PSEB CLASS 12 — PCM MASTER STUDY

NOTEBOOK
Comprehensive School-Register Style Notes with Derivations, Equations, and Solved Numericals

SUBJECT 1: PHYSICS (THEORY: 70 MARKS)

Chapter 1: Electrostatics (Weightage: 9 Marks)
Core Concepts & Definitions:
• Coulomb's Law: The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of
charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them: $F = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0}
\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}$
• Electric Field Intensity (E): Force experienced per unit positive test charge: $E = \frac{F}{q_0} = \frac{1}{4\pi
\varepsilon_0} \frac{q}{r^2}$ (SI Unit: N/C or V/m).
• Electric Dipole Moment (p): Product of either charge and dipole length: $p = q \times 2l$. Directed from
negative to positive charge.
Standard School Derivation — Gauss's Law Application (Thin Wire):
Consider an infinitely long straight wire with uniform linear charge density $\lambda$. To find Electric Field at
distance $r$, imagine a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius $r$ and length $l$.
Total flux $\Phi = \oint E \cdot d_A = E \cdot (2\pi r l)$. According to Gauss's Law, $\Phi =
\frac{q_{enclosed}}{\varepsilon_0} = \frac{\lambda l}{\varepsilon_0}$.
Equating both equations: $E \cdot (2\pi r l) = \frac{\lambda l}{\varepsilon_0} \implies \mathbf{E = \frac{\lambda}{2\pi
\varepsilon_0 r}}$.
Solved Textbook Numerical:
Question: Two point charges $q_1 = +2\mu\text{C}$ and $q_2 = -2\mu\text{C}$ are placed $10\text{ cm}$ apart in
air. Find the electric field at the midpoint of the line joining them.
Step-by-Step Solution: Midpoint distance $r = 5\text{ cm} = 0.05\text{ m}$. Both fields point in the same direction
(towards negative charge).
$E_1 = \frac{9 \times 10^9 \times 2 \times 10^{-6}}{(0.05)^2} = 7.2 \times 10^6\text{ N/C}$.
$E_2 = 7.2 \times 10^6\text{ N/C}$.
Total Electric Field $E = E_1 + E_2 = \mathbf{1.44 \times 10^7\text{ N/C}}$ towards the negative charge.

Chapter 6: Optics (Weightage: 14 Marks)

Standard School Derivation — Lens Maker's Formula:
For a thin lens with two surfaces of radii $R_1$ and $R_2$. Refraction at 1st surface: $\frac{n_2}{v_1} -
\frac{n_1}{u} = \frac{n_2 - n_1}{R_1}$. Refraction at 2nd surface: $\frac{n_1}{v} - \frac{n_2}{v_1} = \frac{n_1 -
n_2}{R_2}$. Adding equations and setting $u = \infty, v = f$:
$\mathbf{\frac{1}{f} = \left(\frac{n_2}{n_1} - 1\right) \left(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2} ight)}$.
Solved Numerical: A biconvex lens has radii of curvature $20\text{ cm}$ and $30\text{ cm}$. Refractive index of
glass is $1.5$. Calculate focal length.
Solution: $\frac{1}{f} = (1.5 - 1)(\frac{1}{20} - \frac{1}{-30}) = 0.5 \times (\frac{5}{60}) = \frac{1}{24} \implies \mathbf{f
= 24\text{ cm}}$.
SUBJECT 2: CHEMISTRY (THEORY: 70 MARKS)
Chapter 1: Solutions (Weightage: 7 Marks)
Core Equations & Rules:
• Raoult's Law: For a solution of volatile liquids, partial vapor pressure of each component is proportional to its
mole fraction: $p_A = p_A^0 x_A$.
• Depression of Freezing Point: $\Delta T_f = K_f \times m$, where $m$ is molality and $K_f$ is molal
depression constant.
Solved Notebook Numerical:
Question: $45\text{ g}$ of ethylene glycol ($C_2H_6O_2$) is mixed with $600\text{ g}$ of water. Calculate the
freezing point depression ($K_f \text{ for water} = 1.86\text{ K kg/mol}$).
Step-by-Step Solution: Molar mass of $C_2H_6O_2 = 2(12) + 6(1) + 2(16) = 62\text{ g/mol}$.
Moles of solute = $\frac{45}{62} = 0.726\text{ mol}$.
Mass of water = $600\text{ g} = 0.6\text{ kg}$.
Molality ($m$) = $\frac{0.726}{0.6} = 1.21\text{ mol/kg}$.
$\Delta T_f = 1.86 \times 1.21 = \mathbf{2.25\text{ K}}$.

Chapter 8: Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids (Weightage: 9 Marks)

Essential Hand-Written Style Mechanism Notes:
• Aldol Condensation: Occurs in aldehydes/ketones containing at least one $\alpha$-hydrogen when treated with
dilute NaOH. Forms $\beta$-hydroxyaldehydes.
• Reaction Step: $2CH_3CHO \xrightarrow{\text{dil. NaOH}} CH_3-CH(OH)-CH_2-CHO \xrightarrow{\Delta}
CH_3-CH=CH-CHO$ (But-2-enal).
• Cannizzaro Reaction: Self-oxidation/reduction of aldehydes lacking $\alpha$-hydrogen (e.g., Formaldehyde,
Benzaldehyde) using conc. NaOH.
• Reaction Step: $2HCHO + \text{conc. NaOH} \rightarrow CH_3OH + HCOONa$ (Methanol + Sodium formate).
SUBJECT 3: MATHEMATICS (THEORY: 80 MARKS)
Chapter 3 & 4: Matrices & Determinants (Weightage: 13 Marks)
School Notebook Method: Solving System of Equations ($6$-Mark Pattern)
To solve the linear equations system $AX = B$, calculate $X = A^{-1}B$, where $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{|A|} \text{adj}(A)$.
Step-by-Step Question: Solve using matrix method: $2x + 3y = 4$ and $x - 2y = -5$.
Solution Steps: Matrix $A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ 1 & -2 \end{bmatrix}$, $X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \end{bmatrix}$,
$B = \begin{bmatrix} 4 \\ -5 \end{bmatrix}$.
1. Determinant $|A| = (2)(-2) - (3)(1) = -4 - 3 = -7 \neq 0$. Inverse exists.
2. Co-factors matrix: $A_{11}=-2, A_{12}=-1, A_{21}=-3, A_{22}=2$. Therefore, $\text{adj}(A) = \begin{bmatrix} -2 &
-3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}$.
3. $A^{-1} = \frac{1}{-7}\begin{bmatrix} -2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}$. Now, $X = A^{-1}B =
\frac{1}{-7}\begin{bmatrix} -2 & -3 \\ -1 & 2 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 4 \\ -5 \end{bmatrix}$.
4. Multiplying: $X = \frac{1}{-7}\begin{bmatrix} (-2)(4) + (-3)(-5) \\ (-1)(4) + (2)(-5) \end{bmatrix} =
\frac{1}{-7}\begin{bmatrix} -8 + 15 \\ -4 - 10 \end{bmatrix} = \frac{1}{-7}\begin{bmatrix} 7 \\ -14 \end{bmatrix} =
\begin{bmatrix} -1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix}$.
Hence, final values are $\mathbf{x = -1}$ and $\mathbf{y = 2}$.

Chapter 7: Integrals (Weightage: 10 Marks)

Standard Exercise Problem (Integration by Parts):
Evaluate: $\int x \sin(x) \, dx$. Using ILATE rule, 1st function $u = x$, 2nd function $v = \sin(x)$.
Formula: $\int u v \, dx = u \int v \, dx - \int (u' \int v \, dx) \, dx$.
Calculation: $x(-\cos x) - \int (1 \cdot (-\cos x)) \, dx = -x \cos x + \int \cos x \, dx = \mathbf{-x \cos x + \sin x + C}$.