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1. Standard Test Methods

The document outlines the standard test methods and definitions for the mechanical testing of steel products, including stainless steels and related alloys. It emphasizes the importance of following standardized testing procedures to ensure reproducible and comparable results, while also detailing specific tests and their applications. Additionally, it provides guidance on the handling of test specimens and the interpretation of test results, highlighting the need for safety and regulatory compliance.

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5 views50 pages

1. Standard Test Methods

The document outlines the standard test methods and definitions for the mechanical testing of steel products, including stainless steels and related alloys. It emphasizes the importance of following standardized testing procedures to ensure reproducible and comparable results, while also detailing specific tests and their applications. Additionally, it provides guidance on the handling of test specimens and the interpretation of test results, highlighting the need for safety and regulatory compliance.

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tomenoke717
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© All Rights Reserved
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Designation: A370~ 14 MASTER BROCUMENT Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products’ “Tis sand is issued under the fae designation A37O; the numer meaty following the designation Indexes he year of ‘xigal adoption en he case revision, he year ofl revision, Amber in arenes ie heya st veappcva, A erent epson ) indicts an etorilchane sce the lt rvison ot fap pova ‘Thi standard has een approved Jor use hy agencies ofthe US. Deparmct of fee 1. Scope* 1.1 These test methods” cover procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels, stainless steels, and related alloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to deternine properties required in the product specifications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain reproducible and compuruble results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specification testing requirements shall control 1.2 The following mechanical tests are described: Sections Bene 's arenes 16 onel 7 ecswel @ Potato ° leat 201029 overs 2 1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products ate appended to these test methods as follows: Annex Bot Products ne Tubular Prete nena ke Fasteners one A Pa Wire Proce ener At Sgnilarce of Notched Ba Inpet Testing Bone AS Covering Prceraye Eengaton of Round Specmens fo Annee Eulvalni or Fit Specimens Testing ttre Stand anos A? Founsng of Tet Data anon Ab thode fo Tasting tae! Reforcng Bare noe AS Proceaira fr Use and Canto of Heat Gyela Smuaton onan AYO 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard "These test methods an dfntons ae soler the Jaridicton of ASTM Commie AO% 8 Ste, Siinlss Stel and Related Alloys ad ae the dec responsibly of Subeonmsites AI. on Mechiaisl and Chena! Teing and Prossing Matods of Stal Produ and Peecees, ‘Curent eon approved May 1, 2014, Published Sly 2014. Oxllly approved in 1953. Lan previous ton approved in 2013 AS 13 BOI 11S2WA0.14 "Fox ASME Boiler and Prsure Vessel Code aplication se elated Spi ation SA-370 ie Seton Ia hat Cove 1.5 When this document is referenced in a metrie product specification, the yield and tensile values may be determined in ineh-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units, The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in, may be reported in SI unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm, respectively, as applicable. Conversely, when this document referenced in an inch-pound product specification, the yield ‘and tensile values may be determined in SI units then con- ‘verted into inch-pound units. The elongation determined in SI unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm may be reported in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in., respectively, as applicable. 1.6 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 17025 when there may bbe a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testing laboratories. 17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard 10 establish appro: priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- Bility of regularory limitations prior 10 use. 2, Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards:* ‘A623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require- ments, A623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re- quirements [Metric] A703/A703M Specification for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts AT81/A78IM Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy ‘Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use ‘A833 Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materi- als by Comparison Hardness Testers A956 Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products A1038 Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method "For refereed ASTM supa, visi the ASTM website, wwrwastmons onact ASTM Customer Serie st service@astm og. For Ane! Boot of ASTH ‘Standards voluse formation, fer ote sada + Dasara Summary pe on the ASTM went *A Summary of Changes section appears nt the end ofthis standard ‘ent © AST Irae, 109 Bur Hate Dr, PO Bon C70, Wes Coes, A 19482859, Ure Set 1 shquo an ©, sasua3y sowdey un} ipaistaved sf Suryvamay Jo uop: ‘svainou Uosaow fa paingrasTo a 5 Ay as70-14 E4 Practices fon Fonab:Jgifiatibaro6 Seating Machines 6 Terminology Relating tor Methods af Mechanical Testing E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma- terials E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma- (erials E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me- tallic Materials. E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten- someter Systems E10 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic ‘Materials by Portable Hardness Testers E190 Test Method for Guided Bend Test for Duvility of ‘Welds E290 Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Duct iy 2.2 ASME Document:* ‘ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VII, Division I, Part UG-8 23 ISO Standard:* ISOMEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories 3, Significance and Use 3.1 The primary use of these test methods is testing to determine the specified mechanical properties of steel, stainless steel and related alloy products for the evaluation of confor- ‘mance of such products to a material specification under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee AOL and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract. [Link] These test methods may be and are used by other ASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the purpose of conformance testing 3.1.2 The material condition atthe time of testing, sampling frequency, specimen location and orientation, reporting requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the pertinent material specification or in a General Requirement Specification for the particular product form, 3.1.3 Some material specifications require the use of uddi tional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the required test method is described in that material specification or by reference to another appropriate test method standard. 32 These test methods are also suitable to be used for testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for ‘other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing by the purchaser or evaluation of components after service exposure. 3.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specification limits or expected as-manufactured properties ean “Arable frm American Sociey of Mechascal Engineers (ASME), ASME Interational Headquarters, Two Park Ave, New York NY 1006-590, pi stn ‘alae em American National Standards Inte (ANSI). 25 W. 431 St, Ror, New York, NY 10136, p/n, ‘occur for valid reasons besides deficiency of the original asfabricated product. These reasons include, but are not imited to: subsequent service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select, alloys, further processing not included in the specification, sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of mechanical testing and variations in test results from prior tests are expected. An understanding of possible reasons for devia- tion from specified or expected test values should be applied in interpretation of test results 4, General Precautions 4.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending, forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, may affect the properties of the material under (est. Therefure, the product specifications caver the stage of manufacture at which ‘mechanical testing is to be performed. The properties shown by testing prior (o fabrication may not necessarily be representa tive of the product after it has been completely fabricated. 42 Improperly machined specimens should be discarded and other specimens substituted. 4.3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any test specimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicable product specification shall govern. 4.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such a5 failure of testing equipment or improper specimen preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken. 5. Orientation of Test Specimens 5.1 The terms “longitudinal test” and “transverse test” are used only in material specifications for wrought products and are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made (0 ‘test coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply: 5.1.1 Longitudinal Test, unless specifically defined ‘otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is, parallel to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging, The stress applied to a longitudinal fension test specimen is in the direction of the greatest extension, and the atis of the fold of a longitudinal bend test specimen is at right angles to the direction of greatest extension, (Fig. 1, Fig. 2a, and 2b). 5.1.2 Transverse Test, unless specifically defined otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is at right angles to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The stress applied to a transverse. tension test specimen is at right angles to the greatest extension, and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend test specimen is parallel to the greatest extension (Fig. 1). 5.2 The terms “radial test” and “tangential test” are used in ‘material specifications for some wrought circular products and are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made to ‘atest coupon or test specimen, the following definitions apply: tuo e6n s,2esu2071 vo} bo-90-Sto2 Uo LER YeuTeR OY paSuaDTT TeTvEVeH pSyURTURTC spotvteved st Surwuonjau Jo ueryaneoutey sand on srauayas) suainay Uomo Fe psrearste yen fon Ay aszo-14 == Sa Ze, FIG. 1 The Relation of Test Coupons and Test Speclmens to Rolling Direction or Extension (Applicable to General Wrought Products) 5.2.1 Radial Test, unless. specifically defined otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen- dicular to the axis of the product and coincident with one of the radii of a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as 2 center (Fig. 2a). 5.2.2 Tangential Test, unless specifically defined otherwis signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is perpen ‘dicular to a plane containing the axis of the product and tangent toa circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as a center (Fig. 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d), TENSION TEST 6, Description 6.1 ‘The tension test related to the mechanical testing of steel products subjects a machined or full-section specimen of the material under examination to a measured load sufficient to cause rupture. The resulting properties sought are defined in ‘Terminology B6, 6.2 In general, the testing equipment and methods are given in Test Methods EXE8M, However, there are certain excep- ‘ions to Test Methods E8/E8M practices in the testing of steel, and these are covered in these test methods. 7. Terminology 7.1 For definitions of terms pertaining to tension testing, including tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, clongation, and reduction of area, reference should be made to Terminology E6, 8, Testing Apparatus and Operations 8.1 Loading Systems—There are two general types of load= ing systems, mechanical (screw power) and hydraulic. These differ chiefly in the variability of the rate of load application, ‘The older screw power machines are limited to a small number of fixed fre ranning trosshead'spttdssSomé modem screw power machines, [Link]-hydraulic rhachines permit stepless variation throughout the range of speeds. 8.2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained in good ‘operating condition, used only in the proper loading range, and calibrated periodically in accordance withthe latest revision of Practices EA, [Nore 1—Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders for sutographie pling of stesesirain curves, It should be noted that some recorders have a load measuring componcat entirely separate from the load indicator of the testing machine, Such recorders are calibrated separately. 8.3 Loading—It is the function of the gripping or holding device of the testing machine to transmit the load from the heads of the machine to the specimen under test. The essential requirement is that the load shall be transmitted axially. This implies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be in alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimen at the beginning and during the test and that bending or twisting be held (o a sninimum. For specimens with a reduced section, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip section. In the case of certain sections tested in full size, ‘nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall be permissible. 84 Speed of Testing—The speed of testing shall not be sreater than that at which load and strain eadings ean be made accurately, In production testing speed of testing is commonly expressed: (/) in terms of free running crosshead speed (cate of movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not under Toad), (2) in terms of rate of separation ofthe two heads of the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rate of stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of straining the specimen. The following limitations onthe speed of testing are recommended as adequate for most steel produets: [Nore 2—Tension tests using closed-loop machines (with feedback control of rate) should ot be performed using load contro, as this mode Of testing will result in acceleration of the crosshead upon yielding and elevation ofthe measured yield suength. 8.4.1 Any convenient speed of testing may be used up to ‘one half the specified yield point or yield strength. When this point is reached, the free-running rate of separation of the crossheads shall be adjusted so as not to exceed Yi in. per min per inch of reduced section, or the distance between the grips for test specimens not having reduced sections, This speed shall be maintained through the yield point or yield strength. In and Note 7) wens 9-Atamate devices ae sal 1 determine cn eu ng sensi NE ‘Such devices sng Ceracy ns teen ONS oe apropie RAEN ara anderload ill ener wary wih te Seng Sf ore paicotar steel unde tsT2 cee ie tae of exe o8 tess applicable to sicch a 225 gene Tye may e determined om ve propose! Sait seme Me sain expel orted yield sucxet T {alfowing equation 8 we oft yield ‘may beused “extension ude od iin of 0421 (se)rr where: specified yield strength, PS MPa, eg of clstity, pa or MPs an E = Timiting plastic stain, iin 14 Tensle StrengthCaleae Ne strength bY aintisd te maximum Youd te SER during & dividing py the eign eronssectionst of the speci= men. 144 Elongation: aL it the ends of the fractred Pos together cota and measure te distance PENNE the gauge marks 10 carereat OT in (0.25 run) For EVES Tengths of 2 in. and te nen tothe nearest 0.5 OF He BE Tength for gauge watetpe over 2 ine A pereenage SS feading 10 05 % of the fge Tenth may be sede Te longation is the inerease i" Ba ff he ems leas EXPER percentage of the Tena gauge length. record nS values give both orhentae inerase andthe OBL! PAE Tenth takes place outside of the mjd half ofthe gxoge lengt ina punched or serbed mark rate reduced section ne IORI value obtained may wah preset of the eatil f the elongation $0 not Peed inet the minima Teaser specified, ne Teather esting is indicated, but Oe ongation is fess than the furenum cequiremens, discard th Wt and retest ng Automated tensile testing MENON ers allow for the measurement escibed below. either this W2Y. broken ends together. ‘using extensom Sf elongation in a metho i ezation may be measured ahd Por tere method deseribed above: NE ether result is valid. 10 Aly aszo - 14 14.4.4 Elongation at fracture is defined as the elongation ‘measured just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated with fracture. For many ductile materials not exhibiting a sudden decrease in force, the elongation at fracture can be taken as the strain measured just prior to when the force falls below 10 % of the maximum force encountered during the test. [Link] Elongation at fracture shall include elastic and plastic elongation and may be determined with autographic or ‘automated methods using extensometers verified over the strain range of interest. Use a class B2 or better extensometer for materials having less than 3 % elongation; a class Co Detter extensometer for materials having elongation greater than or equal to 5% but less than $0 %; and a class D or better extensometer for materials having 50 % or greater elongation. Inall cases, the extensometer gauge length shall be the nominal gauge length required for the specimen being tested. Due to the lack of precision in fitting fractured ends together, the elonga- tion after fracture using the manual methods of the preceding paragraphs may differ from the elongation at fracture deter- mined with extensometers. 14.4.4. Percent elongation at fracture may be calculated directly from elongation at fracture data and be reported instead of percent elongation as calculated in 14.4.1. However, these two parameters are not interchangeable. Use of the clongation at fracture method generally provides more repeat- able results. 145 Reduction of Area—Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together and measure the mean diameter or the width and thickness atthe smallest cross section to the same accuracy as the original dimensions. The difference between the area thus found and the area of the original cross section expressed asa percentage of the original area is the reduction of area, BEND TEST 15. Deseription 15.1 The bend test is one method for evaluating ductility, ‘but it cannot be considered as a quantitative means of predict= ing service performance in all bending operations. The severity of the bend testis primarily a function of the angle of bend of the inside diameter to which the specimen is bent, and of the cross section of the specimen. These conditions are varied according to location and orientation of the test specimen and the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type, and quality of the steel specified. Test Method E190 and Test ‘Method E290 may be consulted for methods of performing the test 15.2 Unless otherwise specitied, it shall be permissible to age bend test specimens. The time-temperature cycle employed ust be such that the effects of previous processing will not be ‘materially changed. It may be accomplished by aging at room temperature 24 to 48 h, or in shorter time at moderately elevated temperatures by boiling in water or by heating in oil 15.3 Bend the test specimen at room temperature to an inside diameter, as designated by the applicable product specifications, (o the extent specified. The speed of bending is ordinarily not an important factor. HARDNESS TEST 16, General 16.1 A hardness testis a means of determining resistance to penetration and is occasionally employed to obtain a quick approximation of tensile strength. Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5 are for the conversion of hardness measurements from one scale to another or to approximate tensile strength. ‘These conversion values have been obtained from computer ‘generated curves and are presented to the nearest 0.1 point 10 permit accurate reproduction of those curves. All converted hardness values must be considered approximate. All con- verted Rockwell and Vickers hardness numbers shall be rounded to the nearest whole number. 162 Hardness Testing: 16.2.1 If the product specification permits alternative hard ness testing to determine conformance to a specified hardness requirement, the conversions listed in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table $ shall be used. 16.2.2 When recording converted hardness numbers, the measured hardness and test scale shall be indicated in parentheses, for example: 353 HBW (38 HRC). This means that a hardness value of 38 was obtained using the Rockwell C scale and converted to a Brinell hardness of 353. 17, Brinell Test 17.1 Description: ITAL A specified load is applied to a flat surface of the specimen to be tested. through a tungsten carbide ball of specified diameter. The average diameter of the indentation is used as a basis for calculation of the Brinell hardness number. ‘The quotient of the applied loud divided by the area of the surface of the indentation, which is assumed to be spherical, is termed the Brinell hardness number (HBW) in accordance with, the following equation: aw= Pilory(0- Vo=@)] “ where: HBW = Brinell hardness umber, P= applied load, kgf, D ameter of the tungsten carbide ball, mm, and a average diameter of the indentation, mm. [Nove 1l—The Briel! hardness number is more conveniently secured ‘om standard (ables such ae Table 6, which show numbers coresponding to the various indentation diameters, usualy in ineements of 0.05 mm, [Nore 12—In Test Method E10 the values are stated in SI units, whereas inthis section kg/m nits ae used. 17.1.2 The standard Brinell test using a 10-mm tungsten carbide ball employs a 3000-kef load for hard materials and @ 1500 or $00-kgf load for thin sections or soft materials (see Annex A? on Steel Tubular Products). Other loads and differ- tent size indentors may be used when specified. In recording hnardness values, the diameter of the ball and the toad must be stated except when a 10-mm ball and 3000-kgf load are used. 17.1.3 A range of hardness can properly be specified only for quenched and tempered or normalized and tempered ‘material, For annealed material a maximum figure only should sjuo asn s,a2svaoyt uo} $0-90-Sh02 Uo UeRLT UesfuEL 0} PasuEDTT TervaveD parusT sao 90684 ayn} paaatusad sy SuTYONaY 40 LOTY & yam ‘971 (TsTIU=T2S) g Aly asz0-14 E TABLE 9 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Nonaustenitic Stele” (Rockwall 8 to Othor Hardness Numbers) 5 Tosa! Superioa Hares z Soave o ‘srt Knoop Rockwell Rocks “TST Seale, SOT Seale, 4ST SEI. Appromata 5 Mottoag ne WMS es, Teigh | Soigt Sag “PE 5 str see mest sone iaad, Sat tond | ese, Load Lond rang 8 (ise mer MCOKGL Lek, SOOT LON Load Dont ven ten em SUNG mm Ponaaor’ (Sebo al sas Glam (SB £ ‘rn Sat_n) abr Ba 8 ‘0 200 200 Pa oss wr: meee = a a Be fos me mse tlmay 98 28 228 at 202 = 25 ae 709 +109 (750) a o ae ma ms as ee 4 ae ae a me se a ea teeta) & zo zo ze ao ss eos a Bs ns Bt a sa tea Saler, 93 200, 200 216 570 908 784 5.9 94 (650) s = i ‘98 a fea so me se " 499 139 0 se m2 oi sen so ‘8 ta a sa mo meee mooi) es {0 i ‘se ee ms ee bia oF = i ie ite Ho se sia ets) a ve in ‘ee aa > ae tse = oe i tet Bo me 88 m= = is is i =: Rio oe meg a 1 is 1 e7 > ea) 83 159, 159 173 14 ae 76 ne 58 (80 (550) a ® is is i fos os hi ts ge & 13 1s ie 00 os 88a) fo is ts ie ss mes yes aves * @ 0 ‘et tao fs ar Ste oes) SS = ia ia is ae fees) 7 a s ‘s te soa sun, %e ‘3 19 18 ue sof sg is @ i 30 ae we mo bas sous) ES " i 1s ie aes st a? ee sss te 18 Se ws mi eB ew 2 i 129 ie isa seo oe esate) n i i ia ie era mr easy FA 1% 13 i a3 see ee mieten 6 128 12a 137 a8 62 830 eee a8 eo tats) 3 = i i s ae we a) sr es SotayE e i o is ee St ee ome ao e w i is ‘ee ses ef ey mE S oe ne ia ne me se 7 Sean & ie he in ne se me ao ® ie he is ‘as me hi sr @ ne #0 te ‘aa me fs sre z & 28 to te ca m7 ms oma a & i ior to se ms i me Br é & {03 108 ne =o ms mee S87 a Fe ‘on foe i ae sco ms So 5 a joo yoo ns a me yee Sea = 8 it 101 ae m7 m8 maa 87287 a S 499 ‘0 ie ma we ms or 2 * : i me a7 me Saar z 5 #0 ao or me Str ast g s a ase es moar 5 ioe se seo ma 3 2 = io se me mo ry 5 ® 40s ae ae me soir 3 s ‘ 405 at a3, 2 “a3 207 g o sot wr a eer ar é ‘ ‘a Ba Bt me Ota E s jee me me ste « a ‘or ma me sre + a 42 mo me 80 tar 5 2 ‘ ae me ate a * = a2 mo kr tke : * " a7 Re ao tae z 2 * Be mas mo fies 3 2 & mS mo mr nets = Fa % at ira ne z = % zr ne noms ts 5 a Fa mae m3 ne Bote 3 = FA aa Be waa 5 13 ? E Gy aszo-14 ‘TABLE 2 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Nonaustenitic Steels® (Rockwell C to Other Hardness Numbers) eckwol Sipe Harcness. octal © Binet Koop views Soel argaie aot Sale aN Sale, scsi abt Mees, vais, tas, gains, Sg Sinagl® “Seng Are oa, aman arose soppigh toes, SObgt toed SLRS. Loa Loads Lon envio oan oatsa’ “doe © Bad ourera oimord strom Ser er Penetvator Penerrtor Ponstiatoe “si (8) = wo 0 meme aoa & So ws Some me & oe i mf ta & oe is ue SOs hae & Ea @ oe Bi eo & im ee so Sk las & ie ee ms Sta ee & i & we S30 m) ome & wr ee @ toes ta : 8 or ee no S30 eee mS asta & & es Hy SES? ak Sam ® ee oe Ea M.S me at ata & ce Ed es Ro OS hs Sanam & ee os Re Gs as ms Soro s 3 Se ROG) oa Seeati 5 8 se ee eet a 8 FA Re kd Se etn a oe a me OSS et Ratti 3 e Bd me Ss seo siren S & os Re Sl Se Sk Meta 3 & Bo er re ee TC $ & py RRS Gh team @ 3 pr BORE a stm & a ae Bio RS SS] Faheen, “ & re BS ST fe eaten & & s Bf: et atcm 2 “ 3 Ss Ro GS RSs lta a ie se a SOS Soe tem S see mn te memes fat tenes s Se se Fs re & oe % Sn Si Rk Ho hs Treen 3 Ba Pr i S00 es ea senting & se 3s = SR) Bs Be isin = Ed Sr si SOR tS teat & Ss Xo se oo a sat teehee 3% a aH Se S$ ee 3 Maso 2 i so Ss Soh Bt RF tata x se oe ue SOBs kit S Se 380 ut SRS Bt ms tom g a FA or SRS Sf St em 2% os in S SS RS BS kha e in ae BH $0 RSE? Bk sm & ie a Ba Ss esr tase z ae 3 EA Sf Sam z 3 Pa ae SRE Be Rs totem 3 BH 3 ue S$ kT nein 2 xe a i SONS BE nts a 3 a as S&S st tam A EY oe ist Bo ESS ston yas ute gies the proms mlerdalorsips ol Varnes vals nd approaatetrala aengihlsod is pes that sees o vers cargalion 2nd rbrcang Nseries if douse hardnessenste sheng elastin rm ha dat peseniod nO ale. The data inthis abe should not be used fo austin ‘antes Seek, ut Rave boon shown to be spot for frre and mare siailss stool. The dala i tis abe shel not be used ie extablch asters awwocr harness valuoe and tanste seni of hard Gwn wre. Whara exe precise conversons ere requ, they shuld be cevoped spcially ft each sea! [etoson, rest vostrents and pat Caton shuld be exeraaed# conerlon Farts table are used forte accaptanee orjetion of produc, Tho approximate Uirelslonsip mey alec acceptance or recon, be specified, For normalized material a minimum or amaxi- 17.2.1 Testing Machine—A Brinell hardness testing ma- ‘mum hardness may be specified by agreement, In general, no chine is acceptable for use over a loading range within which hardness requirements should be applied to untreated material. its load measuring device is accurate to *1 %. 17.1.4 Brinell hardness may be required when tensile prop- 17.22 Measuring Microscope—The divisions of the mix cents are not specified. crometer seale of the microscope or other measuring devices 17.2 Apparatus—Equipment shall meet the following re-used for the measurement of the diameter of the indentations guirements: “a $0-00-500 uo onay UevTeDk 2 pasUaaTT TeTLOLeH paw NEED spyuo esn 2,390 fpayyrasad 8} Surysdeyau Jo UBFYIMpOMHe UMNANY ON en eos aoe eee mee che Supericl Harness ‘eins Knoop —«~PskstA “Rotel TST Seale, SOT Sele, 487 Selo Veco BA Kn ‘eal, al, ‘ougtSogtaSigt “meer OHS, SOOT LEES aad Cmend Lor ern, tg, Smet kaa TommBel and Over Penman” (888mm) Bak (rsas- (rsa. (ree. PAD fim) Seton) Ballon) Ba 2 « ° za 752 mo 7848 x s 20 mas, mr 0B 30 o 208 m0 maa ‘Tis ubie gues be approsinat rtrelalonships ot hardness vals and approsnale orale svengh is posse Wal sows a vious compostons and ‘socassng hstotes wil dain hardnesevonsle srenghrelatonenip er the data procented ins tale. Tho data ti tale shoud not bo Used for austere fables stots, ut have boon shown tobe apple between hardness vl flempostion, hon reatmert ord par ‘or fete end marwenat vais seas. The fd tans sang o ard crsun wre. Where more precise conversions TABLE 4 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C to other Hardness Numbers) Reckwol © Seale, 150g Rockwell A Seale, SOKgt cha Suparical Harenese sand Sone poe TEN Seale, 15g Load, hg Load, aN Sel, eg Lad, ‘eas, Damond Fa Lead Oamend Peretaiss “Qamend Penatator Diamond Penebatr Diamend Penetator ro Tea oy 62 ‘521 a 8 836 3 509 4 Ba 831 es ro 4“ mo ee fe ‘7 “ rea 21 e7 as s na 8 ee aoa a m3 805 601 at © moe 00 592 Bo 2 oo Rs saa as = 3 70 578 07 or 8 ms 558 306 8 oe ms 540 373 ea 3 m0 0 363 % fea 75 st 350 2 a3 8 Ba Bo 3 fee 754 sia 27 2 3 749 50s 316 2 es ae 08 304 2 3 739 ee 23 a 8 ws a8 282 2% 63 ne 70 zo 2 ee ns 462 250 2% 23 ns ‘3 28 2 ee n3 aaa 28 2 63 m8 4s 25. a 08 703 ‘a7 23 20 603 8 ae 202 shall be such as to permit the direct measurement of the diameter to 0.1 mm and the estimation of the diameter to 0.05 Nore |3—This requirement applies to the construction of the micro= Scope only and is nota requirement for measurement ofthe indenttion, see 1743. 17.23 Standard Ball—The standard tungsten carbide ball for Brinell hardness testing is 10 mm (0.3937 in.) in diameter with a deviation from this value of not more than 0.005 mm. (0.0004 in.) in any diameter. A tungsten carbide ball suitable for use must not show a permanent change in diameter greater than 0.01 mm (0.0004 in.) when pressed with a force of 3000 ‘kgf against the test specimen. Steel ball indentors are no longer ppenmitted for use in Brinell hardness testing in accordance with these test methods, 17.3 Test Specimen—Brinell hardness tests are made on prepared areas and sufficient metal must be removed from the surface to eliminate decurburized metal and other surface irregularities. The thickness of the piece tested rust be such that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of the load appears on the side of the piece opposite the indentation. 174 Procedure: 17.4.1 Itis essential that the applicable product specifica- tions state clearly the position at which Brinell hardness indentations are to be made and the number of such indenta- tions required. The distance of the center of the indentation from the edge of the specimen or edge of another indentation ‘ust be at least two and one-half times the diameter of the indentation, 17.4.2 Apply the load for 10 to 15 s. shquo 26n s,295109"F 04 $0-90-St02 WO UERUT LesTUeL 0} FOSURDTT TeTURIEN POUT 5 yonpos tun} si yrasad st Alqyonyau Wo sse10 orm ‘271 (opTaUaq2s) euaynay UosHOYL fa aN Ap azz - 14 TABLE 5 Approximate Hardne: Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Steels (Rockwell B to other Hardness Numbers) cove & Revel Soper Hares Scale, 100- ——aengt ndantain Bel Marsess, Rockwall AScale, eT Seu, 357 Seale, at Sea, gf Lond vr aah iederishen os wad onl Load. Sug Lot, 04g! Cosa, 45k Load, in (586° 7 “omm Bal amend Ponatter vein (888 Vi (1.8 he (8 tm) Ba ‘rn Ba ‘rn Ball ‘on Bat 700 ae ae as 315 B04 702 °° 335 28 rd 312 7 oa 8 361 240 03 m8 730 032 a 395 233 587 sot 133 872 98 402 28 sot ma nm est % 400 20 585 7 Ho eat ee ate Ba S20 3 168 eat % 420 207 sr ao 188 eat ee am aoe ea eee m3 et 1 io ‘a7 S62 2 742 ei 2 435 82 556 a8 738 cot 2 440 7 580 as rs 530 8 as ry 55 al ws 580 7 at v8 3 857 na 70 pr 174 33 ae 707 580 0 70 7 850 m0 $50 470 16 5s 52 eas 529 4% 160 508 bo ers ste a7 16 S04 5 o2 509 au 153 a et 65 ae. 17.43 Measure diameters of the indentation in accordance with Test Method E10. 17.44 The Brinell hardness test is not recommended for ‘materials above 650 HBW. ([Link] Tha ball is used in a test ofa specimen which shows ‘a Brinell hardness number greater than the limit for the ball as detailed in 17.44, the ball shall be either discarded and replaced with a new ball or remeasured to ensure conformance with the requirements of Test Method E10, 19.5 Brinell Hardness Values: 17.5.1 Brinell hardness values shall not be designated by a ‘number alone because itis necessary to indicate which indenter and which force has been employed in making the test. Brinell hhardness numbers shall be followed by the symbol HBW, and bbe supplemented by an index indicating the test conditions in the following order: [Link] Diameter of the ball, mm, [Link] A value representing the applied load, kgf, and, 175.13 The applied force dwell time, s, if other than 10 s wISs, 17.5.14 The only exception to the above requirement is for the HBW 10/3000 scale when a 10 sto 15 s dwell time is used. Only in the case of this one Brinell hardness scale may the designation be reported simply as HBW. [Link] Examples: 220 HBW = Brinell hardness of 220 determined with a ball of 10 mm diameter and with a test force ‘of 3000 kgf applied for 10 sto 15s; 350 HBW 5/1500 = Brinell hardness of 350 determined with a ball of $ mm diameter and with a test force of 1500 kgf applied for 10 s to 15 s 116 Detailed Procedure—For detailed requirements of this test, reference shall be made to the latest revision of Test Method E10, 18, Rockwell Test 18.1 Description: 18.1.1 In this test @ hardness value is obtained by determin- ing the depth of penetration of @ diamond point of a tungsten carbide ball into the specimen under certain arbitrarily fixed conditions. A minor toad of 10 kgf is first applied which causes an initial penetration, sets the penetrator on the material and holds it in position, A major load which depends on the scale being used is applied increasing the depth of indentation. The ‘major load is removed and, with the minor load still acting, the Rockwell number, which is proportional to the difference in penetration between the major and minor loads is determined; this is usually done by the machine and shows on a dial, digital display, printer, or other device. This is an arbitrary umber ‘which increases with increasing hardness. The scales most frequently used are as follows: see sje Miser ae Petar tons Las, ‘symbol as awe 8 “tein tungsten carbide bal 100, 10 © amend bate 480 0 18.1.2 Rockwell superficial hardness machines are used for the testing of very thin steel or thin surface layers. Loads of 15, 30, or 45 kgf are applied on a tungsten carbide (or a hardened steel) ball or diamond penctrator, to cover the samme range of hardness values as for the heavier loads. Use of a hardened steel ball is permitted only for testing thin sheet tin mill products as found in specifications A623 and A623M using HRIST and HR30T scales with a diamond spot anvil. (Testing of this product using a tungsten carbide indenter may give cosen pay ‘ 5 a 5 36) svarmay woseou 6a patna i

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