Microprocessors: Introduction

Presented by
Dr. Rajkumar Joydev Borah
Assistant Professor
Department of Instrumentation Engineering
Assam Engineering College
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 Microprocessor
 Microprocessor is a
➢ Programmable
➢ Integrated device that has computing and
decision making capability like CPU of a
computer.
 Nowadays, Microprocessor is used in wide range
of products which are known as
Microprocessor Based Systems.

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 “Programmable”

MEMORY

Input Output
Module Module

Upload code by
Using Programming

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 Integrated Circuit (IC)

4 IC 8085: 8-bit Microprocessor (µp) 8/7/2026

 Reference Book

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 COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 Assembly Language
 Machine language: Combination of ‘0’ & ‘1’.

 Assembly language
 Assembler

 High Level Language: C, C++, Java, Python

 Compiler

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 Microprocessor Architecture

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 Basic component of Microcomputer
1. CPU - Central Processing Unit
▪ The portion of a computer system that carries out
the instructions of a computer program.
▪ The primary element carrying out the computer's
functions. It is the unit that reads and executes
program instructions.
▪ The data in the instruction tells the processor what
to do.

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 Basic component of Microcomputer
2. Memory
 Physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of
instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an
electronic digital computer.
 Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties:
Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory
(ROM).
 RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it,
but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never
changes, so the CPU can only read from it.
 ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
 In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to
the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely.
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 Basic component of Microcomputer
3. I/O Unit
 Input/output (I/O), refers to the communication between an information processing system
(such as a computer), and the outside world possibly a human, or another information
processing system.
 Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent
from it
 Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals
 On a typical personal computer, peripherals include input devices like the keyboard and
mouse, and output devices such as the display and printer. Hard disk drives, floppy disk
drives and optical disc drives serve as both input and output devices. Computer networking is
another form of I/O.

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 Latest development

Core Ultra
14th Generation (Meteor Lake /
Arrow Lake)
2026

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 Latest development

Android Mobile N/W Processor

• Android 17
(2026)
• 4G • i9 & 14th
• 5G Gen

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 Glimpses of Microprocessor

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 4-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL 4004

➢ Introduced in 1971.

➢ It was the first microprocessor by

Intel.

➢ It was a 4-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed was 740KHz.

➢ It had 2,300 transistors.

➢ It could execute around 60,000

instructions per second.

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 4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS
INTEL 4040

➢ Introduced in 1974.
➢ It was also 4-bit µP.

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 8-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL 8008

➢ Introduced in 1972.
➢ It was first 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
➢ Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.

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 INTEL 8080
➢ Introduced in 1974.
➢ It was also 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
➢ It had 6,000 transistors.
➢ Was 10 times faster than
8008.
➢ Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
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 INTEL 8085 ➢ Introduced in 1976.
➢ It was also 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
➢ Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
➢ It had 6,500 transistors.
➢ Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
➢ It could access 64 KB of
memory.
➢ It had 246 instructions.
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 16-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL 8086 ➢ Introduced in 1978

➢ It was first 16-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and

10 MHz, depending on the version.

➢ Its data bus is 16-bit and

address bus is 20-bit.

➢ It had 29,000 transistors.

➢ Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

➢ It could access 1 MB of memory.

➢ It had 22,000 instructions.

➢ It had Multiply and Divide

instructions.

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 INTEL 8088
➢ Introduced in 1979.

➢ It was also 16-bit µP.

➢ It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
➢ It was a 16-bit processor
with an 8-bit external bus.

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 INTEL 80186 & 80188

➢ Introduced in 1982.
➢ They were 16-bit µPs.
➢ Clock speed was 6 MHz.

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 INTEL 80286
➢ Introduced in 1982.

➢ It was 16-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

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 32-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL 80386

➢ Iintroduced in 1986

➢ It was first 32-bit µP.

➢ Its data bus is 32-bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
➢ It could address 4 GB of memory.

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 INTEL 80486

➢ Introduced in 1989

➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

➢ It had 1.2 million transistors.
➢ Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending upon
the various versions.

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 INTEL PENTIUM
➢ Introduced in 1993.

➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

➢ It was originally named 80586.

➢ Its clock speed was 66 MHz.

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 INTEL PENTIUM PRO
➢ Introduced in 1995.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

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 INTEL PENTIUM II

➢ Introduced in 1997.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

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 INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

➢ Introduced in 1998.

➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

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 INTEL PENTIUM III
➢ Introduced in 1999.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

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 INTEL PENTIUM IV
➢ Introduced in 2000.

➢ It was also 32-bit µP.

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 INTEL DUAL CORE

➢ Introduced in 2006.
➢ It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
➢ It has two cores.
➢ Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the external
bus and L2 cache

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 64-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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 INTEL CORE 2
➢ Introduced in 2006.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.

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 INTEL CORE i7
➢ Introduced in 2008.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.

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 INTEL CORE i5
➢ Introduced in 2009.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.

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 INTEL CORE I3
➢ Introduced in 2010.
➢ It is a 64-bit µP.

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 The salient features of 8085
microprocessor.

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 8085 Microprocessor
 The salient features of 8085 μp are :
1. It is a 8 bit microprocessor.
2. It has 16 bit address bus and hence can address up to
216 = 65536 bytes (64KB) memory locations
through A0-A15.
3. The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data
bus are multiplexed AD0 – AD7.
4. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
5. It supports 5 hardware interrupt and 8 software
interrupt. 8/7/2026
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 8085 Microprocessor
6. A 16 bit program counter (PC)
7. A 16 bit stack pointer (SP)
8. Six 8-bit general purpose register arranged in
pairs: BC,DE, HL.
9. It requires a signal +5V power supply
10. Maximum Clock Frequency is 3MHz and
Minimum Clock Frequency is 500kHz
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