Mastering Numbers Factors, Multiples, and PrimesQuick Warm Up Can you solve this puzzle? | am thinking of a number. Itis in the 5 times table. e Itis greater than 10. @ Itis less than 20. What is the number? Example The answer is 15! We use tables every day to understand how numbers fit together.Today's Mission By the end of this lesson, you will be a ‘Number Ninja’. You will be able to: « Find factors and multiples Identify prime and composite numbers « Break numbers down into prime factors ¢ Find the HCF and LCMWhat are Multiples? Multiple: The result of multiplying a number by an integer. Think of the 'times tables’. The multiples of 3 43 +3 +3 43 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15... -—+-—_+—__+—__ Multiples are like a number's family 0 3 6 9 12 tree—they keep growing forever!Spot the Multiples Which of these are multiples of 4? 15 No. 15 is not in the 4 times 12 table. 40 Yes! 4x 3=12 Yes! 4x 10 = 40What are Factors? Factor: A number that divides exactly into another number without leaving a remainder. Think of factors as the ‘building blocks' of a number. Remember Factors come in pairs! For 12, the factors are 1&12,2&6,3&4. 1 (2) (3) (4) (6) 12Factor Check Which of these is NOT a factor of 20?Factor Check Which of these is NOT a factor of 20?Prime Numbers feed A Prime Number has exactly two factors: 1 and itself. Examples: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13... Wait! Is 1 a prime number? No, because it only has one factor (itself).Composite Numbers Ifa number has more than two factors, it is called a Composite Number. Most numbers are composite. They are made by multiplying other numbers together. Example: 6 is composite because its factors are 1, 2,3, and6.Match the Terms Match the words with the definitions a ° 3 3 ° a o Anumber in a specific times table. Anumber with more than two factors. A number with exactly two factors. Anumber that divides exactly into another.Match the Terms Match the words with the definitions Anumber in a specific times table. Anumber with more than two factors. Anumber with exactly two factors. Anumber that divides exactly into another.Special Numbers Let's look at two more special types of numbers that are very helpful for our ‘Number Ninja’ training.Square Numbers A Square Number is the result of multiplying a whole number by itself. e1x1=1 e2x2=4 0 3x3=9 They are called 'square' because they can form a perfect square shape! 3 columns rowsCube Numbers A Cube Number is the result of multiplying a whole number by itself, then by itself again. e2x2x2=8 e3x3x3=27 You can think of these as 3D shapes! 3 cubesSquare Number Challenge Order these square numbers from smallest to largest: 2?) 49 (7°) 25 (57)Square Number Challenge Order these square numbers from smallest to largest: |Prime Factorisation Every composite number can be broken down into a string of prime numbers multiplied together. This is like finding the 'DNA' of a number! We often use a Factor Tree to find them.Step-by-Step: Factor Trees ® 6e@ &>s S ® > »> » » Choose a Pair Circle Primes Keep Splitting Find any two factors of the __ Ifa factor is prime, circle it. Split any composite number (e.g., for 20, use 4 It's a ‘dead end’ branch. numbers until only primes and 5). are left.Prime Factor Practice The prime factors of 12 are 2,2 and __. When we multiply them, we get Word bank jf 4 3 12 6Prime Factor Practice The prime factors of 12 are 2, 2. and 3. When we multiply them, we get 12. Word bank jf 4 3 12 6What is HCF? Highest Common Factor (HCF) is the largest factor that two or more numbers share. It is useful for simplifying fractions or dividing things into the largest possible equal groups. Example Find HCF of 8 and 12: Factors of 8:1, 2, 4,8 Factors of 12:1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12 HCF=4What is LCM? Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) is the smallest multiple that two or more numbers share. Use this to find when events that happen at different times will coincide! Example Find LCM of 3 and 4: Multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16 LCM =12LCM Challenge What is the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 5 and 6? No:LCM Challenge What is the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 5 and 6? 1. 30 11Game Time: Prime or Not? Let's test your speed! Look at the following numbers. Are they Prime or Composite?Prime Speed Check The number 2 is the only even prime number. ® Be ready to explain your thinking.Prime Speed Check The number 2 is the only even prime number. v & TRUE Why is that? All other even numbers can be divided by 2, so they have more than two factors. FAIReal World Math The Bakery Problem You have 24 cupcakes and 36 cookies. You want to make identical snack bags. What is the largest number of bags you can make? Key point We need the HCF of 24 and 36! HCF of 24 and 36 is 12. You can make 12 bags, each with 2 cupcakes and 3 cookies.Venn Diagram Method We can use prime factors to find HCF and LCM easily. Put prime factors of both numbers into a Venn Diagram. HCF: Multiply numbers in the intersection (middle). e LCM: Multiply ALL numbers in the diagram.Think Like a Mathematician If you multiply any two prime numbers together, will the answer always be a composite number? Why?Think Like a Mathematician You might have said... Yes, it will always be composite. Because the new number will have at least four factors: 1, itself, and the two prime numbers you multiplied. For example, 3 x 5 = 15. The factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15.Sieve of Eratosthenes Long ago, a Greek mathematician found a ‘game to find all primes. Ons x 1. Cross out 1. eie2 [@) 2. Circle 2, cross out all multiples of 2. —+ | 3. Circle 3, cross out all multiples of 3. asset 1G) 4. Keep going! The circled numbers are prime. 3°" | = om aes mnie mK 94 | 34] 9696 |) 98 | 99 306 O [Xe /e) } Debebefebe ie nantes eeeed cut mileThe Number Ninja Challenge Draw a factor tree for the number 30. List all its prime factors and write them as a multiplication string (e.g. 2x3 x...).Common Misconception cs Don't confuse Factors and Multiples! Factors are Few (they are smaller or equal to the number). Multiples are Many (they go on forever and are larger).Lesson Summary Multiples & Factors Multiples are in the times table. Factors divide exactly into the number. Primes & Squares Primes have 2 factors. Squares are numbers times themselves. HCF & LCM HCF is the biggest common factor. LCM is the smallest common multiple.Well Done, Ninja! You've mastered the building blocks of numbers. Next time, we will use these skills to master fractions!