5.

TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY - II

EXERCISE – 5.1 3. Find the equation of circles that

touch both the axes and pass-
1. Obtain the equation of the circles
through (-4, -2) in a general form.
with a radius of 5 cm and touching
the x-axis at the origin in a general Solution:
form.
Soln:

Since the circle touches both the

axes, its centre will be (r, r) and the
radius will be r.
Here centre = C = (r, r) and point on
Given radius = 5 cm and the the circle is A = (-4, -2)
circle is touching x axis. CA = r ⇒ CA2 = r2
So centre will be (0, ± 5) and ⇒ (r + 4)2 + (r + 2)2 = r2
radius = 5 ⇒ r2 + 8r +16 + r2 + 4r + 4 – r2 = 0
The equation of the circle with ⇒ r2 + 12r + 20 = 0
centre (0, ± 5) and radius 5 units is
(r + 2) (r + 10) = 0
(x – 0)2 + (y ± 5)2 = 52
⇒ r = -2 or -10
⇒ x2 + y2 ± 10 y + 25 – 25 = 0
When r = -2, the equation of the
⇒ x2 + y2 ± 10y = 0
circle will be (x + 2)2 + (y + 2)2 = 22
2. Find the equation of the circle with ⇒ x2 + y2 + 4x + 4y + 4 = 0
centre (2, – 1) and passing through When r = -10, the equation of the
the point (3, 6) in standard form. circle will be
Soln: (x + 10)2 + (y + 10)2 = 102
Centre = (2, -1) = (h, k) ⇒ x2 + y2 + 20x + 20y + 100 = 0
Passing through the point (3, 6) 4. Find the equation of the circles
Equation of the circle with centre (2, 3) and passing
(x – h)² + (y – k)² = r² ………. (1) through the intersection of the
⇒ (3 – 2)² + (6 + 1)² = r² lines
⇒1² + 7² = r² 3x – 2y – 1 =0 and 4x + y – 27 = 0.
⇒1 + 49 = r² Solution:
⇒r² = 50
centre (2, 3) = (h, k)
(1) ⇒ (x – 2)² + (y + 1)² = 50
Point of intersection is obtained by
solving
3x – 2y – 1 = 0 ………. (1)
 4x + y – 27 = 0 ……… (2) ⇒ 2g + c = -1 ………(1)
(1) ⇒ 3x – 2y = 1 1 + 0 – 2g + c = 0
(2) × 2 ⇒ 8x + 2y = 54 ⇒ -2g + c = -1 …………(2)
0 + 1 + 0 + 2f + c = 0
⇒ 11x = 55
⇒ 2f + c = -1
⇒x = 5 (1) + (2) ⇒ 2c = -2
put in (1) c = -1
15 – 2y – 1 = 0 substitute in eqn (1)
⇒14 = 2y 2g – 1 = -1
⇒y = 7 ⇒ 2g = 0
Passing-through point is (5, 7) ⇒ g=0
substitute in eqn (3)
Equation of circle be
⇒ 2f – 1 = -1
(x – h)² + (y – k)² = r² ……….(3) ⇒2f = -1 + 1
⇒ (5 – 2)² + (7 – 3)² = r² ⇒2f = 0
⇒3² + 4² = r² ⇒f=0
⇒r² = 25 Therefore, the required equation of
∴ (3) ⇒ (x – 2)² + (y – 3)² = 25 the circle is x² + y² – 1 = 0
⇒x² – 4x + 4 + y² – 6y + 9 – 25 = 0
Question 7.
⇒x² + y² – 4x – 6y – 12 = 0 A circle of area 9π square units has two
5. Obtain the equation of the circle of its diameters along the lines x + y = 5
for which (3, 4) and (2, -7) are the and: x – y = 1. Find the equation of the
ends of a diameter. circle.
Solution: Solution:
The equation of a circle with (x1 , y1)
and (x2 , y2 ) as end points of a
diameter is
(x – x1 )(x – x2) + (y – y1 )(y – y2) = 0
Here the end points of a diameter ⇒ Area of the circle = 9π
are (3, 4) and (2, -7) ⇒ πr2 = 9π
So equation of the circle is ⇒ r2 = 9 ⇒ r = 3
⇒ (x – 3 )(x – 2 ) + (y – 4) (y + 7) = 0 ⇒ radius of the circle = r = 3
⇒x2 + y2 – 5x + 37 – 22 = 0 The two diameters are x + y = 5 and
6. Find the equation of the circle x–y=1
through the points (1, 0), (-1, 0) The point of intersection of the diameter
and (0, 1). is the centre of the circle = C
Solution: To find C: Solve x + y = 5 ……… (1)
Let the general equation of the x – y = 1 ………. (2)
circle be (1) + (2) ⇒ 2x = 6 ⇒ x = 3
x² + y² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 Substituting x = 3 in (1) we get
It passes through the points (1, 0), 3+y=5⇒y=5–3=2
(-1, 0) and (0,1) ∴ Centre = (3, 2) and radius = 3
⇒ 1 + 0 + 2g + c = 0 So equation of the circle is
⇒ (x – 3)2 + (y – 2)2 = 32
⇒ x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 4 = 0
Question 8. = 4 + 1 + 10 + 2 – 5 = 12 > 0
If y = 2√2 x + c is a tangent to the circle ∴ (-2, 1) lies outside the circle.
x² + y² = 16, find the value of c.
Solution: (ii) At(0, 0) ⇒ 0 + 0 – 0 + 0 – 5 = -5 < 0
The condition of the line y = mx + c to be a ∴ (0, 0) lies inside the circle.
tangent to the circle x² + y² = a² is
c² = a²( 1 + m²) (iii) At (-4, -3)
a² = 16; m = 2√2 ⇒ m² = 4 × 2 = 8
⇒ (-4)² + (- 3)² – 5(-4) + 2(-3) – 5
c² = 16(1+8)
= 16 + 9 + 20 – 6 – 5 = 34 > 0
c² = 16(9)
∴ (-4, -3) lies outside the circle.
c = ±4 × 3 = ±12
∴ c = ± 12.
Question 11.
Question 9. Find the centre and radius of the
Find the equation of the tangent and following circles.
normal to the circle (i) x² + (y + 2)² = 0
x² + y² – 6x + 6y – 8 = 0 at (2, 2). (ii) x² + y² + 6x – 4y + 4 = 0
Solution: (iii) x² + y² – x + 2y – 3 = 0
The equation of the tangent to the circle (iv) 2x² + 2y² – 6x + 4y + 2 = 0
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2fy + c = 0 at (x1, y1) is Solution:
xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 9 (i) x2 + (y + 2)2 = 0
So the equation of the tangent to the ⇒ x2 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 0
circle Comparing this equation with the general
x2 + y2 – 6x + 6y – 8 = 0 at (x1, y1) is form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
xx1 + yy1 – 6(x+x1)2+6(y+y1)2 – 8 = 0 we get 2g = 0 ⇒ g = 0
⇒ xx1 + yy1 – 3(x + x1) + 3(y + y1) – 8 = 0 2f = 4 ⇒ f= 2 and c = 4
Here (x1, y1) = (2, 2) Now centre = (-g, -f) = (0, -2)
So equation of the tangent is Radius = r = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
x(2) + y(2) – 3(x + 2) + 3(y + 2) – 8 = 0 = √02 + (−2)2 − 4 = 0
⇒ 2x + 2y – 3x – 6 + 3y + 6 – 8 = 0 ∴ Centre = (0, -2) and radius = 0
⇒ -x + 5y – 8 = 0 or x – 5y + 8=0 (ii) x + y2 + 6x – 4y + 4 = 0
2

Normal is a line ⊥r to the tangent. Comparing with the general form

So equation of normal to the circle be of we get
the form 5x + y + k = 0 2g = 6, 2f = -4
3
The normal is drawn at (2, 2) ⇒ g = and c = 4
2
⇒ 10 + 2 + k = 0 ⇒ k = -12 Centre = (-g, -f) = (-3, 2)
So equation of normal is 5x + y – 12 = 0 Radius r = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
Question 10.
= √(−3)2 + (2)2 − 4 = 3
Determine whether the points (- 2, 1),
∴ Centre = (-3, 2) and radius = 3
(0, 0) and s (- 4, – 3) lie outside, on or
(iii) x² + y² – x + 2y – 3 = 0
inside the circle x² + y² – 5x + 2y – 5 = 0.
2g = -1; 2f = 2; c = -3
Solution: 1
x² + y² – 5x + 2y – 5 = 0 g=− f=1
2
(i) At (-2, 1) ⇒ (-2)² + 1² – 5(-2) + 2(1) – 5
 1
Centre (-g, -f) = ( , -1) g = -1 f = 0
2
Centre (-g, -f) = (1, 0)
Radius r = √𝑔 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
2
Radius = r = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
1 = √(−1)2 + (0)2 − ( −24) =
= √(− 2)2 + (−1)2 − (−3) =
= √1 + 24 = √25 = 5 units.
1 1+4+12 17
√ +1+3 =√ =√ ∴ Centre = (1, 0) and radius = 5 units
4 4 4

1
= √17 EXERCISE - 5.2
2
1 1
∴ Centre = ( , -1) and radius = √17
2 2
Question 1.
Find the equation of the parabola in each
(iv) 2x2 + 2y2 – 6x + 4y + 2 = 0 of the cases given below:
(÷ by 2) ⇒ x2 + y2 – 3x + 2y + 1 =0 (i) focus (4, 0) and directrix x = -4.
Comparing this equation with the (ii) passes through (2, – 3) and
general form of the circle we get symmetric about y axis.
2g = -3, 2f= 2 (iii) vertex (1,-2) and focus (4, – 2).
3
g = − , f = 1 and c = 1 (iv) end points of latus rectum (4, -8)
2 and (4, 8).
3
So centre = (-g, -f) = ( , -1) Solution:
2
and Radius = r = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 (i) focus (4, 0) and directrix x = -4
3 Parabola is open rightwards vertex (0, 0)
= √( )2 + (−1)2 − 1 = 0
2
9 3
=√ + 1−1 =
4 2
3 3
∴ Centre = ( , -1) and radius =
2 2

Question 12.
If the equation a = 4 (Distance AS = 4 unit)
3x² + (3 – p) xy + qy² – 2px = 8pq y ² = 4(4) x
represents a circle, find p and q. Also Equation of parabola
determine the centre and radius of the y² = 16x.
circle.
Solution: (ii) passes through (2, – 3) and symmetric
If 3x² + (3 – p) xy + qy² – 2px = 8pq about y-axis
represent a circle means,
Co-efficient of x² = co-efficient of y²
3=q⇒q=3
Co-efficient of xy = 0
⇒3–p=0⇒p=3
⇒ 3x² + 3y² – 6x = 8 (3)(3)
⇒3x² + 3y² – 6x – 72 = 0
(÷3) x² + y² – 2x – 24 = 0
⇒2g = -2; 2f = 0; c = -24
 x2 = 4ay (i) foci (± 3, 0), e = 12
It passes through (2, -3) (ii) foci (0, ±4) and end points of major
⇒ 22 = 4a(-3) axis are (0, ±5).
1 4
4 = -12a ⇒ a = − ⇒ 4a = − (iii) length of
3 3
2 4 latus rectum
∴ Equation of parabola is x = − y
3 8, eccentricity
3x2= – 4y. = 35 and
major axis on
(iii) vertex (1,-2) and focus (4, – 2)
x-axis.
(iv) length of
latus rectum
4, distance between foci and major axis
as y axis.
Solution:
(i) foci (± 3, 0), e = 12
foci (± c, 0) = (± 3, 0)
In given data the parabola is open
rightwards and symmetric about the e = 12
line parallel to x-axis. c = ae = 3
Equation of parabola a(12) = 3
(y – k)² = 4a(x – h) a = 6 ⇒ a² = 36
Vertex (h, k) = (1, -2) wkt, b² = a² – c²
⇒ (y + 2)² = 4a(x – 1) ⇒ b² = 36 – 9 = 27
a = AS = 3 ⇒ b² = 27
Equation of parabola 𝑥2 𝑦2
(y + 2)² = 4(3)(x – 1) Equation of the ellipse be 2
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏2
⇒ (y + 2)² = 12(x – 1) 𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ + =1
36 27

(iv) end points of latus rectum (4, -8) and

(ii) foci (0, ±4) and end points of major
(4, 8)
axis are (0, ±5)

Focus = (4, 0)
Equation of the parabola will be
of the form y2 = 4ax foci (0, ±c) = (0, +4)
Here a = 4 vertex (0, ±a) = (0, ±5)
2
⇒ y = 16x ∴ c = 4, a = 5
ae = 4
Question 2. ⇒ 5e = 4
Find the equation of the ellipse in each ⇒ e = 4/5
of the cases given below: wkt, b² = a² – c²
 ⇒ b2= 25 – 16 Also major axis is along j-axis
⇒ b² = 9 𝑥2 𝑦2
So equation of ellipse is + =1
𝑥2 𝑦2 8 16
Equation of the ellipse be + =1
𝑏2 𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2 Question 3.
+ =1
9 25 Find the equation of the hyperbola in
each of the cases given below:
(iii) length of latus rectum 8, eccentricity
(i) foci (± 2, 0), eccentricity = 32
= 35 and major axis on x-axis.
(ii) centre (2, 1) one of the foci (8, 1) and
Given e = 35
2𝑏2
corresponding directrix x = 4.
Latus rectum =8 (iii) passing through (5, -2) and length of
𝑎
the transverse axis along x axis and
length 8 units.
Solution:
(i) foci (± 2, 0), eccentricity = 32

(iv) length of latus rectum 4, distance

between foci 4√2 and major axis as y-axis

2𝑏2
Given = 4 and 2ae = 4√2
𝑎
2𝑏2
Now = = 4 ⇒ 2b2 = 4a
𝑎
⇒ b2 = 2a (ii) centre (2, 1) one of the foci (8, 1) and
2ae = 4 √2 ⇒ ae = 2√2 corresponding directrix x = 4.
So a2e2 = 4(2) = 8 Distance CS = ae = 6 …….. (1)
We know b2 = a2(1 – e2) = a2 – a2e2 Directrix a/e = 4 ……… (2)
⇒ 2a = a2 – 8 ⇒ a2 – 2a -8 = 0 (1) × (2) ⇒ ae × a/e = 24
⇒ (a – 4) (a +2) = 0 ⇒a = 4 or -2 a² = 24
As a cannot be negative
a = 4 So a2 = 16 and b2 = 2(4) = 8
 (ii) x² = 24y
(iii) y² = -8x
(iv) x² – 2x + 8y + 17 = 0
(v) y² – 4y – 8x + 12 = 0
Solution:
(i) y² = 16x

∴ c = ae = 6
b² = c² – a²
= 36 – 24 = 12
The transverse axis is parallel to x-axis
( 𝑥−ℎ )2 ( 𝑦−𝑘 )2
∴ - = 1 ( h, k) = ( 2, 1)
𝑎2 𝑏2

( 𝑥−2 )2 ( 𝑦−1 )2
4a = 16
⇒ - =1 a=4
24 12
(a) Vertex V (0, 0)
(iii) passing through (5,-2) and length of (b) Focus S(a, 0) = S(4, 0)
the transverse axis along x axis and of (c) Equation of the directrix x = – a
length 8 units. x = -4 ⇒ x + 4 = 0
Transverse axis along x-axis (d) Length of the latus rectum = 4a
𝑥2 𝑦2 = 4(4) = 16
2
- =1
𝑎 𝑏2
(ii) x² = 24y
Length of transverse axis 2a = 8
⇒a=4

(a) Vertex V (0, 0),

(b) Focus S (0, a) = S(0, 6)
(c) Equation of the directrix y = -a = -6
⇒y+6=0
(d) Length of the latus rectum = 4a
= 4 (6) = 24

Question 4.
Find the vertex, focus, equation of
directrix and length of the latus rectum
of the following:
(i) y² = 16x
(iii) y² = -8x (v) y² – 4y – 8x + 12 = 0
4a = 8,
a=2

y² – 4y = 8x – 12
(a) Vertex V(0, 0) = ( 0, 0)
⇒ (y – 2)² = 8x – 12 + 4
(b) Focus S(-a, 0) = (-2, 0)
=8x – 8
(c) Equation of the directrix x = a = 2
= 8 (x – 1)
x–2=0
⇒ (y – 2)² = 8 (x – 1)
(d) Length of the latus rectum 4a = 8
It is form of (y – k)² = 4a(x – h)
(iv) x² – 2x + 8y + 17 = 0
4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
x² – 2x = -8y – 17
(a) Vertex (h, k) = (1, 2)
⇒ (x – 1)² = -8y – 17 + 1
(b) Focus = (a+h, 0 + k) = (2 + 1, 0 + 2)
⇒ (x – 1)² = -8y – 16
= (3, 2)
⇒ (x – 1)² = -8(y + 2)
(c) Equation of the directrix x = -a + h
It is form of (x – h)² = -4a(y – k)
= -2 + 1 = -1
4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
⇒ x+1=0
(a) Vertex be (h, k) = (1, -2)
(d) Length of latus rectum is
4a = 4 × 2 = 8 units.

Question 5.
Identify the type of conic and find centre,
foci, vertices and directrices of each of
the following:
𝑥2 𝑦2
(i) + =1
25 9
(b) Focus = (0 +h, -a + k) = (0 + 1, -2 – 2) 𝑥2 𝑦2
(ii) + =1
3 10
= (1, -4)
(c) Equation of the directrix is y + k + a = 0 𝑥2 𝑦2
(iii) - =1
⇒ y – 2 + 2= 0 25 144
𝑦2 𝑥2
⇒y=0 (iv) - =1
16 9
(d) Length of latus rectum is 4a = 4 × 2 = 8 Solution:
units, 𝑥2 𝑦2
(i) + =1
25 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
It is of the form 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏
, which is an ellipse
Here a2 = 25, b2 = 9
a = 5, b = 3
𝑎2 − 𝑏2 25−9 16 4
e2 = = = ⇒e=
𝑎2 25 25 5
4
Now e = and a = 5 ⇒ ae = 4 and
5
 𝑎 5 25 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
= 4⁄ = (iii) - =1
𝑒 5 4 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟒𝟒
Here the major axis is along x axis It is Hyperbola. The transverse axis the x
∴ Centre = (0, 0) axis.
Foci = (± ae, 0) = (± 4, 0)

Vertices = (± a, 0) = (±5, 0)
𝑎 25
Equation of directrix x = ± (ie.,) x = ±
𝑒 4
a² = 25; b² = 144
a = 5; b = 12
c² = a² + b²
= 25 + 144 = 169
c = 13
ae = 13
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 5e = 13
(ii) + =1 13
𝟑 𝟏𝟎 e=
It is an ellipse. The major axis is along y 5

axis (a) Centre (0, 0)

(b) Vertex (± a, 0) = (± 5, 0)
(c) Foci (± c, 0) = (± 13, 0)
(d) Equation of the directrix
𝑎
x=±
𝑒
5
=± .5
13
25
x=±
13

𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐
a² = 10 b² = 3 (iv) - =1
𝟏𝟔 𝟗
a = √10 b = √3 It is Hyperbola. The transverse axis the y
c² = a² – b² axis.
= 10 – 3 = 7
c = √7
ae = √7 .
7
√10 e = √7 ⇒ e = √10

(a) Centre (0, 0)

(b) Vertex (0, ±a) = (0, ±√10)
a² = 16; b² = 9
(c) Foci (0, ±c) – (0, ±√7)
a = 4; b=3
(d) Equation of the directrix a
𝑎 c² = a² + b²
y=±
𝑒 = 16 + 6 = 25
√10
=± . √10 c=5
√7
10 ae = 5
y=±
√7 4e = 5
e = 5⁄4
 (a) Centre (0, 0)
(b) Vertex (0, ±a) = (0, ±4)
(c) Foci (0, ±ae) = (0, ±5)
(d) Equation of the directrix
𝑎
y=±
𝑒
4
=± .4
5 Let P be a point on the hyperbola.
16
y=± Definition of conic
5
𝑆𝑃 𝑆′𝑃
= e; = e
𝑃𝑀 𝑃𝑀′
Question 6.
⇒ SP = e(PM) ……..(1)
Prove that the length of the latus rectum
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝟐𝒃𝟐
⇒ S’P = e (PM’) ……….(2)
of the hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 is (2) – (1) ⇒ S’P – SP = e PM’- e PM
𝑎 𝑏 𝒂
Solution: = e(PM’ – PM)
The latus rectum LL’ of an = e MM’
𝑥2 𝑦2 = e ZZ’ [∵ MM’ = ZZ’ = 2ae ]
hyperbola 2 - 2 = 1 passes through
𝑎 𝑏 = e(2ae)
S(ae, 0) S’P – SP = 2a (constant)
Hence L is (ae, y1) = length of the transverse axis.

Question 8.
Identify the type of conic and find centre,
foci, vertices and directrices of each of
the following:

(v) 18x² + 12y² – 144x + 48y + 120 = 0

(vi) 9x² – y² – 36x – 6y + 18 = 0
Solution:
(𝒙−𝟑 )𝟐 ( 𝒚−𝟒 )𝟐
(i) + =1
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟖𝟗

Hence proved

Question 7.
Show that the absolute value of the
difference of the focal distances of any It is an ellipse. The major axis is parallel to
point P on the hyperbola is the length of y axis
its transverse axis. a² = 289, b² = 225
Solution: a = 17, b = 15
c² = a² – b²
= 289 – 225 = 64
 ⇒ c=8 = (5, 2) & (-7, 2)
𝑎
⇒ ae = 8 directrix x = ± + h
𝑒
⇒ 17e = 8
8
⇒ e=
17
Centre (h, k) = (3, 4)
Vertices (h, ±a + k) =
(3, 17 + 4) & (3, -17 + 4)
= (3, 21) and (3, -13)
Foci (h + 0, ± c + k) =
(3, 8 + 4) & (3, -8 + 4)
= (3, 12) and (3, -4)

𝟐 ( 𝒚−𝟒 )𝟐
(𝒙+𝟑)
(iii) + = 1
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟒

It is an hyperbola.
The transverse axis is parallel to x axis.
a² = 225, b² = 64
a = 15, b=8
c² = a² – b²
= 225 + 64
c² = 289
⇒ c = 17
⇒ ae = 17
⇒ 5e = 17
17
⇒ e=
5
(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 ( 𝒚−𝟐 )𝟐 centre (h, k) = (-3, 4)
(ii) + = 1 vertices (h±a, k) = (-3±15, 4)
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟒
It is an ellipse. = (-3+15, 4) & (-3-15, 4)
The major axis is parallel to the x-axis. = (12, 4) & (-18, 4)
a² = 100, b² = 64 foci (h±c, k) = (-3±17, 4)
a = 10, b=8 = (-3+17, 4) & (-3-17, 4)
c² = a² – b² = (14, 4) & (-20, 4)
= 100 – 64 = 36 directrix x = ±ae + h
⇒c=6
⇒ ae = 6
⇒ 10 e = 6
6 3
⇒ e= =
10 5 (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐
centre (h, k) = (-1, 2) +
𝟏𝟎𝟎
vertices (h±a, k) = (-1±10, 2) ( 𝒚−𝟐 )𝟐
= (-1+10, 2) & (-1-10, 2) =
𝟔𝟒
= (9, 2) & (-11, 2)
foci (h±c, k) = (-1±6, 2)
= (-1+6, 2) & (-1-6, 2)
 (𝒚−𝟐 )𝟐 ( 𝒙+𝟏 )𝟐 =6
(iv) + = 1
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔 c = √6
It is an hyperbola. ae = √6
The transverse axis is parallel to y axis. 3√2 e = √6
a² = 25, b² = 16 √6 √3 1
e= = =
a = ±5, b=4 3 √2 3 √3
c² = a² + b² centre (h, k) = (4, -2)
= 25 + 16 vertices (h, ±a + k) = (4, ±3√2 – 2)
= 41 = (4, 3√2 – 2) & (4, -3√2 – 2)
⇒c = √41 foci (h, ±c + k) = (4, ±√6 – 2)
⇒ ae = √41 = (4, ±√6 – 2) & (4, -√6 – 2)
𝑎
⇒ 5 e = √41 directrix y = ± + k
𝑒
√41 3 √2
e= =± 1 -2
5
centre (h, k) = (-1, 2) √3

vertices (h, ±a + k) = (-1, ±5 + 2) = ±3√6 – 2

= (-1, 5 + 2) & (-1, -5 + 2) y = 3√6 – 2 & y = -3√6 – 2
= (-1, 7) & (-1, -3)
(vi) 9x² – y² – 36x – 6y + 18 = 0
foci (h, ±c + k) = (-1, ±√41 + 2) 9x² – 36x – y² – 6y = – 18
= (-1, √41+ 2) & (-1, –√41 + 2) ⇒ 9(x² – 4x) – (y² + 6y) = -18
𝑎
directrix x = ± + k ⇒ 9(x – 2)² – (y + 3)² = -18 + 36 – 9
𝑒
⇒ 9(x – 2)² – (y + 3)² = 9
( 𝑥−2 )2 ( 𝑦−3 )2
⇒ - =1
1 9

It is hyperbola.
The transverse axis is parallel to x axis.
a² = 1; b² = 9
a = 1; b=3
c² = a² + b²
=1+9
(v) 18x² + 12y² – 144x + 48y + 120 = 0 = 10
18x² – 144x + 12y² + 48y = -120 ⇒ c = √10
⇒ 18 (x² – 8x) + 12 (y² + 4y) = -120
⇒ ae = √10
18 (x – 4)² + 12 (y + 2)² = -120 + 288 + 48
⇒ 18(x – 4)² + 12 (y + 2)² = 216 ⇒ e = √10
18 ( 𝑥−4 )2 12 ( 𝑦+2 )2 centre (h, k) = (2, -3)
⇒ + =1 vertices (h ± a, k) = (2 ± 1, -3)
216 216
( 𝑥−4 )2 ( 𝑦+2 )2 = (2 + 1, -3) & (2 – 1, -3)
⇒ + =1
12 18 = (3, -3) & (1, -3)
It is an ellipse.
foci (h ± c, k) = (2 ±√10, -3)
The major axis is parallel to y axis.
= (2 + √10, -3) & (2 –√10, -3)
a² = 18, b² = 12 𝑎
directrix x = ± + h
a = √18 = 3 √2 , b = 2 √3 𝑒
1 1
c² = a² + b² =+ +2 & x=- +2
√10 √10
= 18 – 12
 EXERCISE – 5.3 EXERCISE – 5. 4
Question 1. Question 1.
Identify the type of conic section of each Find the equations of the two tangents
of the equations. that can be drawn from (5, 2) to the
Solution: ellipse 2x² + 7y² = 14.
(1) 2x² – y² = 7 Solution:
Comparing this equation with the 2x2 + 7y2 = 14
general equation of the conic 𝑥2 𝑦2
(÷ by 14) ⇒ + =1
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 7 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
We get A = 2, C = – 1 comparing this equation with 2 + 2 = 1
𝑎 𝑏
2 2
Here A ≠ C also A and C are of opposite we get a = 7 and b = 2
signs. The equation of tangent to the above
So the conic is a hyperbola. ellipse will be of the form
y = mx + √𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
(2) 3x² + 3y² – 4x + 3y + 10 = 0
A = 3, B = 0, C = 3, D = -4, E = 3, F = 10 y = mx + √7𝑚2 + 2
Here A = C and B = 0 (No xy term)
∴ It is a circle. Here the tangents are drawn from the
point (5, 2)
(3) 3x² + 2y² = 14
⇒ 2 = 5m + √7𝑚2 + 2
A = 3, B = 0, C = 2, F = -14
Here A ≠ C and A & C are the same signs. ⇒ 2 – 5m = √7𝑚2 + 2
∴ It is an ellipse.
Squaring on both sides we get
(4) x² + y² + x – y = 0 (2 – 5m)2 = 7m2 + 2
Comparing this equation with the 25m2 + 4 – 20m – 7m2 – 2 = 0
general equation of the conic 18m2 – 20m + 2 = 0
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (÷ by 2) ⇒ 9m2 – 10m + 1 = 0
We get A = C and B = 0 (9m – 1) (m – 1) = 0
So the given conic is a circle. 1
m = 1 (or) m =
9
(5) 11x² – 25y² – 44x + 50y – 256 = 0 When m = 1, the equation of tangent is
Here A =11, B = 0, C = -25, D = -44, y = x + 3 or x – y + 3 = 0
1
E = 50, F = -256 When m = , the equation of tangent is
9
A ≠ C and A & C are the opposite signs.
𝑥 7 𝑥 13
∴ It is a hyperbola. y= +√ +2 ⇒ y= +
9 81 9 9
⇒ 9y = x + 13 or x – 9y + 13 = 0
(6) y² + 4x + 3y + 4 = 0
Comparing this equation with the Question 2.
general equation of the conic Find the equations of tangents to the
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 𝑥2 𝑦2
We get A = 0 and B = 0 hyperbola - = 1 which are parallel
16 64
So the conic is a parabola. to 10x – 3y + 9 = 0.
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of Hyperbola - =1
16 64
 ∴ a² = 16, b² = 64 Also the point of contact is
Tangent is parallel to the line − 𝑎2 𝑚 𝑏2 − 12(1) 4
( , )= ( , ) = (-3, 1)
10x – 3y + 9 = 0 is 𝑐 𝑐 4 4

10x – 3y + k = 0 Question 4.
∴ 3y = 10x + k Find the equation of the tangent to the
10𝑥 𝑘
y= + parabola y² = 16x perpendicular to
3 3
10 𝑘 2x + 2y + 3 = 0.
∴m= c=
3 3
Solution:
Condition that the line y = mx + c to be
Equation of the parabola y² = 16x
tangent to the hyperbola is
⇒ 4 a = 16
c² = a²m² – b²
⇒ a=4
Tangent is perpendicular to the line
2x + 2y + 3 = 0 is 2x – 2y + k = 0
⇒ 2y = 2x + k
𝑘
⇒ y=x+
2
𝑘
Here m = 1 , c =
2
Condition that the line y = mx + c to be
tangent to the parabola is
k² = 1024 𝑎 𝑘 4
k = ±32 c= &
2
=
𝑚 1
∴ Equation of tangent is 10x – 3y ± 32 = 0 ⇒ k=8
Equation of the tangent is
Question 3. 2x – 2y + 8 = 0
Show that the line x – y + 4 = 0 is a ÷ by 2 ⇒ x – y + 4 = 0
tangent to the ellipse x² + 3y² = 12. Also
find the co-ordinates of the point of Question 5.
contact. Find the equation of the tangent at t = 2
Solution: to the parabola y² = 8x (Hint: use
The given ellipse is x2 + 3y2 = 12 parametric form).
𝑥2 𝑦2 Solution:
(÷ by 12) ⇒ + =1
12 4
y2 = 8x
Here a2 = 12 and b2 = 4
Comparing this equation with y2 = 4ax
The given line is x – y + 4 = 0
we get 4a = 8 ⇒ a = 2
⇒ y=x+4
Now, the parametric form for y2 = 4ax is
Comparing this line with y = mx + c
x = at2, y = 2at
We get m = 1 and c = 4
Here a = 2 and t = 2
The condition for the line y = mx + c
𝑥2 𝑦2
⇒ x = 2(2)2 = 8 ; y = 2(2) (2) = 8
to be a tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 So the point is (8, 8)
𝑎 𝑏
is c2 = a2m2 + b2 Now equation of tangent to y2 = 4ax at
LHS = c2 = 42 = 16 (x1, y1) is yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
RHS: a2m2 + b2 = 12( 1 )2 + 4 = 16 Here (x1, y1) = (8, 8) and a = 2
LHS = RHS . The given line is a tangent So equation of tangent is
to the ellipse. y(8) = 2(2) (x + 8)
⇒ 8y = 4 (x + 8)
(÷ by 4) ⇒ 2y = x + 8 ⇒ x – 2y + 8 = 0 Question 7.
Prove that the point of intersection of
the tangents at ‘t1‘ and ‘t2‘ on the
Question 6. parabola y² = 4ax is [at1t2, a(t1 + t2)].
Find the equations of the tangent and Solution:
normal to hyperbola 12x² – 9y² = 108 at Equation of the tangent of parabola
𝝅
θ = .(Hint: use parametric form) y² = 4ax be
𝟑
Solution: at t1 yt1 = x + at1² ……….. (1)
(i) Equation of the tangent to hyperbola at t2 yt2 yt = x + at2² ……….. (2)
be (1) – (2) ⇒ y(t1 – t2) = a(t1² – t2²)
y(t1 – t2) = a(t1 + t2)(t1 – t2)
y = a(t1 + t2)
(1) ⇒ t1a(t1 + t2) = x + at1²
x = at1² + at1t2 – at1²
x = at1t2
Point of intersection be [at1t2, a(t1 + t2)]

Question 8.
If the normal at the point ‘t1‘ on the
parabola y² = 4ax meets the parabola
again at the point t2 then prove that
𝟐
t2 = -(t1 + )
𝒕𝟏
Solution:
Equation of normal to y2 = 4at at t is
y + xt = 2at + at3.
So equation of normal at ‘t1’ is
y + xt1 = 2at1 + at13
⇒ 4x – 3y = 6 The normal meets the parabola
⇒ 4x – 3y – 6 = 0 y = 4ax at ‘t2’ (ie.,) at (at22, 2at2)
2

⇒ 2at2 + at1t22 = 2at1 + at13

(ii) Equation of the normal to hyperbola So 2a(t2 – t1) = at13 – at1t22
be ⇒ 2a(t2 – t1) = at1(t12 – t22)
⇒ 2(t2 – t1) = t1(t1 + t2)(t1 – t2)
⇒ 2= -t1(t1 + t2)
−2
⇒ t1 + t2 =
𝑡1
2 2
⇒ t2 = −t1−
𝑡1
=− ( t1+
𝑡1
)

⇒ 3x + 4y – 42 = 0
 EXERCISE 5.5 5 m approximately. How wide must the
opening be?
Question 1. Solution:
A bridge has a parabolic arch that is 10 m
high in the centre and 30 m wide at the
bottom. Find the height of the arch 6 m
from the centre, on either sides.
Solution:

Let the equation of the ellipse be

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Length of semi minor axis b = 5
𝑥2 𝑦2
PQ = 2a = 30 m
⇒
𝑎2
+ 52
=1
a = 15 m Let BB’ be the road width and AA’ be the
Point Q be (15 , -10) end points of the opening of the tunnel.
Equation of the parabola Let CB = 8, BD = 4
x² = -4 ay …….. (1) ∴ D is (8, 4) lies on the ellipse
Q lies on parabola 82 42
𝑎2
+ 52
=1
15² = -4a( -10) 25
225 ⇒ a² = × 64
a= 9
40 40
225 ⇒a=
(1) ⇒ x² = - 4 ( )y 3
40 80
225 The width AA’ = 2a = = 26.66 m
x² = y 3
10
Let B(6, y) lies on parabola The required width is 26.66 m.
225
6² = y1 Question 3.
10
36 𝑥 10 −8 8 At a water fountain, water attains a
y1 = – = = m
225 5 5 maximum height of 4 m at horizontal
8
AB = AC – BC = 10 – distance of 0.5 m from its origin. If the
5
8 42 path of water is a parabola, find the
= 50 − = height of water at a horizontal distance
5 5
AB = 8.4 m of 0.75 m from the point of origin.
∴ The height of the arch 6 m from the Solution:
centre is 8.4 m.

Question 2.
A tunnel through a mountain for a four
lane highway is to have a elliptical
opening. The total width of the highway
Let the equation of parabola be
(not the opening) is to be 16 m and the
(x – h)² = -4a (y – k)
height at the edge of the road must be
Here vertex B (0.5, 4)
sufficient for a truck 4 m high to clear if
∴ Equation of parabola
the highest point of the opening is to be
(x – 0.5)² = -4a(y – 4)
Parabola passes through origin (0, 0) (2.5)2
= y1
(0 – 0.5)² = -4a(0 – 4) 4( 1.2)
1 x1 = 1.3 m
(- )² = 16a
2 ∴ The depth of the satellite dish at vertex
1 1
∴ = 16a ⇒ a = is 1.3 m
4 64
∴ Equation of parabola
1 Question 5.
(x – 0.5)² = -4( )(y- 4)
64 The parabolic cable of a 60 m portion of
This Parabola passes again through the roadbed of a suspension bridge are
D(0.75, y1) positioned as shown below. Vertical
1
∴ (0.75 – 0.5)² = – (y1 – 4) cables are to be spaced every 6 m along
16
⇒ (0.25)² = –
1
(y1 – 4) this portion of the roadbed. Calculate;
16 the lengths of first two of these vertical
1 1
⇒ ( )² = – (y1 – 4) cables: from the vertex.
4 16
1 1
⇒ – = – (y1 – 4)
16 16
⇒ 1 = - y1 + 4
⇒ y1 = 3
Height of water at a horizontal distance of
0.75 m is 3 m. Solution:
Question 4.
An engineer designs a satellite dish with
a parabolic cross section. The dish is 5 m
wide at the opening and the focus is
placed 1.2 m from the vertex
(a) Position a co-ordinate system with
the origin at the vertex and the x-axis on
From the diagram, the equation is x² = 4
the parabola’s axis of symmetry and find
ay and it passes through C(30, 13)
an equation of the parabola.
Equation of Parabola x² = 4ay.
(b) Find the depth of the satellite dish at
30² = 4a × 13
the vertex. 302
Solution: 4a =
13
∴ Equation of the parabola is
302
x² = y
13
(i) Let VG = 6 and GE = y
∴ E is (6, y) and it lies on the parabola
302
(a) Consider the satellite dish is open 36 = y
13
rightward parabola ⇒ y = 0.52
y2 = 4 ax ……….. (1) Gable from the road = 3 + 0.52
Clearly a = 1.2m = 3.52 m.
(1) ⇒ y2 = 4(1.2)
y2 = 4.8x (ii) Let VH = 12 and HF = y
(b) Use the point (x1, 2.5) in (1) ∴ F (12, y) lies on the parabola
302
(2.5)2 = 4(1.2)x1 12² = y
13
 144 𝑥 13 208
⇒y= =
900 100
y = 2.08
Cable from the road = 3 + 2.08 = 5.08
The heights of the first two vertical
cables from the vertex are 3.52 m and
5.08 m

Question 6.
Cross-section of a Nuclear cooling tower
is in the shape of a hyperbola with
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
equation 𝟐 – 𝟐 = 1. The tower is 150
𝟑𝟎 𝟒𝟒
m tall and the distance from the top of
the tower to the centre of the hyperbola
is half the distance from the base of the ∴ Radius of the top = 45.41 m.
tower to the centre of the hyperbola. Diameter of the top = 90.82 m
Find the diameter of the top and base of Also
the tower. The hyperbola again passes through B(x2,
100)

Solution:

𝑥2 𝑦2
Equation of hyperbola is 2
- =1
30 44 2
1
Given OC = OD and CD = 150
2
∴ OC = 50 m and OD = 100 m ∴ Radius of the base = 74.48 m.
Let the Radius of top of the tower be Diameter of the base = 148.96 m
x1 and bottom of the tower be x2. ∴ Diameter of the top and base of the
∴ Points A(x1, 50) and B(x2, 100) tower are 90.82 m and 148.96 m.
Hyperbola passes through A(x1, 50)
Question 7.
A rod of length 1.2 m moves with its
ends always touching the co-ordinate
axes. The locus of a point P on the rod,
which is
0. 3 m from the end in contact with x axis
is an ellipse. Find the eccentricity.
Solution:
Length of rod BD = 1.2 m
Let P(x, y) be any point on the Rod such
that PB = 0.3 m
∴ PD = 1.2 – 0.3 = 0.9 m Equation of the water path is
Let ΔPAB and ΔPCD are similar triangles x2 = – 4 ay --------(1)
𝑦
In ΔPAB sin θ = Use the point (3, – 2.5) in (1)
0.3
𝑥 (3)2 = – 4a(- 2.5)
In A PCB cos θ =
0.9 9 = 10a
We know that sin² θ + cos² θ = 1 9
a= substituting in (1)
10
9
(1) ⇒ x2 = - 4 y …………. (2)
10
Use the point (x1, -7.5) in (2)
9 9
(2) ⇒ x12 = - 4 (-7.5) ⇒ x12 = 30( )
10 10
x 1 = √3 × 9
x 1 = 3 √3 m
∴ The water strikes the ground 3√3 m
beyond the vertical line.

Question 9.
On lighting a rocket cracker it gets
projected in a parabolic path and reaches
Question 8. a maximum height of 4 in when it is 6 m
Assume that water issuing from the end away from the point of projection.
of a horizontal pipe, 7.5 m. above the Finally, it reaches the ground 12 in away
ground, describes a parabolic path. The from the starting-point. Find the angle of
vertex of the parabolic path is at the end projection.
of the pipe. At position 2.5 in below the Solution:
line of the pipe, the flow of water has
curved outward 3 m beyond the vertical,
line through the end of the pipe. How far
beyond this vertical line will the water
strike the ground?
Solution:
Equation of the parabola be
x² = – 4ay ……. (1)
B(6, -4) lies on parabola
6² = -4a(-4)
36 9
=a ⇒a=
16 4
9
(1) ⇒ x² = -( ) y
4
x² = -9y ………. (2)
Now need to find slope at (-6, -4)
Diff (2) [Link] x
𝑑𝑦
2x = -9
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 −9
𝑑𝑦 2(−6) 12 4 Squaring on both sides we get,
At(-6, -4), = = =
𝑑𝑥 −9 9 3 (x – 5)² + y² =
4
tan θ = 36 + (x + 5)² + y² + 12 (√( 𝑥 + 5 )2 + 𝑦 2 )
3
θ = tan ( ) -1 4 ⇒ x² + 25 – 10x + y² = x² + 10x + y² + 36
3 + 25 + 12 (√( 𝑥 + 5 )2 + 𝑦 2 )
⇒ -20x – 36 = 12 (√( 𝑥 + 5 )2 + 𝑦 2 )
(÷ by 4) ⇒ -5x – 9 = 3 (√( 𝑥 + 5 )2 + 𝑦 2 )
Question 10. Squaring both sides we get,
Points A and B are 10 km apart and it is 25x² + 81 + 90x = 9(x² + 25 + 10x + y²)
determined from the sound of an 25x² + 81 + 90x – 9x² – 90x – 9y² – 225 = 0
explosion heard at those points at 16x² – 9y² – 144 = 0
different times that the location of the 16x² – 9y² = 144
𝑥2 𝑦2
explosion is 6 km closer to A than 5. (÷ by 144) ⇒ – = 1 is the required
9 16
Show that the location of the explosion equation of hyperbola.
is restricted to a particular curve and find
an equation of it.
Solution:
A and B are on both sides of x-axis at
Co-ordinates (-5, 0) and (5, 0)
The distance between A and B is 10. A
point C is on the graph at Co-ordinates
(x, y) Prepared by ,
C is 6 km closer to A than B.
Ms. K.R. Yoheshwari Msc., [Link].

Dept of Mathematics