ECC 403

Electromagnetic Engineering

Course Instructor: Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad

Email: amitranjanazad@[Link]

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 1
 Module - 1
Vector Analysis
Lecture - 1 and 2

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 2
 Outline
• Vector Algebra
 Scalar
 Vector
 Vector Addition and Subtraction
 Vector Laws
 Position Vector
 Distance Vector
 Vector Multiplication
 Component (or Projection) of a Vector
 Numerical Problems

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 3
 Vector Algebra

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 4
 Electromagnetics
• Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch of physics or electrical engineering in which electric and
magnetic phenomena are studied.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 5
 Scalar
• A scalar is a physical quantity that has only magnitude.
• Example: time, mass, distance, temperature, weight, electric potential, etc.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 6
 Vector
• A vector is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
• Example: velocity, force, displacement, electric field, etc.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 7
 Field
• A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region.
• A field can be a scalar field or a vector field.
• Example: electric potential, electric field, etc.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 8
 Vector
• A vector A in Cartesian (or rectangular) coordinates can be represented as

A  Ax aˆ x  Ay aˆ y  Az aˆ z or 
A  Ax , Ay , Az 
where Ax, Ay, and Az are called the components of A in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively; and
𝑎ො 𝑥, 𝑎ො 𝑦, and 𝑎ො 𝑧 are the unit vectors in the x-, y-, and z-directions, respectively.
• The magnitude of A is a scalar written as A or A , and is given as

A  A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2

• The unit vector along A is given as

A Ax aˆ x  Ay aˆ y  Az aˆ z
aˆ A  
A Ax2  Ay2  Az2

aˆ A  1; A  A aˆ A

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 9
 Vector

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 10
 Vector Addition and Subtraction
• Let A and B are two vectors expressed as

A  Ax aˆ x  Ay aˆ y  Az aˆ z

B  Bx aˆ x  B y aˆ y  Bz aˆ z

• The vectors A and B can be added to give another vector C.

 
C  A  B   Ax  Bx  aˆ x  Ay  B y aˆ y   Az  Bz  aˆ z

• The vector B can be subtracted from the vector A to give another vector D.

   
D  A  B  A   B   Ax  Bx  aˆ x  Ay  B y aˆ y   Az  Bz  aˆ z

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 11
 Vector Addition and Subtraction

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 12
 Vector Laws

Law Addition Multiplication

Commutative A+B=B+A kA = Ak

Associative A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C k(lA) = (kl)A

Distributive k(A + B) = kA + kB

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 13
 Problem 1.1
The vectors A and B are given as A = 10ොax – 4ොay + 6ොaz and B = 2ොax + aො y.
(a) Determine the components of A and B in the x-, y-, and z-directions.
(b) Determine the magnitude of A and B.
(c) Determine the magnitude of C = 3A – B.
(d) Determine the unit vector along D = A + 2B.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 14
 Problem 1.1 (Solution)
(a) The components of A in the x-, y-, and z-directions are given as

Ax  10, Ay  4, Az  6

The components of B in the x-, y-, and z-directions are given as

Bx  2, B y  1, Bz  0

(b) The magnitude of A is given as

A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2  10    4    6 

2 2 2
 A  12.33

The magnitude of B is given as

B  Bx2  B y2  Bz2   2 2  12   0 2  B  2.24

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 15
 Problem 1.1 (Solution)
(c) The vector C = 3A – B is given as

C  3A  B

  
C  3 10aˆ x  4aˆ y  6aˆ z  2aˆ x  aˆ y 
C  28aˆ x  13aˆ y  18aˆ z

The magnitude of C = 3A – B is given as

C  3A  B

C   28 2   132  18 2

C  35.74

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 16
 Problem 1.1 (Solution)
(d) The vector D = A + 2B is given as

D  A  2B

  
D  10aˆ x  4aˆ y  6aˆ z  2 2aˆ x  aˆ y 
D  14aˆ x  2aˆ y  6aˆ z

The unit vector along D = A + 2B is given as

D A  2B
aˆ D  
D A  2B

14aˆ x  2aˆ y  6aˆ z

aˆ D 
14    2    6 
2 2 2

aˆ D  0.91aˆ x  0.13aˆ y  0.39aˆ z

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 17
 Position Vector
• A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be represented by (x, y, z).
• The position vector (or radius vector) rԦP of point P is defined as the directed distance from the
origin O to point P, and is expressed as

rP  xaˆ x  yaˆ y  zaˆ z

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 18
 Distance Vector
• The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another.
• If two points P and Q are given by (xP, yP, zP) and (xQ, yQ, zQ), the distance vector (or separation
vector) rԦPQ is the displacement from point P to point Q, and is expressed as

    
rPQ  rQ  rP  xQ  xP aˆ x  yQ  yP aˆ y  zQ  z P aˆ z 

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 19
 Problem 1.2
The points P and Q are located at (0, 2, 4) and (–3, 1, 5).
(a) Determine the position vectors of points P and Q.
(b) Determine the distance vectors from P to Q and Q to P.
(c) Determine the distance between P and Q.
(d) Determine the vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 20
 Problem 1.2 (Solution)
(a) The position vectors of points P and Q are expressed as

rP  0aˆ x  2aˆ y  4aˆ z  rP  2aˆ y  4aˆ z

rQ  3aˆ x  1aˆ y  5aˆ z  rQ  3aˆ x  aˆ y  5aˆ z

(b) The distance vectors from P to Q and Q to P are expressed as

     
rPQ  rQ  rP  xQ  xP aˆ x  yQ  yP aˆ y  zQ  z P aˆ z   3  0  aˆ x  1  2  aˆ y   5  4  aˆ z

rPQ  3aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z

     
rQP  rP  rQ  xP  xQ aˆ x  yP  yQ aˆ y  z P  zQ aˆ z   0  3 aˆ x   2  1 aˆ y   4  5  aˆ z

rQP  3aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z

rQP   rPQ

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 21
 Problem 1.2 (Solution)
(c) The distance between P and Q is determined as

 xQ  xP    yQ  yP    zQ  zP 
2 2 2
d PQ 

d PQ   3  0 2  1  2 2   5  4 2
d PQ  9  1  1

d PQ  3.317

Alternate Method:

d PQ  rPQ  rQP  9  1  1

d PQ  3.317

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 22
 Problem 1.2 (Solution)
(d) If A is the vector parallel to PQ, then A can be expressed as

A  Aaˆ A

where A = 10 is the magnitude of A, and aො A is the unit vector parallel to PQ given as

aˆ A  
rPQ

 3aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z 
rPQ 3.317

The vector parallel to PQ with magnitude of 10 is given as

A  Aaˆ A

A

10 3aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z 
3.317


A   9.045aˆ x  3.015aˆ y  3.015aˆ z 
ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 23
 Vector Multiplication
• Scalar (or Dot) Product: A ∙ B
• Vector (or Cross) Product: A × B
• Scalar Triple Product: A ∙ (B × C)
• Vector Triple Product: A × (B × C)

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 24
 Scalar (or Dot) Product
• The scalar (or dot) product of two vectors A and B is a scalar quantity, and is defined as the
product of the magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the smaller angle between them.

A  B  A B cos  AB

where θAB is the smaller angle between A and B.

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then A ∙ B is given as

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz

• Two vectors A and B are said to be orthogonal (or perpendicular) to each other if A ∙ B = 0.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 25
 Scalar (or Dot) Product

Law

Commutative A∙B=B∙A

Distributive A ∙ (B + C) = A ∙ B + A ∙ C

Scaling kA ∙ B = A ∙ kB = k(A ∙ B)
2
Dot Product A∙A= A = A2

aˆ x  aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ z  1

aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ z  aˆ x  0

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 26
 Vector (or Cross) Product
• The vector (or cross) product of two vectors A and B is a vector quantity whose magnitude is the
area of the parallelogram formed by A and B, and is in the direction of a right-hand thumb or a
right-handed screw as A is turned into B.

A  B  A B sin  AB aˆn

where aො n is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.

• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az) and B = (Bx, By, Bz), then A × B is given as

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
A  B  Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

  
A  B  Ay Bz  Az B y aˆ x   Ax Bz  Az Bx  aˆ y  Ax B y  Ay Bx aˆ z 
• Two vectors A and B are said to be parallel with each other if A × B = 0.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 27
 Vector (or Cross) Product

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 28
 Vector (or Cross) Product

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 29
 Vector (or Cross) Product

Law

Not Commutative A×B=B×A

Anti-commutative A × B = –B × A

Not Associative A × (B × C) ≠ (A × B) × C

Distributive A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C

Scaling kA × B = A × kB = k(A × B)

Cross Product A×A=0

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 30
 Vector (or Cross) Product
aˆ x  aˆ x  0 aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z aˆ y  aˆ x   aˆ z

aˆ y  aˆ y  0 aˆ y  aˆ z  aˆ x aˆ z  aˆ y   aˆ x

aˆ z  aˆ z  0 aˆ z  aˆ x  aˆ y aˆ x  aˆ z   aˆ y

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 31
 Problem 1.3
The vectors A and B are given as A = 3ොax + 4ොay + aො z and B = 2ොay – 5ොaz. Determine the angle between A
and B.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 32
 Problem 1.3 (Solution)
We can write

A B
A  B  A B cos  AB  cos  AB 
A B

A  B  Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz   3  0    4  2   1 5   3

A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2   3   4   1  26

2 2 2

B  Bx2  B y2  Bz2   0  2   2  2   5  2  29

A B 3
cos  AB    0.1093
A B  26  29 
The angle between A and B is determined as

 AB  cos 1  0.1093   AB  83.73

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 33
 Problem 1.3 (Solution)
Alternate Method:
We can write

A B
A  B  A B sin  AB aˆn  A  B  A B sin  AB  sin  AB 
A B

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
A  B  Ax Ay Az  3 4 1
Bx By Bz 0 2 5

A  B   20  2  aˆ x   15  0  aˆ y   6  0  aˆ z

A  B  22aˆ x  15aˆ y  6aˆ z

A B   22 2  15 2   6 2  745

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 34
 Problem 1.3 (Solution)

A  Ax2  Ay2  Az2   32   4 2  12  26

B  Bx2  B y2  Bz2   0  2   2  2   5  2  29

A B 745
sin  AB    0.994
A B  26  29 

The angle between A and B is determined as

 AB  sin 1  0.994    AB  83.72

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 35
 Scalar Triple Product
• The scalar triple product of three vectors A, B and C is a scalar quantity, and is defined as

   
A B  C  B  C  A  C  A B  
• The scalar triple product is obtained in cyclic permutation.
• The scalar triple product A ∙ (B × C) is the volume of a parallelepiped having A, B and C as edges.
• If A = (Ax, Ay, Az), B = (Bx, By, Bz) and C = (Cx, Cy, Cz), then A ∙ (B × C) is obtained as

Ax Ay Az
 
A  B  C  Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 36
 Vector Triple Product
• The vector triple product of three vectors A, B and C is a vector quantity, and is defined as

  
A B  C  B AC  C A B   
• It may be remembered as the “bac-cab” rule.
• It should be noted that

 A  BC  C  A  B
 A  B C  A B  C 

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 37
 Component (or Projection) of a Vector
• The component (or projection) of a vector in a given direction can be determined using the scalar
(or dot) product.
• The component of a vector in a given direction can be scalar or vector.
• The scalar component of A along B is defined as

AB  A  aˆ B  A aˆ B cos  AB  A cos  AB

• The vector component of A along B is defined as

 
AB  AB aˆ B  A  aˆ B aˆ B  A aˆ B cos  AB aˆ B  A cos  AB aˆ B

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 38
Component (or Projection) of a Vector

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 39
 Problem 1.4
The vectors P, Q and R are given as P = 2ොax – aො z, Q = 2ොax – aො y + 2ොaz and R = 2ොax – 3ොay + aො z.
(a) Determine (P + Q) × (P – Q).
(b) Determine P ∙ (Q × R).
(c) Determine Q ∙ (R × P).
(d) Determine sinθPQ and cosθPQ.
(e) Determine P × (Q × R).
(f) Determine the unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R.
(g) Determine the component of P along Q.

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 40
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(a) The vector (P + Q) × (P – Q) is determined as

 P  Q    P  Q    4aˆ x  aˆ y  aˆ z    aˆ y  3aˆ z 
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 4 1 1
0 1 3

  3  1 aˆ x   12  0  aˆ y   4  0  aˆ z

 P  Q    P  Q   2aˆ x  12aˆ y  4aˆ z

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 41
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
Alternate Method:
The vector (P + Q) × (P – Q) is determined as

 P  Q  P  Q  P   P  Q  Q  P  Q
  
 P P  PQ  Q P  QQ     

 0 Q P  Q P  0   

 2 Q P 
aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
2 2 1 2  2 1  0  aˆ x   2  4  aˆ y   0  2  aˆ z   2aˆ x  12aˆ y  4aˆ z
2 0 1

 P  Q    P  Q   2aˆ x  12aˆ y  4aˆ z

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 42
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(b) The scalar P ∙ (Q × R) is determined as

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 
P  Q  R   2,0, 1  2 1 2   2,0, 1   5, 2, 4   10  0  4  14
2 3 1

 
P  Q  R  14

Alternate Method:
The scalar P ∙ (Q × R) is determined as

2 0 1
 
P  Q  R  2 1 2  2  1  6   0  2  4   1 6  2   10  0  4  14
2 3 1

 
P  Q  R  14

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 43
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
Alternate Method:
The scalar P ∙ (Q × R) is determined as

2 0 1
2 1 2
 
P  Q  R  2 3 1  2  6  0  2   12   0  14
2 0 1
2 1 2

 
P  Q  R  14

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 44
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(c) The scalar Q ∙ (R × P) is determined as

   
Q  R  P  P  Q  R  14

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 45
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(d) The sinθPQ and cosθPQ are given as

PQ
sin  PQ 
P Q

P Q
cos  PQ 
P Q

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
PQ  2 0 1   0  1 aˆ x   4  2  aˆ y   2  0  aˆ z   aˆ x  6aˆ y  2aˆ z
2 1 2

PQ   1   6    2   41
2 2 2

P  Q   2  2    0  1   1 2   2

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 46
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)

P   2 2   0 2   12  5

Q   2 2   12   2 2  9 3

The sinθPQ and cosθPQ are determined as

PQ 41
sin  PQ    sin  PQ  0.9545
P Q 3 5

P Q 2
cos  PQ    cos  PQ  0.298
P Q 3 5

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 47
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(e) The vector P × (Q × R) is determined as

  
P  Q  R  Q P  R  R P Q  
  2, 1, 2  4  0  1   2, 3,1 4  0  2 

  6, 3,6    4, 6, 2    2,3, 4 

 
P  Q  R   2,3, 4   2aˆ x  3aˆ y  4aˆ z

Alternate Method:
The vector P × (Q × R) is determined as

aˆ x aˆ y aˆ z
 
P  Q  R   2,0, 1   5, 2, 4   2 0 1  
 P  Q  R  2aˆ x  3aˆ y  4aˆ z
5 2 4

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 48
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(f) The unit vector perpendicular to both Q and R is determined as

Q R
aˆQR  
Q R

aˆQR  
 5aˆ x  2aˆ y  4aˆ z 
 52   2 2   4 2

aˆQR 
 5aˆ x  2aˆ y  4aˆ z 
45


aˆQR   0.745aˆ x  0.298aˆ y  0.596aˆ z 

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 49
 Problem 1.4 (Solution)
(g) The component of P along Q is defined as

 2aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z   2aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z 

PQ  P cos  PQ aˆQ   5   0.298   5  0.298 
 2 2
  1   2 
2 2 3

PQ  0.444aˆ x  0.222aˆ y  0.444aˆ z

Alternate Method:
The component of P along Q is defined as

 P  Q  Q  2  2    0  1   1 2   2aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z  2

 
PQ  P  aˆQ aˆQ     2aˆ x  aˆ y  2aˆ z 
Q
2
 2 2
  1   2 
2 2 9

PQ  0.444aˆ x  0.222aˆ y  0.444aˆ z

ECC 403 Electromagnetic Engineering | Dr. Amit Ranjan Azad | IIIT Kalyani 50