PRACTICAL FILE

ON
INFORMATION SYSTEM MANAGEMENT-LAB

GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

Batch 2023 - 26

SUBMITTED
SUBMITTED TO:
BY: ARYAMAN Dr. Neeraj saxena
ARORA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

09515501723

NEW DELHI INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

61A, TUGHLAKABAD, NEW DELHI-62
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the practical titled “Information System Management-Lab” submitted by
ARYAMAN ARORA to New Delhi Institute of Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the Bachelor of Business
Administration degree is an original piece of work carried out under my guidance and may be
submitted for evaluation.
The assistance rendered during the study has been duly acknowledged. No part of this work has
been submitted for any other degree.

Dr. Neeraj saxena

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any accomplishment requires the effort of many people and this work is not different. Regardless
of the source, I wish to express my gratitude to those who may have contributed to this work, even
though anonymously.

I would like to pay my sincere thanks to my Information System Management- Lab” faculty
Dr. ARYAMAN ARORA under whose guidance I was able to complete my Practical
successfully. I have been fortunate enough to get all the support, encouragement and guidance from
her needed to explore, think new and initiate.

My final thank goes out to my parents, family members, teachers and friends who encouraged me
countless times to persevere through this entire process.

ARYAMAN ARORA
Chapter no.
INDEX
1 Introduction to Information System Management.

2 Introduction of Database Management System.

3 Introduction to the SQL Concepts.

a. DDL
b. DML
c. Aggregate Functions

4 Creating an Entity Table in a Database

[Employee Table with EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, EMP_DEPT, EMP_ADDRESS,
MOBILE_NUMBER,EMP_SALARY and then Use Aggregate function by Queries]

5 Write the query for these command

• CREATE
• ALTER
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• LIKE.

6 Explain Entity-Relation Diagram with an Example.

 Chapter 1:
Introduction
to ISM
Chapter 1: Informationto ISM:
ISM stands for Information System Management. It is a planned system of Collecting, Storing and
Disseminating data in the form of Information needed to carry out the functions of Management
like helping in decision making process. MIS enhances the quality of management and growth of
the organisation by providing timely, accurate and meaningful information for planning, Organising
and control.

Objectives:

o Data Capturing: It captures data from various internal and external sources of the Organisation.
Data capturing may be manual or through computer terminals.
o Processing Of Data: The captured data is processed into information needed for Planning,
Organising, Coordinating, Directing and controlling functionalities at strategic and operational
level.
o Storage of Information: MIS stores the processed or unprocessed data for future use.
o Retrieval of Information: Mis retrieves the Information from the storage when required by
various users.
o Dissemination of Information: Information, which is a finished product of MIS, is circulated to
its users using the Organisations network.

Purpose:

The purpose of Information Security Management (ISM) is to establish a structured and systematic
approach to protecting an organization’s information assets from unauthorized access, misuse,
disclosure, alteration, and destruction. ISM ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
data by implementing effective security policies, procedures, and controls. It helps organizations
identify potential risks, assess vulnerabilities, and implement preventive measures to minimize
security threats. By promoting awareness, accountability, and compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements, ISM supports business continuity and builds trust among stakeholders. Ultimately,
ISM aims to create a secure environment that enables smooth organizational operations while
safeguarding critical information resources.

Components:

o People: These are the users who use the information system to record the dayto day Business
transactions.
o Business Procedures: These are agreed upon best practices that guide the users and all other
components on how to work efficiently. Business procedures are developed by the people
o Data: It is the recorded day to day transactions.
o Hardware: The hardware provides the computing power for processing data. It also provides
networking and printing capabilities. The hardware speeds up the processing of data into
information.
o Software: These are programs that run on the hardware. The software is broken down into two
major categories namely system software and applications software.
 Chapter 2:
Introduction
to DataBase
Management
System
Chapter 2 : Introduction to Database Management System:

A database management system (DBMS) refers to the technology for creating and managing
databases. DBMS is a software tool to organize (create, retrieve, update, and manage) data in a
database. The main aim of a DBMS is to supply a way to store up and retrieve database information
that is both convenient and efficient. By data, we mean known facts that can be recorded and that
have embedded meaning.

Usually, people use software such as DBASE IV or V, Microsoft ACCESS, or EXCEL to store data
in the form of a database. A datum is a unit of data. Meaningful data combined to form information.
Hence, information is interpreted data - data provided with semantics. MS. ACCESS is one of the
most common examples of database management software.

Knowledge refers to the useful use of information. As you know, that information can be
transported, stored, and shared without any problems and difficulties, but the same cannot be said
about knowledge. Knowledge necessarily involves personal experience and practice. Database
systems are meant to handle an extensive collection of information.

Management of data involves both defining structures for storage of information and providing
mechanisms that can do the manipulation of those stored information. Moreover, the database
system must ensure the safety of the information stored, despite system crashes or attempts at
unauthorized access.

Why to use DBMS:

o To develop software applications In less time.
o Data independence and efficient use of data.
o For uniform data administration.
o For data integrity and security.
o For concurrent access to data, and data recovery from crashes.
o To use user-friendly declarative query language.

Advantages of DBMS:
A DBMS manages data and has many benefits. These are:

o Data independence: Application programs should be as free or independent as possible from

details of data representation and storage.
o DBMS can supply an abstract view of the data for insulating application code from such facts.

o Efficient data access: DBMS utilizes a mixture of sophisticated concepts and techniques for
storing and retrieving data competently.
o This feature becomes important in cases where the data is stored on external storage devices.

o Data integrity and security: If data is accessed through the DBMS, the DBMS can enforce
integrity constraints on the data.

o Data administration: When several users share the data, integrating the administration of data
can offer significant improvements.
o Experienced professionals understand the nature of the data being managed and can be
responsible for organizing the data representation to reduce redundancy and make the data to
retrieve efficiently.

Components of DBMS:

 Users: Users may be of any kind such as DB administrator, System developer, or database users.

 Database application: Database application may be Departmental, Personal, organization's and /

or Internal.

 DBMS: Software that allows users to create and manipulate database access,
 Database: Collection of logical data as a single unit.
 Chapter 3:
Introduction
to SQL
Concepts
Chapter 3 : Introduction to SQL concepts:
Data Definition Language:

DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc. All
the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the changes in the
database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 TRUNCATE

a. CREATE: It is used to create a new table in the database.

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]) ;
Example:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHA R2(100), DOB
DATE) ;

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax:
DROP TABLE ;
Example:
DROP TABLE EMPLOYEE ;

c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to modify
the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:
To add a new column in the table ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-
definition;
To modify existing column in the table:
ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION.. .) ;
Example:
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME VARCHAR2(20));

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing
the table.

Syntax: TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example: TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
Data Manipulation Language:

DML commands are used to modify the database.

It is responsible for all form of changes in the database.
The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all the changes
in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a table.

Syntax: INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (col1, col2, col3,.............................................col N)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...................................valueN);
OR
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...................................valueN);

Example: INSERT INTO javatpoint (Author, Subject) VALUES ("Sonoo", "DBMS")

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.

Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,. .column_nameN = va lueN] [WHERE
CONDITION]
Example:
UPDATE students SET User_Name = 'Sonoo' WHERE Student_Id = '3'

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax: DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition]; For

Example: DELETE FROM javatpoint WHERE Author="Sonoo";
Aggregate Functions:

SQL aggregation function is used to perform the calculations on multiple rows of a single column
of a table. It returns a single value.
Aggregate functions help you summarize data efficiently.
They’re essential for data analysis, reporting, and decision-making tasks — like calculating totals,
averages, or identifying trends in large datasets.

Types of Aggregate Functions are :

1) COUNT FUNCTION: COUNT function is used to Count the number of rows in a database table.
It can work on both numeric and non-numeric data types. COUNT function uses the COUNT(*)
that returns the count of all the rows in a specified table. COUNT(*) considers duplicate and Null.

Syntax:
COUNT(*) or COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
Example:
a. COUNT() :SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;
b. COUNT with WHERE :
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST; WHERE RATE>=20;
c. COUNT() with DISTINCT() :
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT COMPANY) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;
d. COUNT() with GROUP BY :
SELECT COMPANY, COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCT_MAST GROUP BY COMPANY;

2) SUM FUNCTION: Sum function is used to calculate the sum of all selected columns.
It works on numeric fields only.

Syntax :
SUM() or SUM( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
Example:
a. SUM() : SELECT SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;
b. SUM() with WHERE() :
SELECT SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST WHERE QTY>3;
c. SUM() with GROUP BY :
SELECT SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST WHERE QTY>3 GROUP BY COMPANY;
SUM() with HAVING() :
SELECT COMPANY, SUM(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MASTGROUP BY COMPANY HAVING
SUM(COST)>=170;
3) AVG FUNCTION: The AVG function is used to calculate the average value of the numeric
type. AVG function returns the average of all non-Null values.

Syntax :
AVG() or AVG( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
Example :
SELECT AVG(COST) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;

4) MAX FUNCTION: MAX function is used to find the maximum value of a certain column. This
function determines the largest value of all selected values of a column.

Syntax :
MAX() or MAX( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
Example :
SELECT MAX(RATE) FROM PRODUCT_MAST ;

5) MIN FUNCTION: MIN function is used to find the minimum value of a certain column.
This function determines the smallest value of all selected values of a column.

Syntax :
MIN() or MIN( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
Example :
SELECT MIN(RATE) FROM PRODUCT_MAST;
 Chapter 4 :
Creating an
entity table
in a database
Chapter 4 : Creating an entity Table in database:

Create Employee Table and use Aggregate function by Queries:

 EMP_ID,

 EMP_NAME,

 EMP_DEPT,

 EMP_ADDRESS,

 MOBILE_NUMBER,

 EMP_SALARY

CREATE TABLE Employee ( EMP_ID INT,EMP_NAME VARCHAR(255), EMP_DEPT

VARCHAR(255), EMP_ADDRESS VARCHAR(255), MOBILE_NUMBER INT,
EMP_SALARY INT);

INSERT INTO Employee

(EMP_ID,EMP_NAME,EMP_DEPT,EMP_ADDRESS,MOBILE_NUMBER,EMP_SALARY)
Values(1 , 'Akansh' , 'Tech' , 'Delhi' , 723167821 , 100000 ), (2 , 'Bankej' , 'Tech' ,'Delhi'
,678687542 , 1000000 ), (3 , 'Aditya' , 'Accounts' , 'Gujrat' , 576587762 , 1000 ), (4 , 'Gaurav'
, 'Financial'
'Istanbul' , 242112343 , 1200 ),(5 , 'Bandiya' , 'Shipping' , 'Ghaziabad' , 543432342 , 1000000
);
1) Count() :

a) Select COUNT(*) from Employee;

b) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employee WHERE EMP_SALARY >= 2000;

c) SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT(EMP_NAME)) FROM Employee;

d) SELECT EMP_ADDRESS, COUNT(*) FROM Employee GROUP BY EMP_ADDRESS;

e) SELECT EMP_ADDRESS, COUNT(*) FROM Employee GROUP BY

EMP_ADDRESS HAVING COUNT(*) > 1 ;

2) SUM() :

a) Select SUM(EMP_SALARY) FROM Employee;

b) SELECT SUM(EMP_SALARY) from Employee WHERE EMP_SALARY > 10000 ;

c) SELECT EMP_ADDRESS, SUM(EMP_SALARY) from Employee GROUP

BY EMP_ADDRESS;

d) SELECT EMP_ADDRESS, SUM(EMP_SALARY) from Employee GROUP

BY EMP_ADDRESS HAVING EMP_SALARY> 10000 ;
3) AVG() :
Select AVG(EMP_SALARY) FROM Employee;

4) MAX() :

Select EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, MAX(EMP_SALARY) FROM Employee;

5) MIN() :

SELECT EMP_ID, EMP_NAME, MIN(EMP_SALARY) FROM Employee;

Chapter 5:
Commands
Query
Chapter 5 : Commands Query:
Write the query for these command
• CREATE
• ALTER
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• LIKE
Create :

CREATE TABLE Student_Marks( SUBJECT_CODE INT, SUBJECT_NAME

VARCHAR(255));

Output:
Alter :

ALTER TABLE Student_Marks ADD MARKS_OBTAINED;

Output:

Insert :

INSERT INTO Student_Marks(SUBJECT_CODE, SUBJECT_NAME,Marks_Obtained)

Values(1 , 'Science' , 88),(2 , 'Maths' , 90),(3 , 'EVS' , 95),(4 , 'English' , 85),(5, Physical Education' , 100) ;

Output:
Update:

Update Student_Marks SET MARKS_OBTAINED = 97 Where SUBJECT_NAME = 'EVS' ;

Output:

Like :
SELECT * FROM Student_Marks WHERE SUBJECT_NAME LIKE "E%";

Output:
 Chapter 6:
Entity-
RelationshiP
Diagram
Chapter 6 : Entity – Relationship Daigram :
An entity relationship diagram (ERD), also known as an entity relationship model, is a
graphical representation that depicts relationships among
 people,
 objects,
 places,
 concepts or
 events within an information technology (IT) system.

An ERD uses data modelling techniques that can help define business processes and serve
as the foundation for a relational database.

Entity–Relationship (ER) diagrams offer several advantages, the most important being their ability
to visually represent complex data structures in a clear and organized manner.

They help designers and stakeholders understand the logical relationships between different entities
before the actual database is built, reducing ambiguity and improving communication.

ER diagrams also assist in identifying key constraints, ensuring better normalization and
database efficiency.

However, they also come with certain limitations. ER diagrams may oversimplify real-world
systems, especially when dealing with dynamic or highly detailed data interactions.

They can become cluttered or difficult to interpret when representing very large systems
with numerous entities and relationships.

Furthermore, ER diagrams focus primarily on data structure rather than operational behavior,
meaning they cannot fully capture the functional aspects of a system

Entity :

Data objects detailed by the information in the database. They are Denoted by
Rectangles. For Example :

Employee Department
Attributes :

Attributes are the Characteristics of entities or relationships. It Denoted by ellipses.

Relationships :

Relationships represents the associations between entities. They are denoted by diamonds.
Example of ER Diagram