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Chapter 3 Notes

Chapter 3 covers the addition and subtraction of negative integers, including concepts like zero pairs and absolute value. It also explains the rules for multiplying and dividing negative integers and decimals, emphasizing the importance of aligning decimal points. Additionally, it introduces efficient calculation methods, including the commutative, associative, and distributive laws, along with the priority of operations.

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1 views2 pages

Chapter 3 Notes

Chapter 3 covers the addition and subtraction of negative integers, including concepts like zero pairs and absolute value. It also explains the rules for multiplying and dividing negative integers and decimals, emphasizing the importance of aligning decimal points. Additionally, it introduces efficient calculation methods, including the commutative, associative, and distributive laws, along with the priority of operations.

Uploaded by

ishiwimpy
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Chapter 3 Notes

3.1 Adding and Subtracting Negative Integers


• Integers: Whole numbers that can be positive, negative, or zero.
• Number Line: Ascending order means moving from left to right. Descending
means moving right to left.
• Zero Pairs: A positive and a negative counter (like +1 and -1) make a zero
pair. The additive inverse of a number is what you add to it to make zero.
• Subtraction: Subtracting a number is the same as adding its additive
inverse. Example: 1 - (-1) = 1 + 1 = 2.
• Absolute Value: A number's distance from zero. When adding numbers
with different signs, the answer takes the sign of the number with the larger
absolute value.

3.2 Multiplying and Dividing Negative Integers


• Multiplication Rules:
- Positive × Positive = Positive
- Positive × Negative = Negative
- Negative × Positive = Negative
- Negative × Negative = Positive
• Division follows the exact same sign rules as multiplication.
• Powers: Even powers of negative numbers give positive results (e.g., (-1)⁴ =
1). Odd powers of negative numbers give negative results (e.g., (-1)³ = -1).

3.3 Adding and Subtracting Decimals


• Always line up the decimal points when using the column method. Add
trailing zeros if necessary to keep place value columns aligned.
• Between any two decimals, there are infinitely many other decimals.
• When adding/subtracting negative decimals, you can use the same
absolute value rules as integers.

3.4 Multiplying and Dividing Decimals


• Multiplication: You can convert decimals to fractions (powers of 10) to
make it easier. E.g., 0.4 × 0.009 = (4/10) × (9/1000) = 36/10000 = 0.0036.
• Division: Multiply both the dividend and divisor by a power of 10 to make
the divisor a whole number before dividing. E.g., 1.08 ÷ 0.4 = 10.8 ÷ 4.

3.5 Efficient Calculations


• Commutative Law: Additions or multiplications can be done in any order. a
+ b = b + a and a × b = b × a. (Not valid for subtraction/division).
• Associative Law: Groupings can be changed for strings of additions or
multiplications. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c).
• Distributive Law: Multiplication distributes over addition/subtraction. a ×
(b + c) = a × b + a × c.
• Factorizing: You can divide by a composite number by successively dividing
by its factors. E.g., ÷ 6 is the same as ÷ 2 then ÷ 3.
• Priority of Operations (BODMAS/PEMDAS):
1. Brackets or groups
2. Powers and roots
3. Multiplication and division
4. Addition and subtraction

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