Worksheet: Economics- Development

Class X

Q1) What is Development?

⚫ Development refers to sustainable increase in living standards

⚫ It comprises better health, better education, more job opportunities
⚫ Different people have different development goals

Q2) How can development mean different things to different people? Give examples.
OR
“Development for one may be the destruction for the other.” Do you agree with the
statement? Justify your answer.

⚫ People seek different things. They seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that
which can fulfill their aspirations or desires. At times, two persons or groups of persons
may seek things which are conflicting.
⚫ Example-
a) A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother, and that he also shares in
the household work. Her brother may not like this.
b) Similarly, to get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced – such as tribals.
They might resent this and may prefer small tanks to irrigate their land.
Hence, we can say that “different persons can have different developmental goals” and
“what may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may even be
destructive for the other.”

Q3) What are the things which are equally important for human beings apart from
income?
OR
Why do people look for mixture of goals other than income?

⚫ Besides seeking more income, people also seek non-material things like equal treatment,
freedom, security and respect of others.
⚫ There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives. These
are often ignored.
⚫ For development, people look at a mix of goals.
 ⚫ Example-
a) If you get a job in a far off place, before accepting it you would try to consider many
factors, apart from income, such as facilities for your family, working atmosphere or
opportunity to learn.
b) In another case, a job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that
enhances your sense of security.
c) Another job, however, may offer high pay but no job security and also leave no time for
your family. This will reduce your sense of security and freedom.

Q4) What is the main criterion used by World Bank for classifying different countries?
What are the limitations of this criterion?

⚫ According to World Bank, for comparing countries, their income is considered to be one
of the most important attributes. Countries with higher income are more developed than
others with less income.
⚫ Total income is not such a useful measure. As countries have different populations,
comparing total income will not tell what an average person is likely to earn.
⚫ Hence, we compare the average income (also known as per capita income) which is the
total income of the country divided by its total population.
Limitations:
⚫ It is affected by the size of the population of a country. Larger population leads to smaller
per capital income and vice versa.
⚫ It does not tell about distribution of income.
⚫ It does not tell about availability of various services and facilities that influence the
quality of life.

Q5) Explain the classification used by World Bank to divide countries on the basis of
development.
OR
How does World Bank calculate ranking of countries?

⚫ Countries with per capita income of US$ 12056 per annum and above in 2017, are called
rich countries.
⚫ Those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income countries.
⚫ India comes in the category of low middle income countries because its per capita income
in 2017 was just US$ 1820 per annum.
⚫ The rich countries, excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries,
are generally called developed countries.

Q6) “While ‘averages’ are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities.” Explain by
giving example.
OR
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with an
example.
We use averages for comparison across different classes.
⚫ For example, let us consider two countries, A and B having 5 citizens each.
Comparison of two countries A and B

Country Monthly Income of the citizens

I II III IV V Average
Country A 150 50 150 50 100 100
Country B 5 5 5 5 480 100
⚫ Even though both the countries have identical average income, country A is preferred
because it has more equitable distribution.
⚫ In this country people are neither very rich nor extremely poor. On the other hand most
citizens in country B are poor and one person is extremely rich.
Limitations-
1. While average income is useful for comparison, it does not tell us how this income is
distributed among people.
2. It does not measure the various facilities and services like health and education facilities
or equal treatment.
3. It is affected by the size of population.
4. This criteria does not produce a clear picture of the development status of a country.
⚫ Hence, we can say that ‘while averages are useful for comparison, they also hide
disparities’.

Q7) Apart from income, what other criteria are used for comparing the states of Haryana,
Kerala and Bihar?

Criteria other than income

State Infant Mortality Rate Literacy Rate % Net Attendance Ratio

Haryana 33 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 38 62 43
• Infant Mortality Rate (or IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of
one year as a proportion of 100 live children born in that particular year.
• Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age
group.
• Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Q8) “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
love well”. Justify the statement with example.

⚫ It is often said ‘money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may
need to live well. ’
 ⚫ Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods and services
that citizens are able to use.
⚫ Example-
a) Money cannot buy a pollution-free environment or ensure that we get unadulterated
medicines, unless we can afford to shift to a community that already has all these things.
b) Money may also not be able to protect us from infectious diseases, unless the whole of
the community takes preventive steps.

Q9) What is BMI and how to calculate it? Explain with example.

⚫ To find out if adults are undernourished, we calculate Body Mass Index (BMI).
⚫ It does not apply to the growing children.
⚫ Steps to calculate BMI-
1. Take the weight of the person in kg and take the height in meters.
2. Divide the weight by the square of the height.
3. If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished.
4. If this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
Example:
Find out BMI of a person whose weight is 54 kg and height is 1.54 m
Ans- Weight = 54 kg
Height= (1.54 m)2 = 2.37 m2
BMI= Weight (in kg)/ [Height (in m)]2
= 54/2.37
= 22.7 kg/m2

Q10) In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development
different from the one used by the World Bank?

Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on-

⚫ Educational levels of the people
⚫ Health status
⚫ Per capita income

Comparison of criteria used by UNDP & World Bank for measuring development

⚫ World Bank- It only uses per capita income for measuring development.
⚫ UNDP- It uses HDI (Human Development Index) based on many other factors like infant
mortality rate, health care facilities, education levels etc. which help in improving the
quality of life.

Q11) Define HDI, Life Expectancy at birth and Per Capita Income.

⚫ HDI- It stands for Human Development Index. It is a tool developed by United Nations to
measure a country’s overall development.
 ⚫ Life Expectancy at birth denotes the average expected length of life of a person at the
time of birth.
⚫ Per Capita Income is total income of the country divided by its total population.

Q12) Kerala with lower per capita income has better human development ranking than
Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used
to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.

⚫ No, per capital income is a useful criteria to compare countries if the factors like Infant
Mortality Rate, literacy rate and net attendance ratio are also included.
⚫ Eg- Kerala with low per capita income has a better human development ranking than
Haryana because –
⚫ It has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
⚫ Public Distribution System (PDS) functions well.
⚫ Health and nutritional status of people of Kerala is certainly better.

Q13) Differentiate between Economic Growth and Economic Development.

⚫ Economic Growth
1. It is a process whereby a country’s national income increases over a period of time
2. It is a short-term process
3. It is a narrow concept
4. Quantitative changes are expected
⚫ Economic Development
1. It is a process of increase in income as well as achieving equitable distribution of income
2. It is a long-term process
3. It is a broad concept
4. Both quantitative and qualitative changes are expected

Q14) What is Sustainable Development? Why is the issue of sustainability important for
development?

⚫ Sustainable Development- The development which meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
⚫ It is the concept of durable development carried out by limiting the needs of the present
so that the future generations may enjoy the benefits of nature to the fullest.

Sustainability is important for development as

⚫ Available resources can be exhausted within a short period of time and it is necessary for
the survival of future generations
⚫ It takes care of the overall development of the economy such as health services and better
education
 ⚫ If the available resources are misused then the development will stagnate after a period of
time as in the future, these resources will not be available

Q15) Discuss the ways of using the resources judiciously.

• Use of alternative sources of energy. Eg- solar energy

• Using the least amount of non-renewable resources
• Stress on developing techniques for the economical extraction of resources
• Limiting the waste material
• Adopting recycle, re-use strategies

Q16) Find out the present sources of energy that are being used by the people of India.
What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

⚫ Conventional Sources of Energy- These have been in use since ages.

Eg- Coal, petroleum, natural gas
⚫ Non-conventional Sources of Energy- These are in use recently.
Eg- Wind energy, solar energy, tidal energy
• Fifty years from now, there is a possibility that people will be making more use of non-
conventional sources of energy.

Q17) Differentiate between Renewable and Non-renewable resources.

⚫ Renewable Resources
1. They can be used again and again
2. They can be reproduced or replenished
3. Eg- Solar energy, wind energy

⚫ Non-renewable Resources
1. They are used only for a limited time. They get exhausted with use
2. They take millions of years to form
3. Eg- coal, petroleum

Q18) List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed
around you.
Some examples of environmental degradation-
• Deforestation
• Depleting levels of groundwater
• Soil erosion
• Pollution- Air, water, land, noise
• Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Q19) Write a short note on problem of ground water in India.

OR
 Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater.
⚫ Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many
parts of the country.
⚫ About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 meters during the past
20 years.
⚫ Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In another 25
years, 60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present way of using this
resource continues.
⚫ Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of
Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas
⚫ of central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.

Q20) “Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state

boundaries; this issue is no longer region or nation specific.” Explain with the help of
examples.

“Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries; this

issue is no longer region or nation specific.”
⚫ Environment is degraded through the depletion of resources like air, water and soil.
⚫ Environmental degradation is not restricted to a particular nation or state boundary. Its
consequences are felt in surrounding states or the neighbouring countries.
Example-
• Pollution in one country may affect the other in the form of climate change. Pollution of
air has created respiratory diseases in humans of all parts of the world because harmful
gases imbalanced the composition of atmosphere.
• Deforestation in some countries may disturb the rainfall pattern in the surrounding
countries
• Land degradation affects the agricultural productivity of land as well as food security.
Food requirement of that region will be completed by importing food from other regions.
It will create additional pressure on the land resources of exporting regions.
• Addition of greenhouse gases in atmosphere is responsible for increase in temperature. It
affects every part of the world whether it is developed or developing country.

Q21) “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy
the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of
development? Discuss.

⚫ Human wants are unlimited, but the resources required to satisfy these wants are limited
in supply.
⚫ These days, human beings have become greedy for their own development as they are
involved in activities like deforestation, over use of ground water.
⚫ If the resources are used irrationally, they will end up soon.
⚫ If human beings keep a check on their uncontrolled needs, our Earth has enough
resources to meet their needs, but certainly not enough to satisfy their greed.
 Objective Worksheet: Economics- Development
Class X

Q1. Choose the most appropriate option.

1. The total number of children attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same
age group is called

(a) net attendance ratio (b) literacy rate

(c) gross enrolment ratio (d) level of education

2. Per capita income hides

(a) disparities (b) average income (c) total population (d) none of these

3. Per capita income of Kerala is higher than that of

(a) Bihar (b) Punjab (c) Gujarat (d) none of these

4. Dividing the total income of country with its population, we get

(a) Per-Capita income (b) National income (c) Average Income (d) Total Income

5. The per-capita income of different countries is counted in which currency?

(a) Rupees (b) Pounds (c) US Dollars (d) Canadian Dollars

6. Among Haryana, Kerala and Bihar, the lowest per capita income state is Bihar. It shows that

(a) Bihar has high standard of living (b) People are earning less in Kerala

(c) Maharashtra has more number of rich people (d) on an average, people in Bihar have low
income

7. Meaning of development is different for

(a) different people (b) alien people (c) same people (d) none of these

8. Development of an individual refers to

(a) mental development (b) physical development (c) spiritual development (d) overall development

9. Classical view of economic development includes

(a) per capita income (b) national Income (c) none of these (d) both a and b
10. Development goal for landless agricultural labor is

(a) high prices for crops (b) more days of work (c) cheap labor (d) pollution free
environment

11. Per capita income of low-income countries is

(a) < 30,000 or less (b) < 37,000 or less (c) < 40,000 or less (d) none of these

12. If industrialists want more dams then why do local people resist it?

(a) They will be displaced. (b) Their lands will be submerged.

(c) Their will be no source of earning for them. (d) All of the above

13. IMR stands for

(a) Infant Mortality Ratio (b) Indian Mortality Ratio (c) International Mortality Ratio (d) none of
these

14. People may have different developmental goals; what is development for one, may even be for
the other.

(a) destructive (b) constructive (c) same (d) equal

15. Development criteria include

(a) income (b) equal treatment (c) freedom (d) all of these

16. The literacy rate is highest in Kerala while the infant mortality rate is highest in Bihar. What does it
show?

(a) Most of the people in Kerala and Bihar have good living conditions.

(b) Both Bihar and Kerala lack basic necessities of life.

(c) The standard of living in Kerala is better than Bihar.

(d) The standard of living in Bihar is better than Kerala. 1

17. The Human Development Report (HDR) published by UNDP compares countries based on literacy
rate, health status and .

(a) National income (b) Per-capita income (c) Both a and b (d) None of the above

18. Full form of SED is

(a) sustainable economic development (b) simple economic development

(c) sound economic development (d) none of these

19. A good way to measure the quality of life in countries across the world is by comparing
their .
(a) per capita Income (b) human development index (c) gross national income (d) sustainable
development

20. Which among the following is not a public facility?

(a) Transport and electricity (b) Roads and bridges (c) Private schools (d) Government
hospitals

21. The helps in maintaining the nutritional levels of poor people by proving food at lower
cost.

(a) BMI body mass index (b) PDS public distribution system

(c) GNI gross national income (d) HDI human development

22. Economic development by maintaining the natural resources for present and future use is known as

(a) sustainable development (b) planned development (c) human development Index (d)
development

Q2. Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s).

1. The average income is also known as Per capita income.

2. BMI stands for Body Mass Index.

3. Per capita income of the US is $59,500 (2017 Est) as per the World Book Fact.

4. HDI rank of India is 130 (2018-DHI Report)

5. Literacy rate in Bihar in the year 2001 was 62%.

Q3. Read each of the following statements and write if it is true or false.

1. Average income and per capita income both are the same concepts. True

2. HDI is compared on the basis of education only. False

3. Adult Literacy Rate means people of 7 years and above. False

4. Literacy rate of India is 67%. False

5. Life expectancy is age at the time of death. False

Q4. In the following questions, a statement of assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the
correct choice as:

a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

c) If assertion is true but reason is false.

d) If both assertion and reason are false.

1. Assertion : The crude oil reserves are going down for the entire world, and the countries need to find
substitute fuel for crude oil.

Reason : A country that is dependent on imports for crude oil will demand more crude oil in the future

Ans : (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

2. Assertion : The average income of a country is about USS 12,056; however, the country is still not a
developed country.

Reason : The income levels are highly skewed for the country

Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

3. Assertion : Sustainable development is essential for economic growth of the countries.

Reason : Sustainable development ensures that environment friendly measures are adopted for carrying out
production processes

Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

4. Assertion : Suppose the literacy rate in a state is 78% and the net attendance ratio in secondary stage is 47%.

Reason : More than half of the students are going to other states for elementary education.

Ans : (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

5. Assertion : A state has a per capita income of Rs. 2, 25, 000 per annum. The infant mortality rate in the state
is 2%. So, the state cannot be considered a developed state.

Reason : There are medical facilities in the state, but people fail to take their children to hospital in time.

Ans : (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

6. Assertion : A small town has a high rate of robbery; however, a locality in this town has well- maintained
law and order.

Reason : The people in the locality are aware of the importance of having security guards, and they collectively
pay to have the security guards in the locality

Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

7. Assertion : A country that was extremely rich in natural resources has mainly relied on oil extraction for
revenue generation for several centuries. However, the scientists predict that the country may become poor in
the future if other means of generating income are not devised.

Reason : Oil is a non-renewable resource, and it is likely to get exhausted if not used judiciously

Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

8. Assertion : Different people have different developmental goals.

Reason : The capitalist approach to development is detrimental to poor section of the society
Ans : Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

9. Assertion : Non-renewable resources are abundant in nature.

Reason : Non-renewable resources can be replenished over a period of time.

Ans : (d) Both assertion and reason are false

10. Assertion : A high average income is not indicative of the overall well-being or human development in a
country.

Reason : Average income does not cover indicators like level of literacy rate, health facilities and public
facilities in a country

Ans : (a) Both assertion and reason are true, and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.