of combustion shall be found in literature, calculated or

determined by tests (See ASTM D240-02, ISO 13943, Sections 86.1 to 86.3, and NFPA 30B
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)).

B.3.3.3 The Ignition Distance Test, Enclosed Space Ignition Test and Aerosol Foam
Flammability Test shall be performed in accordance with sub-sections 31.4, 31.5 and 31.6 of the
of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).

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 B.4 OXIDIZING GASES

B.4.1 Definition

Oxidizing gas means any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or
contribute to the combustion of other material more than air does.

NOTE: “Gases which cause or contribute to the combustion of other material more than
air does” means pure gases or gas mixtures with an oxidizing power greater than 23.5% (as
determined by a method specified in ISO 10156 or 10156-2 (incorporated by reference, See
§1910.6)or an equivalent testing method.)

B.4.2 Classification criteria

An oxidizing gas shall be classified in a single category for this class in

accordance with Table B.4.1:

Table B.4.1: Criteria for oxidizing gases

Category Criteria
1 Any gas which may, generally by providing oxygen, cause or contribute to the combustion of
other material more than air does.

B.4.3 Additional classification considerations

Classification shall be in accordance with tests or calculation methods as

described in ISO 10156 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6) and ISO 10156-2 (incorporated
by reference; See §1910.6).

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 B.5 GASES UNDER PRESSURE

B.5.1 Definition

Gases under pressure are gases which are contained in a receptacle at a pressure
of 200 kPa (29 psi) (gauge) or more, or which are liquefied or liquefied and refrigerated.

They comprise compressed gases, liquefied gases, dissolved gases and

refrigerated liquefied gases.

B.5.2 Classification criteria

Gases under pressure shall be classified in one of four groups in accordance with
Table B.5.1:

Table B.5.1: Criteria for gases under pressure

Group Criteria
Compressed gas A gas which when under pressure is entirely gaseous at -50°C (-58°F), including all gases
with a critical temperature1 ≤ -50°C (-58°F).
Liquefied gas A gas which when under pressure is partially liquid at temperatures above -50°C (-58°F). A
distinction is made between:
(a) High pressure liquefied gas: a gas with a critical temperature1 between -50°C
(-58°F) and +65°C (149°F); and
(b) Low pressure liquefied gas: a gas with a critical temperature1 above +65°C (149°F).
Refrigerated A gas which is made partially liquid because of its low temperature.
liquefied gas
Dissolved gas A gas which when under pressure is dissolved in a liquid phase solvent.
(1) The critical temperature is the temperature above which a pure gas cannot be liquefied, regardless of the
degree of compression.

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 B.6 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS

B.6.1 Definition

Flammable liquid means a liquid having a flash point of not more than 93°C
(199.4°F).

Flash point means the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in
sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid, as
determined by a method identified in Section B.6.3.

B.6.2 Classification criteria

A flammable liquid shall be classified in one of four categories in accordance with

Table B.6.1:

Table B.6.1: Criteria for flammable liquids

Category Criteria
1 Flash point < 23°C (73.4°F) and initial boiling point ≤ 35°C (95°F)
2 Flash point < 23°C (73.4°F) and initial boiling point > 35°C (95°F)
3 Flash point ≥ 23°C (73.4°F) and ≤ 60°C (140°F)
4 Flash point > 60°C (140°F) and ≤ 93°C (199.4°F)

B.6.3 Additional classification considerations

The flash point shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D56-05, ASTM
D3278, ASTM D3828, ASTM D93-08 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), or any other
method specified in GHS Revision 3, Chapter 2.6.

The initial boiling point shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D86-07a
or ASTM D1078 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).

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 B.7 FLAMMABLE SOLIDS

B.7.1 Definitions

Flammable solid means a solid which is a readily combustible solid, or which

may cause or contribute to fire through friction.

Readily combustible solids are powdered, granular, or pasty chemicals which are
dangerous if they can be easily ignited by brief contact with an ignition source, such as a burning
match, and if the flame spreads rapidly.

B.7.2 Classification criteria

B.7.2.1 Powdered, granular or pasty chemicals shall be classified as flammable solids

when the time of burning of one or more of the test runs, performed in accordance with the test
method described in the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), Part III,
sub-section 33.2.1, is less than 45 s or the rate of burning is more than 2.2 mm/s (0.0866 in/s).

B.7.2.2 Powders of metals or metal alloys shall be classified as flammable solids when
they can be ignited and the reaction spreads over the whole length of the sample in 10 min or less.

B.7.2.3 Solids which may cause fire through friction shall be classified in this class by
analogy with existing entries (e.g., matches) until definitive criteria are established.

B.7.2.4 A flammable solid shall be classified in one of the two categories for this class
using Method N.1 as described in Part III, sub-section 33.2.1 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.7.1:

Table B.7.1: Criteria for flammable solids

Category Criteria
1 Burning rate test:
Chemicals other than metal powders:
(a) Wetted zone does not stop fire; and
(b) Burning time < 45 s or burning rate > 2.2 mm/s
Metal powders: burning time ≤ 5 min
2 Burning rate test:
Chemicals other than metal powders:
(a) Wetted zone stops the fire for at least 4 min; and
(b) Burning time < 45 s or burning rate > 2.2 mm/s
Metal powders: burning time > 5 min and ≤ 10 min

NOTE: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the

chemical as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical
is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and which is
considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be
based on testing of the chemical in the new form.

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 B.8 SELF-REACTIVE CHEMICALS

B.8.1 Definitions

Self-reactive chemicals are thermally unstable liquid or solid chemicals liable to

undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition even without participation of oxygen (air). This
definition excludes chemicals classified under this section as explosives, organic peroxides,
oxidizing liquids or oxidizing solids.

A self-reactive chemical is regarded as possessing explosive properties when in

laboratory testing the formulation is liable to detonate, to deflagrate rapidly or to show a violent
effect when heated under confinement.

B.8.2 Classification criteria

B.8.2.1 A self-reactive chemical shall be considered for classification in this class unless:

(a) It is classified as an explosive according to B.1 of this appendix;

(b) It is classified as an oxidizing liquid or an oxidizing solid according to B.13

or B.14 of this appendix, except that a mixture of oxidizing substances which
contains 5% or more of combustible organic substances shall be classified as
a self-reactive chemical according to the procedure defined in B.8.2.2;

(c) It is classified as an organic peroxide according to B.15 of this appendix;

(d) Its heat of decomposition is less than 300 J/g; or

(e) Its self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is greater than 75°C

(167°F) for a 50 kg (110 lb) package.

B.8.2.2 Mixtures of oxidizing substances, meeting the criteria for classification as

oxidizing liquids or oxidizing solids, which contain 5% or more of combustible organic
substances and which do not meet the criteria mentioned in B.8.2.1 (a), (c), (d) or (e), shall be
subjected to the self-reactive chemicals classification procedure in B.8.2.3. Such a mixture
showing the properties of a self-reactive chemical type B to F shall be classified as a self-reactive
chemical.

B.8.2.3 Self-reactive chemicals shall be classified in one of the seven categories of “types
A to G” for this class, according to the following principles:

(a) Any self-reactive chemical which can detonate or deflagrate rapidly, as

packaged, will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE A;

(b) Any self-reactive chemical possessing explosive properties and which, as

packaged, neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but is liable to undergo a

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 thermal explosion in that package will be defined as self-reactive chemical
TYPE B;

(c) Any self-reactive chemical possessing explosive properties when the

chemical as packaged cannot detonate or deflagrate rapidly or undergo a
thermal explosion will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE C;

(d) Any self-reactive chemical which in laboratory testing meets the criteria in
(d)(i), (ii), or (iii) will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE D:

(i) Detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent
effect when heated under confinement; or

(ii) Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no violent effect
when heated under confinement; or

(iii) Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect when
heated under confinement;

(e) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor
deflagrates at all and shows low or no effect when heated under confinement
will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE E;

(f) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in

the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and shows only a low or no effect
when heated under confinement as well as low or no explosive power will be
defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE F;

(g) Any self-reactive chemical which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in

the cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and shows no effect when heated
under confinement nor any explosive power, provided that it is thermally
stable (self-accelerating decomposition temperature is 60°C (140°F) to 75°C
(167°F) for a 50 kg (110 lb) package), and, for liquid mixtures, a diluent
having a boiling point greater than or equal to 150°C (302°F) is used for
desensitization will be defined as self-reactive chemical TYPE G. If the
mixture is not thermally stable or a diluent having a boiling point less than
150°C (302°F) is used for desensitization, the mixture shall be defined as
self-reactive chemical TYPE F.

B.8.3 Additional classification considerations

B.8.3.1 For purposes of classification, the properties of self-reactive chemicals shall be

determined in accordance with test series A to H as described in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).

B.8.3.2 Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) shall be determined in

accordance with the UN ST/SG/AC.10, Part II, section 28 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6).

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B.8.3.3 The classification procedures for self-reactive substances and mixtures need not
be applied if:

(a) There are no chemical groups present in the molecule associated with
explosive or self-reactive properties; examples of such groups are given in
Tables A6.1 and A6.2 in the Appendix 6 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6); or

(b) For a single organic substance or a homogeneous mixture of organic

substances, the estimated SADT is greater than 75°C (167°F) or the
exothermic decomposition energy is less than 300 J/g. The onset temperature
and decomposition energy may be estimated using a suitable calorimetric
technique (See [Link] in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by
reference; See §1910.6)).

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 B.9 PYROPHORIC LIQUIDS
B.9.1 Definition

Pyrophoric liquid means a liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite
within five minutes after coming into contact with air.

B.9.2 Classification criteria

A pyrophoric liquid shall be classified in a single category for this class using test
N.3 in Part III, sub-section [Link] of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6), in accordance with Table B.9.1:

Table B.9.1: Criteria for pyrophoric liquids

Category Criteria
1 The liquid ignites within 5 min when added to an inert carrier and exposed to air, or it ignites or
chars a filter paper on contact with air within 5 min.

B.9.3 Additional classification considerations

The classification procedure for pyrophoric liquids need not be applied when
experience in production or handling shows that the chemical does not ignite spontaneously on
coming into contact with air at normal temperatures (i.e., the substance is known to be stable at
room temperature for prolonged periods of time (days)).

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 B.10 PYROPHORIC SOLIDS
B.10.1 Definition

Pyrophoric solid means a solid which, even in small quantities, is liable to ignite
within five minutes after coming into contact with air.

B.10.2 Classification criteria

A pyrophoric solid shall be classified in a single category for this class using test
N.2 in Part III, sub-section [Link] of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See
§1910.6), in accordance with Table B.10.1:

Table B.10.1: Criteria for pyrophoric solids

Category Criteria
1 The solid ignites within 5 min of coming into contact with air.

NOTE: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the

chemical as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical
is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and which is
considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be
based on testing of the chemical in the new form.

B.10.3 Additional classification considerations

The classification procedure for pyrophoric solids need not be applied when
experience in production or handling shows that the chemical does not ignite spontaneously on
coming into contact with air at normal temperatures (i.e., the chemical is known to be stable at
room temperature for prolonged periods of time (days)).

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 B.11 SELF-HEATING CHEMICALS
B.11.1 Definition

A self-heating chemical is a solid or liquid chemical, other than a pyrophoric

liquid or solid, which, by reaction with air and without energy supply, is liable to self-heat; this
chemical differs from a pyrophoric liquid or solid in that it will ignite only when in large
amounts (kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours or days).

NOTE: Self-heating of a substance or mixture is a process where the gradual reaction of

that substance or mixture with oxygen (in air) generates heat. If the rate of heat production
exceeds the rate of heat loss, then the temperature of the substance or mixture will rise which,
after an induction time, may lead to self-ignition and combustion.

B.11.2 Classification criteria

B.11.2.1 A self-heating chemical shall be classified in one of the two categories for this
class if, in tests performed in accordance with test method N.4 in Part III, sub-section [Link] of
the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), the result meets the criteria
shown in Table B.11.1.

Table B.11.1: Criteria for self-heating chemicals

Category Criteria
1 A positive result is obtained in a test using a 25 mm sample cube at 140°C (284°F)
2 A negative result is obtained in a test using a 25 mm cube sample at 140°C (284°F), a positive result is
obtained in a test using a 100 mm sample cube at 140°C (284°F), and:

(a) The unit volume of the chemical is more than 3 m3; or

(b) A positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm cube sample at 120°C (248°F) and the unit
volume of the chemical is more than 450 liters; or
(c) A positive result is obtained in a test using a 100 mm cube sample at 100°C (212°F).

B.11.2.2 Chemicals with a temperature of spontaneous combustion higher than 50°C

(122°F) for a volume of 27 m3 shall not be classified as self-heating chemicals.

B.11.2.3 Chemicals with a spontaneous ignition temperature higher than 50°C (122°F) for
a volume of 450 liters shall not be classified in Category 1 of this class.

B.11.3 Additional classification considerations

B.11.3.1 The classification procedure for self-heating chemicals need not be applied if the
results of a screening test can be adequately correlated with the classification test and an
appropriate safety margin is applied.

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B.11.3.2 Examples of screening tests are:

(a) The Grewer Oven test (VDI guideline 2263, part 1, 1990, Test methods for
the Determination of the Safety Characteristics of Dusts) with an onset
temperature 80°K above the reference temperature for a volume of 1 l;

(b) The Bulk Powder Screening Test (Gibson, N. Harper, D. J. Rogers, R.

Evaluation of the fire and explosion risks in drying powders, Plant
Operations Progress, 4 (3), 181-189, 1985) with an onset temperature 60°K
above the reference temperature for a volume of 1 l.

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 B.12 CHEMICALS WHICH, IN CONTACT WITH WATER,
EMIT FLAMMABLE GASES
B.12.1 Definition

Chemicals which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases are solid or liquid
chemicals which, by interaction with water, are liable to become spontaneously flammable or to
give off flammable gases in dangerous quantities.

B.12.2 Classification criteria

B.12.2.1 A chemical which, in contact with water, emits flammable gases shall be
classified in one of the three categories for this class, using test N.5 in Part III, sub-section
[Link] of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with
Table B.12.1:

Table B.12.1: Criteria for chemicals which, in contact with water,

emit flammable gases
Category Criteria
1 Any chemical which reacts vigorously with water at ambient temperatures and demonstrates
generally a tendency for the gas produced to ignite spontaneously, or which reacts readily with
water at ambient temperatures such that the rate of evolution of flammable gas is equal to or greater
than 10 liters per kilogram of chemical over any one minute.
2 Any chemical which reacts readily with water at ambient temperatures such that the maximum rate
of evolution of flammable gas is equal to or greater than 20 liters per kilogram of chemical per
hour, and which does not meet the criteria for Category 1.
3 Any chemical which reacts slowly with water at ambient temperatures such that the maximum rate
of evolution of flammable gas is equal to or greater than 1 liter per kilogram of chemical per hour,
and which does not meet the criteria for Categories 1 and 2.

NOTE: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the

chemical as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical
is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and which is
considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be
based on testing of the chemical in the new form.

B.12.2.2 A chemical is classified as a chemical which, in contact with water, emits

flammable gases if spontaneous ignition takes place in any step of the test procedure.

B.12.3 Additional classification considerations

The classification procedure for this class need not be applied if:

(a) The chemical structure of the chemical does not contain metals or metalloids;

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(b) Experience in production or handling shows that the chemical does not react
with water, (e.g., the chemical is manufactured with water or washed with
water); or

(c) The chemical is known to be soluble in water to form a stable mixture.

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 B.13 OXIDIZING LIQUIDS

B.13.1 Definition

Oxidizing liquid means a liquid which, while in itself not necessarily combustible,
may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material.

B.13.2 Classification criteria

An oxidizing liquid shall be classified in one of the three categories for this class
using test O.2 in Part III, sub-section 34.4.2 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.13.1:

Table B.13.1: Criteria for oxidizing liquids

Category Criteria
1 Any chemical which, in the 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose tested, spontaneously
ignites; or the mean pressure rise time of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose is less than
that of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of 50% perchloric acid and cellulose;
2 Any chemical which, in the 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose tested, exhibits a mean
pressure rise time less than or equal to the mean pressure rise time of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of 40%
aqueous sodium chlorate solution and cellulose; and the criteria for Category 1 are not met;
3 Any chemical which, in the 1:1 mixture, by mass, of chemical and cellulose tested, exhibits a mean
pressure rise time less than or equal to the mean pressure rise time of a 1:1 mixture, by mass, of 65%
aqueous nitric acid and cellulose; and the criteria for Categories 1 and 2 are not met.

B.13.3 Additional classification considerations

B.13.3.1 For organic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be
applied if:

(a) The chemical does not contain oxygen, fluorine or chlorine; or

(b) The chemical contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine and these elements are
chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen.

B.13.3.2 For inorganic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be
applied if the chemical does not contain oxygen or halogen atoms.

B.13.3.3 In the event of divergence between test results and known experience in the
handling and use of chemicals which shows them to be oxidizing, judgments based on known
experience shall take precedence over test results.

B.13.3.4 In cases where chemicals generate a pressure rise (too high or too low), caused by
chemical reactions not characterizing the oxidizing properties of the chemical, the test described
in Part III, sub-section 34.4.2 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6)
shall be repeated with an inert substance (e.g., diatomite (kieselguhr)) in place of the cellulose in
order to clarify the nature of the reaction.

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 B.14 OXIDIZING SOLIDS
B.14.1 Definition

Oxidizing solid means a solid which, while in itself is not necessarily combustible,
may, generally by yielding oxygen, cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other material.

B.14.2 Classification criteria

An oxidizing solid shall be classified in one of the three categories for this class
using test O.1 in Part III, sub-section 34.4.1 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference;
See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.14.1:

Table B.14.1: Criteria for oxidizing solids

Category Criteria
1 Any chemical which, in the 4:1 or 1:1 sample-to-cellulose ratio (by mass) tested, exhibits a mean
burning time less than the mean burning time of a 3:2 mixture, by mass, of potassium bromate
and cellulose.
2 Any chemical which, in the 4:1 or 1:1 sample-to-cellulose ratio (by mass) tested, exhibits a mean
burning time equal to or less than the mean burning time of a 2:3 mixture (by mass) of
potassium bromate and cellulose and the criteria for Category 1 are not met.
3 Any chemical which, in the 4:1 or 1:1 sample-to-cellulose ratio (by mass) tested, exhibits a mean
burning time equal to or less than the mean burning time of a 3:7 mixture (by mass) of
potassium bromate and cellulose and the criteria for Categories 1 and 2 are not met.

NOTE 1: Some oxidizing solids may present explosion hazards under certain conditions
(e.g., when stored in large quantities). For example, some types of ammonium nitrate may give
rise to an explosion hazard under extreme conditions and the “Resistance to detonation test”
(IMO: Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes, 2005, Annex 3, Test 5) may be used to
assess this hazard. When information indicates that an oxidizing solid may present an explosion
hazard, it shall be indicated on the Safety Data Sheet.

NOTE 2: Classification of solid chemicals shall be based on tests performed on the

chemical as presented. If, for example, for the purposes of supply or transport, the same chemical
is to be presented in a physical form different from that which was tested and which is
considered likely to materially alter its performance in a classification test, classification must be
based on testing of the chemical in the new form.

B.14.3 Additional classification considerations

B.14.3.1 For organic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be
applied if:

(a) The chemical does not contain oxygen, fluorine or chlorine; or

(b) The chemical contains oxygen, fluorine or chlorine and these elements are
chemically bonded only to carbon or hydrogen.

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B.14.3.2 For inorganic chemicals, the classification procedure for this class shall not be
applied if the chemical does not contain oxygen or halogen atoms.

B.14.3.3 In the event of divergence between test results and known experience in the
handling and use of chemicals which shows them to be oxidizing, judgements based on known
experience shall take precedence over test results.

B.15 ORGANIC PEROXIDES

B.15.1 Definition

B.15.1.1 Organic peroxide means a liquid or solid organic chemical which contains the
bivalent -0-0- structure and as such is considered a derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one
or both of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals. The term organic peroxide
includes organic peroxide mixtures containing at least one organic peroxide. Organic peroxides
are thermally unstable chemicals, which may undergo exothermic self-accelerating
decomposition. In addition, they may have one or more of the following properties:

(a) Be liable to explosive decomposition;

(b) Burn rapidly;

(c) Be sensitive to impact or friction;

(d) React dangerously with other substances.

B.15.1.2 An organic peroxide is regarded as possessing explosive properties when in

laboratory testing the formulation is liable to detonate, to deflagrate rapidly or to show a violent
effect when heated under confinement.

B.15.2 Classification criteria

B.15.2.1 Any organic peroxide shall be considered for classification in this class, unless it
contains:

(a) Not more than 1.0% available oxygen from the organic peroxides when
containing not more than 1.0% hydrogen peroxide; or

(b) Not more than 0.5% available oxygen from the organic peroxides when
containing more than 1.0% but not more than 7.0% hydrogen peroxide.

NOTE: The available oxygen content (%) of an organic peroxide mixture is given by the
formula:

n
n ×c 
16 × ∑  i i 
i  mi 
where:

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 ni = number of peroxygen groups per molecule of organic
peroxide i;
ci = concentration (mass %) of organic peroxide i;
mi = molecular mass of organic peroxide i.

B.15.2.2 Organic peroxides shall be classified in one of the seven categories of “Types A to
G” for this class, according to the following principles:

(a) Any organic peroxide which, as packaged, can detonate or deflagrate rapidly
shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE A;

(b) Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties and which, as

packaged, neither detonates nor deflagrates rapidly, but is liable to undergo a
thermal explosion in that package shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE
B;

(c) Any organic peroxide possessing explosive properties when the chemical as
packaged cannot detonate or deflagrate rapidly or undergo a thermal
explosion shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE C;

(d) Any organic peroxide which in laboratory testing meets the criteria in (d)(i),
(ii), or (iii) shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE D:

(i) Detonates partially, does not deflagrate rapidly and shows no violent
effect when heated under confinement; or

(ii) Does not detonate at all, deflagrates slowly and shows no violent effect
when heated under confinement; or

(iii) Does not detonate or deflagrate at all and shows a medium effect when
heated under confinement;

(e) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates nor
deflagrates at all and shows low or no effect when heated under confinement
shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE E;

(f) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the
cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and shows only a low or no effect when
heated under confinement as well as low or no explosive power shall be
defined as organic peroxide TYPE F;

(g) Any organic peroxide which, in laboratory testing, neither detonates in the
cavitated state nor deflagrates at all and shows no effect when heated under
confinement nor any explosive power, provided that it is thermally stable
(self-accelerating decomposition temperature is 60°C (140°F) or higher for a
50 kg (110 lb) package), and, for liquid mixtures, a diluent having a boiling
point of not less than 150°C (302°F) is used for desensitization, shall be
defined as organic peroxide TYPE G. If the organic peroxide is not thermally

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 stable or a diluent having a boiling point less than 150°C (302°F) is used for
desensitization, it shall be defined as organic peroxide TYPE F.

B.15.3 Additional classification considerations

B.15.3.1 For purposes of classification, the properties of organic peroxides shall be

determined in accordance with test series A to H as described in Part II of the UN ST/SG/AC.10
(incorporated by reference; See §1910.6).

B.15.3.2 Self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) shall be determined in

accordance with the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by reference; See §1910.6), Part II,
section 28.

B.15.3.3 Mixtures of organic peroxides may be classified as the same type of organic
peroxide as that of the most dangerous ingredient. However, as two stable ingredients can form a
thermally less stable mixture, the SADT of the mixture shall be determined.

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 B.16 CORROSIVE TO METALS
B.16.1 Definition

A chemical which is corrosive to metals means a chemical which by chemical

action will materially damage, or even destroy, metals.

B.16.2 Classification criteria

A chemical which is corrosive to metals shall be classified in a single category for

this class, using the test in Part III, sub-section 37.4 of the UN ST/SG/AC.10 (incorporated by
reference; See §1910.6), in accordance with Table B.16.1:

Table B.16.1: Criteria for chemicals corrosive to metal

Category Criteria
1 Corrosion rate on either steel or aluminium surfaces exceeding 6.25 mm per year at a test temperature
of 55°C (131°F) when tested on both materials.

NOTE: Where an initial test on either steel or aluminium indicates the chemical being
tested is corrosive the follow-up test on the other metal is not necessary.

B.16.3 Additional classification considerations

The specimen to be used for the test shall be made of the following materials:

(a) For the purposes of testing steel, steel types S235JR+CR (1.0037 [Link] 37-
2), S275J2G3+CR (1.0144 [Link] 44-3), ISO 3574, Unified Numbering
System (UNS) G 10200, or SAE 1020;

(b) For the purposes of testing aluminium: non-clad types 7075-T6 or AZ5GU-
T6.

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